• Advances in Traditional Medicine
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• 제5권4호
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• pp.308-315
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• 2005

Aflatoxin contamination is a major problem in several food crops. Aflatoxin, a mycotoxin, produced by Aspergillus flavus has gained immense concern in the scientific world because of its tremendous harmful effects. The study was focused to see the effect of oil and aqueous extract of neem (Azadirachta indica) seeds on the growth of Aspergillus and production of aflatoxin by the mold. Various amounts of neem oil $(5\;-\;50\;{\mu}l/ml)$ and aqueous extract of neem (5 - 50 mg/ml) were used both in the broth as well as the solid medium. Fungistatic (MIC) and minimal fungicidal concentrations (MFC) were found to be $10\;{\mu}l/ml$ and $50\;{\mu}l/ml$ respectively for neem seed oil. At the concentration of $5\;{\mu}l/ml$ neem oil and 5 mg/ml of aqueous extract, a significant decrease in the aflatoxin content was found in broth medium. Aflatoxin production was totally inhibited at $50\;{\mu}l/ml$ and 50 mg/ml for neem oil and aqueous extract of neem respectively, in both treatments. There was significant inhibition of mycelium dry weight by the neem seed oil. Mycelial growth was totally inhibited at $20\;{\mu}l/ml$ of neem seed oil concentration in broth, whereas it was not affected at all by aqueous extract. It can therefore be inferred that the oil and extract from the neem seed leads to inhibition of aflatoxin production while neem seed oil also significantly inhibits the mycelial growth. Neem seed oil thus can be used as potent, natural and easily available anti-aflatoxigenic agent.

• 한국산림과학회지
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• 제95권5호
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• pp.524-531
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• 2006

Neem tree (Azadirachta indica), native to the Indian sub-continent, has been known since the ancient time for its medicinal and insect repellent properties. In recent years, Neem has attracted global attention due to its potential as a source of natural drugs and also environment-friendly pesticides. In the households. The distribution and traditional practice on Neem can be important to the agriculturist, ethno-pharmaceutical developers and to the rural development practitioners in Bangladesh. An exploratory survey on the distribution and traditional practice on Neem tree in the rural homesteads of Chittagong coastal plain, Bangladesh, was conducted over a period of three months from September 2002 to November 2002. It was found that maximum, 64% households used seedling as planting material having 40% maximum sources Within the major tree species present in the homesteads, Neem accounted for 12% among the total individuals. It was found that the availability of Neem trees was found maximum, 31%, in the homesteads of medium sized households. Maximum, 42% individuals of Neem were found within the DBH of 10.1 to 20 cm; and 37% within the 3.1 to 6 m height classes. Neem trees were found to be used maximum, 88% for furniture. The findings of the study will be of immense importance for the rural development practitioners and ethno pharmacological developers in Bangladesh.

• 환경생물
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• 제22권4호
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• pp.501-506
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• 2004

In organic agriculture, choose of effective and cheap bio-pesticide is very important. The authors developed an insecticidal extract from neem cake, waste of neem oil from kernel, and applied as a bio-pesticide. Bio-pesticide neem cake extracts experiment on cabbage pest was carried out at Wonju Agricultural Technology and Extension Center from 11 March to 30 May 2003. There were six treatments with three replications, using completely randomized design. Treatments involved three and six sprays of synthetic pyrethroid pesticide cypermethrin 10 EC at the dilution rate of 2.2 mL $L^{-1}$ of distilled water and four, five and six sprays of bio-pesticide neem at the dilution rate of 13.3 mL $L^{-1}$ of distilled water, and untreated control. For each treatment, designated sprayings were done at 7 days interval. Pre-spray data showed that the plants in all the experimental plots were already infested with aphid (Aphis gossypii), and diamondback moth (Pluetella xylostella). The results indicated that all neem pesticide treatments were more effective in insecticidal activity than the untreated control and the chemical treatments in controlling aphids and diamondback moth. Among the three neem treatments, there were no significant differences between them.

• Advances in Traditional Medicine
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• 제7권5호
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• pp.459-465
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• 2008

The present study was undertaken to investigate the effect of in vivo administration of neem oil intra-peritoneally (i.p.) to mice bearing a progressively growing transplantable T cell lymphoma of spontaneous origin, designated as Daltons lymphoma (DL), on the tumor growth. Mice were administered various doses of neem oil mixed in groundnut oil, which was used as a diluting vehicle or for administration to control DL-bearing mice. Administration of neem oil resulted in an acceleration of tumor growth along with a reduction in the survival time of the tumor-bearing host. Neem oil administered DL-bearing mice showed an augmented apoptosis in splenocytes, bone marrow cells and thymocytes along with an inhibition in the anti-tumor functions of tumor-associated macrophages. Thus this study gives an altogether a novel information that neem oil instead of the popular belief of being anti-tumor and immunoaugmentary may in some tumor-bearing conditions, behave in an opposite way leading to an accelarated tumor progression along with a collapse of the host's anti-tumor machinery. These observations will thus have long lasting clinical significance, suggesting caution in use of neem oil for treatment of cancer.

