• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.18 no.9
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• pp.1262-1266
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• 2005

Twelve Korean native goats, spontaneously infected with mixed species of Eimeria were used to study the possible direct anticoccidial effect of feeding condensed tannin-containing plants on the production of Eimeria oocysts. The effects of feeding pine (Pinus densifora) needles, oak (Quercus acutissima) leaves and lucerne chaff on coccidia oocyst output were studied for a period of 10 days post-feeding. The results indicate that feeding fresh pine needles (40 g condensed tannins (CT) dry matter (DM)/day/goat) and oak leaves (40 g CT DM/day/goat) in combination with lucerne chaff had rapid anticoccidial activities in goats as demonstrated by a sharp decrease in oocyst production. Two days after feeding, the numbers of oocysts per gram of faeces (OPG) from the goats fed pine needles with lucerne chaff, and from goats fed oak leaves reduced by 40% and 44% compared to pre-feeding, respectively. On the sixth day after commencing feeding pine needles and oak leaves, the reduction was 81% and 72%, respectively. Ten days after feeding pine needles and oak leaves, the OPG was reduced by 93% and 85%, respectively compared to pre-feeding. Statistical analysis showed that feeding pine needles and oak leaves to goats naturally infected with coccidia significantly (p<0.001) reduced the numbers of oocysts compared to the control group fed lucerne chaff only. Four clinically important species of coccidia, Eimeria parva, Eimeria ninakohlyakimovae, Eimeria christenseni and Eimeria arloingi were identified in Korean native goats.

• Korean Journal of Pharmacognosy
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• v.26 no.2
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• pp.116-121
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• 1995

To seek for a stable supply source of taxol as an anticancer agent urgently needed for the treatment of ovarian cancer, the concentrations of taxol and cephalomannine in bark and needles of 37 yew (Taxus cuspidata S. et Z.) trees grown in 6 locations of Cheju Island were analyzed by using HPLC. A considerable variation in the content was observed in plant part and the location. The average taxol content in the needles ($220.3{\;}{\pm}{\;}56{\;}{\mu}g$ per g dry wt) was ca. 4 times hgher than that in the bark, whereas the content of cephalomannine in the needles $(353{\;}{\pm}{\;}141{\;}{\mu}g)$ was ca. 5 times higher than that in the bark. Particularly, even within Cheju Island, needles from trees grown near the coast including Sogwipo area contained much higher taxol contents than needles from trees grown at mountain locations, indicating that taxane level is affected by environmental effects. Taxol in the needles was confirmed by electrospray mass spectrometry. These results suggest that the needles of yew trees growing in Cheju Island may provide a renewable source for taxol.

• Journal of Plant Biology
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• v.37 no.3
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• pp.309-316
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• 1994

To make regional comparisons of water status of pitch pine, the temporal changes of water status in pitch pine were investigated at different areas; urban Seoul (heavily polluted area), surburb of Seoul (lightly polluted area), and rural area (control). The effects of air pollutants, acid rain and chemical properties of soil on water deficit in pitch pine were also investiaged. Water content of needles growing at polluted areas were usually lower than that at unpolluted area. Water saturation deficit of needles growing at polluted areas were usually higher than that at unpolluted area especially in dry season. These results indicated that water in needles growing at polluted areas were usually more deficient than that at unpolluted area, and were more deficient in April than other months. At polluted areas, the older the needles were, the more quickly transpirated the water in the needle was. At unpolluted areas, however, water in old needles was not so quickly transpirated as those at polluted areas. Water potential of needles of pitch pine seedlings treated with simulated acid rain (SAR) of pH 3.5 decreased more quickly than that of needles treated with SAR of pH 5.6. Loss of water through epicuticular layer was greater in the following order: magnesium deficiency＋100 $\mu$M aluminium>100$\mu$M aluminium>magnesium deficiency>control. In addition to Mg deficiency and Al toxicity, growth decline of pitch pine widely occurring in polluated Seoul could to a large extent be due to cuticle degredation and abnormal vertical distribution of fine roots, which lead to water stress, particularly in dry seasons.

• Mycobiology
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• v.42 no.4
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• pp.331-338
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• 2014

To examine the effects of water stress and Cenangium ferruginosum (CF) on the fungal endophytic community of needles of Pinus koraiensis (PK), fungal endophytes isolated from the needles of 5-year-old PK seedlings were compared before and after exposure to water stress conditions and artificial inoculation with CF ascospores. Artificial CF inoculation was successfully confirmed using PCR with CF-specific primers (CfF and CfR). For comparison of the degree of water deficit in water-stressed and control groups of PK seedlings infected with CF, the water saturation deficit and water potential were measured. Lower water potential estimates were found in the water-stressed seedlings than in the control group. The fungal endophytes isolated from the second-year needles of non-water-stressed seedlings before and after CF inoculation revealed that primary saprobes were approximately 30% and 71.7%, respectively, and the remaining endophytes were rot fungi or pathogens. Sixty days after CF inoculation, diverse fungal endophytes in the first-year needles were isolated from the water-stressed seedlings. However, some fungal endophytes isolated from the non-water-stressed seedlings were also identified. Fungal endophytes in the second-year needles of the water-stressed and non-water-stressed seedlings were approximately 8% and 71.7% of saprobes, respectively, and the remaining endophytes were rot fungi or pathogens. On the basis of the results, we conclude that water deficit and CF can have an effect on fungal endophytic communities in the needles of PK seedlings.

• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
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• v.48 no.5
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• pp.591-607
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• 2020

This study was aimed to investigate the changes of chemical composition of the volatile organic compounds (VOCs) emitted from red pine needles in the process of needle abscission or senescence. The VOCs in intact, senescent, and litter red pine needle samples were analyzed by headspace-solid phase microextraction gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (HS-SPME-GC/MS). And then, multivariate statistical interpretation of the processed data sets was conducted to investigate similarities and dissimilarities of the needle samples. Principal component analysis (PCA) and orthogonal partial least squares discriminant analysis (OPLS-DA) were used to investigate the dataset structure and discrimination between samples, respectively. From the data preview, the levels of major components of VOCs from needles were not significantly different between needle samples. By PCA investigation, the data reduction according to classification based on the chlorophyll a / chlorophyll b (Ca/Cb) ratio were found to be ideal for differentiating intact, senescent, and litter needles. The following OPLS-DA taking Ca/Cb ratio as y-variables showed that needle samples were well grouped on score plot and had the significant discriminant compounds, respectively. Several compounds had significantly correlated with Ca/Cb ratio in a bivariate correlation analysis. Notably, the litter needles had a higher content of oxidized compounds than the intact needles. In summary, we found that chemical compositions of VOCs between intact, senescent, and litter needles are different each other and several compounds reflect characteristic of needle.

• Journal of Acupuncture Research
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• v.24 no.5
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• pp.105-111
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• 2007

Objectives : The electroacupuncture(EA) was often used in Oriental medicine clinic and basic researches. However, there have been neither any national standard of acupuncture needles in Korea nor many studies about the property of acupuncture needles for applying electrical stimulations. Therefore we investigated the electrical corrosion property of acupuncture needles used for EA stimulation in clinic. Methods : We observed the occurrence of electrical corrosion like changes in the surface of acupuncture needles after EA stimulation with various parameters(electrical stimulation intensity, treatment duration, diameter of needle) under a light microscope. We performed EA stimulation on Baekhoe($GV_{20}$) or Joksamli($ST_{36}$) of rats with intensity of 0.025, 0.05, 0.075, 0.1, 0.25 or 0.5mA at a 10Hz frequency. Results : The electrical corrosion-like changes were found on the surface of needles when the EA stimulation was given over 0.05mA of intensity. When electrical stimulation was treated for 10min, the electrical corrosion-like changes were low, but the electrical corrosion-like changes gradually increased by the treatment duration(20, 30min). We also found that acupuncture needles of 0.2mm diameter were produced more extensive electrical corrosion-like changes than acupuncture needles of 0.3 or 0.4mm diameter by electrical stimulation. Conclusions: These results suggested that EA stimulation could produce electrical corrosion-like changes of acupuncture needles through intensity of current, duration of electric stimulation and/or diameter of needle.