• 한국유기농업학회지
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• 제22권3호
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• pp.435-444
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• 2014

Neem제를 이용한 가지 담배가루이 친환경 방제기술을 개발하고자 azadirachtin 0.5%가 함유된 Neem제를 100~2,000배까지 희석배수 5처리를 두고, 담배가루이 방제효과와 가지생육과 수량을 조사하였으며, 경제성을 분석하였다. 담배가루이 성충과 약충의 발생상황은 Neem제 희석배수가 높아질수록 성충과 약충의 발생량이 증가하여 방제효과가 낮았다. Neem제 처리농도별 가지 생육상황은 낮은 희석배수에서는 약해가 발생하였고, 높은 희석배수에서는 담배가루이에 의한 피해가 나타났다. 생육 및 수량은 48일후 조사에서 500배가 초장, 엽장, 절수 등 생육이 양호하였다. 또한 Neem제 500배 처리에서 과실의 발육이 좋아 수량성 및 상품률도 가장 높았다. 경제성 분석결과에서도 Neem제 500배 처리에서 10a당 13,545천원으로 소득이 가장 높았다. 따라서 담배가루이 방제를 위한 Neem제 희석배수는 500배였다.

• Weed & Turfgrass Science
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• 제2권1호
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• pp.62-69
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• 2013

검거세미나방(Agrotis ipsilon)은 다양한 작물에 피해를 주며 특히 골프장 잔디에 심각한 피해를 주는 해충이다. 식물정유는 해충방제를 위한 대체방제제의 하나이다. 본 연구는 16종의 식물정유(anise, camphor, cinnamon, citronella, clove, fennel, geranium, lavender, lemongrass, linseed, neem, peppermint, pine, thyme, turpentine and tea saponin)와 파라핀오일의 검거세미나방에 대한 방제효과를 실내와 온실, 야외에서 검정하였다. 온실의 퍼레니얼라이그라스 pot에 각각의 정유를 처리한 결과 anis, cinnamon, neem, paraffin, turpentine 처리에서 잔디피해가 적었으며 neem oil (4,000, 2,000, 1,000 ppm) 처리시 검거세미나방 치사율은 각각 100, 100, 64%였다. 2,000 ppm neem oil처리 퍼레니얼라이그라스 잎을 섭식한 검거세미나방 유충의 체중은 무처리에 비해 5배정도 낮았다. 2~3령충 검거세미나방에 대하여 pot와 야외에서 고농도 neem oil 처리 후 관수가(20,000 ppm 0.1 L 처리 후 물 0.9 L $m^2$ 살포) 저농도의 다량살포 (2,000 ppm 1 L $m^2$)에 비하여 효과가 높았으나 4령충에 대해서는 효과가 없었다.

• 한국응용곤충학회지
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• 제40권2호
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• pp.137-141
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• 2001

담배거세미나방 방제를 위한 핵다각체병 바이러스와 NeemAzal-T/S의 혼합처리 효과는 다음과 같다. 인공사료에 혼합 처리하여 실내 검정한 결과 핵다각체병 바이러스$ 1$\times$10^{8}$ PIBs/ml과 NeemAzal-T/S ppm 혼합한 경우에 $LT_{50}$ 과 $LT_{95}$가 각각 1.94일과 8.33일로 다른 처리구보다 빠르게 나타났다. 핵다각체병 바이러스 $1$\times$10^{6~8}$ PIBs/ml과 NeemAzal-T/S ppm 혼합살포로 단독처리보다 $LT_{95}$에서 3일 정도의 살충기간을 단축할 수 있었다. 배추유묘에서의 병원성 검정 결과 바이러스 단독처리는 4일째의 살충율이 10.7~6.7%로 낮으나, 핵다각체병 바이러스와 NeemAzal-T/S혼합 처리시에 살충효과가 빠르고 살충율도 높게 나타났다. 특히 핵다각체병 바이러스 $1$\times$10^{8}$ PIBs/m1과 NeemAzal-T/S 75~200 ppm처리에서는 9일째에 100%의 살충율을 보였다. 핵다각체병 바이러스를 처리하지 않은 담배거세미나방 유충은 초기 235mg에서 7일째에 2,194 mg으로 9.4배의 체중이 증가하였다. NeemAzal-T/S 단독처리시에는 200 pprn에서 1,120mg으로 4.8배 체중이 증가하였으며 바이러스 단독처리에서는 $1$\times$10^{8}$ PIBs/ml에서 7.0배 증가하였다. 그러나 두처리를 혼합하면 7일째에 $SINPV1$\times$10^{4~8}$ /+NeemAzal 75~200 ppm에서 3.9~2.9배만이 증가하여 단독처리보다 체중증가가 둔화되어 혼합처리에 의한 상승효과가 있었다.