• Journal of Acupuncture Research
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• v.20 no.5
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• pp.151-158
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• 2003

Objective: There have not been so many study about the quality of acupuncture needle tip. In order to ensure safe acupuncture treatment, the quality of needle tip is essential. Therefore we investigated the current condition of the tip of the acupuncture needles in Korea. Methods: We have selected the needles that made by 8 companies in Korea, and selected 50 pieces from 1000 pieces each company by randomized methods. and observed the tip of each needle using a scanning electron microscope at ${\times}800$ magnification. Results & Discussion: We found that needles had several defects such as scratch marks on the surface, metallic scuff, lumps and irregularities of the needle tips, stubbed or malformed tips, tips of point off-center, peeled off coated tips. There was much difference on the quality of needle among the manufacturer, and some needles seem to need to do- thorough quality control. It is necessary to intensify quality management and a concentrated control on manufacturing process of acupuncture needles.

• Journal of Environmental Science International
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• v.16 no.9
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• pp.1071-1076
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• 2007

Polychlorinated biphenyls(PCBs) and polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) were measured in pine needles of Seoul, and Ansung(GyeongGi-do) to investigate composition, source, and regional concentration of PBDEs. Concentration of total PCBs in Seoul and Ansung showed 608, 945 pg/g DW (mean: 777 pg/g DW), respectively, also concentration of total PBDEs(pg/g DW) in Seoul and Ansung showed 7944, 14,255 pg/g DW(mean 11,100 pg/g DW). Tetrachlorinated biphenyls(Tetra-CBs) and Decabromodiphenyl ethers (Deca-BDE) were detected in relatively high concentration compared to other PBDE congeners in Seoul and Ansung. Correlation coefficients(r) of between PCB congeners in pine needles detected of Seoul and Ansung were significant (r=0.85, p<0.01). It suggested that PCBs concentration in pine needles may originate from secondary sources such as air-plant partition. The similarity of between PBDE congeners profile to those of the technical mixture formulation (Bromkal 70-5DE) suggests a source of this product in these sites.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Clothing and Textiles
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• v.35 no.4
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• pp.466-475
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• 2011

The dyeing properties of protein fiber with pine needles colorants were studied through an investigation of the effect of dyeing conditions such as dye concentration, dyeing temperatures and time on dye uptakes, effect of mordants, and color change. In addition, the various colorfastness of dyed silk and wool fabrics were evaluated for practical use. The antimicrobial ability, ultraviolet-cut ability, and deodorant ability were also estimated. The dye uptake increased as the dyeing concentration increased and this enabled the obtainment of the Langmuir absorption isotherm. The dye uptake increased as the dyeing time and temperature increased. Pine needles colorants showed relatively good affinity to protein fiber and produced a yellow color. Post-mordanting was more effective than the pre-mordanting, and the dye uptake of fabrics improved by mordanting. Except for washing, the colorfastness of dyed fabrics showed a low rating. However, the colorfastness to light and the dry cleaning of fabrics mordanted with N.Cu, and the friction fastness of fabrics mordanted with Cu improved. The guide fabrics showed very good antimicrobial abilities of 99.9%; in addition, the ultraviolet-cut ability and deodorant ability improved in fabrics dyed with pine needles extracts.

• The Journal of Korean Medicine
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• v.26 no.2 s.62
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• pp.166-175
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• 2005

Objecitve: To present criteria for acupuncture standardization, which will improve the quality of acupuncture and secure safety, through studies of the biocompatibility of acupuncture needles. Methods: Acupuncture needles distributed in Korea were studied. Acute poisonous tests and pyrogenicity materials tests were executed to study the biocompatibility of acupuncture needles. Results & Conclusions: All 3 brands of acupuncture needles commonly distributed in Korea were found suitable for medical use, through acute poisonous tests and pyrogenicity materials tests. However, the medical instrument standards of the Korea Food and Drug Administration for acupuncture lack criteria concerning acute poisonous tests and pyrogenicity materials tests. The criteria for these tests should be standardized in order to secure the biocompatibility of acupuncture needles.