• 한국유기농업학회지
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• 제24권4호
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• pp.809-819
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• 2016

가지 담배가루이 친환경 방제를 위한 neem제 처리 간격을 구명하고자, 500배 농도로 처리 간격(일)을 3~15까지 5처리를 두어 neem제의 담배가루이에 대한 처리효과, neem제 처리 간격에 따른 생육상황 및 경제성 등을 분석하였다. neem제의 담배가루이에 대한 처리효과는 약충의 경우 3일, 5일, 7일, 10일, 15일 간격에서 방제가가 각각 96.7%, 89.7%, 76.1%, 73.4%, 51.0%로 neem제 처리간격이 길어질수록 담배가루이 약충의 방제가는 낮아지는 경향이었다, 성충의 경우는 3, 5, 7, 10, 15일 간격 처리에서 각각 1.2, 1.8, 2.3, 2.8, 5.4마리였고, 방제가는 각각 82.3%, 73.5%, 66.2%, 58.8%, 20.6%를 보였다. neem제 처리간격에 따른 가지의 생육상황은 3일, 5일, 7일 간격으로 처리한 잎에서는 담배가루이의 피해가 크지 않았으나, 10일, 15일 간격 처리와 무처리에서는 담배가루이에 의한 피해가 심하게 나타났다. 따라서 담배가루이 방제를 위하여 neem제를 3일 간격으로 처리하는 것이 방제효과가 높으나 경제성 분석결과, 소득은 neem제 7일 간격 처리가 10 a당 19,505천원으로 가장 많아 담배가루이 방제를 위한 neem제 처리 간격은 7일이 가장 적당할 것으로 판단된다.

• Advances in environmental research
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• 제12권1호
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• pp.51-64
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• 2023

The sustainable management of rice straw is essential for protection of human health and environment. This study assesses the impact of stock density of earthworm (Eisenia fetida) and Neem leaves (Azadirachta indica) on the quality of the final vermicompost. The vermicompost is produced using different combinations of rice straw, Neem leaves, and cow dung (bulking agent) by varying stock density of earthworms. The vermicomposting experiments are performed in plastic containers (32 cm × 28 cm × 28 cm) in open for 90 days under laboratory conditions. The stock density of the earthworm is found to be an important factor to influence nutritional quality of the final vermicompost. There is observed significant improvement in the total nitrogen (91.8%), phosphate (73.4%), potassium (38.8%), and calcium (59.05%) content of the vermicompost produced with the highest stock density of the earthworms. All the treatments showed decrease in TOC and C:N content after 90 days of vermicomposting. The treatment with Neem leaves showed maximum growth of earthworms (2.65 fold). Neem leaves brought positive changes in the quality of final vermicompost by enhancing the growth and reproduction of the earthworms. The calcium content increased by 39% in the final vermicompost with the addition of Neem leaves at the same stock density of the earthworms. The stock density of the earthworms and Neem leaves are found to significantly improve quality of the final vermicompost as compared with the compost (control). The surface morphology in SEM images showed high degree of fragmentation in the vermicompost as compared with the compost. The combined action of microbes and earthworms resulted in high degree of disintegration in the vermicompost.

• The Plant Pathology Journal
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• 제25권2호
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• pp.189-192
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• 2009

The effect of plant extracts of eucalyptus (Eucalyptus chamadulonsis), garlic (Allium sativium), marigold (Tagetes erecta) and neem (Azadirachta indica) and essential oils were tested on the suppression of root-knot nematode Meloidogyne incognita under greenhouse and field conditions. In vitro study, all tested treatments had nematicidal effect on nematode juveniles after 24 and 48 hours from exposures. The highest percentage of nematode mortality was achieved by application of neem extract (65.4%), essential oils (64.4%) and marigold extract (60.5%), followed by garlic and eucalyptus extracts (38.7-39.5%). Under greenhouse and field conditions, neem extract and essential oils treatments were more effective in reducing population numbers of the M. incognita in soil and root gall index compared to other treatments. In field experiments, the maximum protection of tomato plant against root-knot nematode was obtained by application of neem and essential oil treatments, 44.2 and 32.6%, respectively.