• Journal of fish pathology
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• v.26 no.3
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• pp.283-287
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• 2013

The susceptibility of marine medaka, Oryzias dancena to fish pathogenic viruses (infectious pancreatic necrosis virus (IPNV), viral hemorrhagic septicemia virus (VHSV), hirame rhabdovirus (HIRRV), infectious hematopoietic necrosis virus (IHNV), and lymphocystis disease virus (LCDV)) was investigated. The cumulative mortalities of fish immersed with IPNV (experimental condition: $15^{\circ}C$ sea water (SW)), VHSV ($15^{\circ}C$ SW), HIRRV ($15^{\circ}C$ fresh water (FW)) were 30%, 40% and 60%, respectively. In the fish immersed with IPNV ($15^{\circ}C$ FW, $18^{\circ}C$ FW and SW), VHSV ($15^{\circ}C$ FW, $18^{\circ}C$ FW and SW), HIRRV ($15^{\circ}C$ SW), IHNV ($15^{\circ}C$ FW and SW), LCDV ($15^{\circ}C$ FW and SW, $18^{\circ}C$ FW and SW), and mock-challenged group, mortality rate was less than 10%. IPNV, VHSV and HIRRV were re-isolated from the dead fish. These results suggest that marine medaka is susceptible to IPNV, VHSV and HIRRV, although their susceptibility depends on the environmental conditions.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Biology
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• v.31 no.3
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• pp.204-212
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• 2013

This study analyzed the occurrence of tunic softness, survival rate, metabolic rate and histopathologic changes arising from the effect of hypoxic environment in order to find the causes of occurrences of tunic softness, which manifests as the key phenomenon of mass mortality of Halocynthia roretzi. Regarding the survival of H. roretzi with reduction in dissolved oxygen, all the entities died on the 4th day of exposure to the dissolved oxygen concentration of $2mg\;L^{-1}$ while 50% mortality was observed on the 5th day of exposure to the dissolved oxygen concentration of $3mg\;L^{-1}$. Therefore the 5 days-$LC_{50}$ was found to be $3.55mg\;L^{-1}$ (1.86~$4.96mg\;L^{-1}$). However, occurrence of tunic softness was not observed during the period of exposure to low oxygen concentration. The oxygen consumption rate significantly decreases at the dissolved oxygen concentration of less than $5mg\;L^{-1}$ in comparison to the control group. Therefore, it is presumed that H. roretzi controls the respiration rate for prescribed period of time when exposed to hypoxic environment. Regarding the histopathologic changes in the gill, digestive gland and cyst of H. roretzi due to hypoxic environment, necrosis of epithelial layer, in filtration of blood cells, and condensation of nucleus that compose each of the organs were observed. Regarding morphological changes, the decrease in volume with shrinking of the tunic, discoloration of the internal organs and necrosis of gill and hepatopancreas were observed.

• Journal of Chest Surgery
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• v.33 no.10
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• pp.792-797
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• 2000

Background : Even though there were developments in various treatment techniques for acute arterial occlusion this disease still has high rate of mortalities and limb amputations. We investigated the combined diseases symptoms location of occlusion type of treatment complication and prognosis in our patients. Meterial and methods: This study recruited 48 patients(42 men, 6 women, mean age 57.7 years) who received the operation from January 1995 toDecember 1998. We investigated the post-operation course via medical record review or telephone interview with patients or their family members. Result: The most common combined diseases were atherosclerosis in 30 patients. other diseases were 17 diabetes mellitus 16 hypertension and 12 atrial firillation. Pain and clod sensation were noticed in all patients paresthesia in 5 patients fibrillation. Pain and cold sensation were noticed in all patients paresthesia in 5 patients and lower extremity paralysis in 11 patients. In 29 patients the time interval from the onset of symptom to admission was over 72 hours and 15 patients were admitted within 24 hours. The distribution of arterial occlusion location was at 28 femoral arteries 14 popliteal arteries and 6 iliac arteries. All the patients were received embolectomy and 5 patients were received additional bypass grafting. Postoperative complications were 12 reocclusions. 6 compartment syndromes 6 skin necrosis and 2 acute renal failure. The mortality rate was 16.7%(8/48) and the amputation rate was 25% Conclusion : This study revealed 25% reocclusion 25% limb amputation and 16.7% mortaliyt. To improve the prognosis of acute lower extrements arterial occlusion early diagnosis and understand the underlying diseases prompt treatment and operation additional operation including interventional radiologic examination and thorough postoperative care would be appreciated.

• Archives of Craniofacial Surgery
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• v.16 no.2
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• pp.73-79
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• 2015

Background: Alprostadil and sildenafil are known vasodilators used independently to improve flap survival in animal models. In this study, we investigate whether these agents act synergistically to decrease flap necrosis in rat models. Methods: After acclimation period, 4 groups of 10 male white rats were given a modified McFarlane skin flap. The postoperative treatment included saline control (Group A), sildenafil citrate-only (Group B), alprostadil-only (Group C), and both sildenafil and alprostadil (Group D). The flaps were observed on postoperative days 1, 3, 5 and 7. The animals were euthenized on postoperative day 7, and the flaps were evaluated for inflammation and neovascularization. Results: At each observation, the mean necrotic index was significantly lower for all three treatment groups (Groups A, B, C) and was the lowest for the combined treatment group. On histologic evaluations, combined treatment was associated with decreased inflammation and increased capillary vessel formation, when compared with control group. Conclusion: Both sildenafil-only and alprostadil treatments were independently associated with increased flap survival rate. Sildenafil citrate and alprostadil had a synergistic effect in increasing flap survival rate.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Environmental Restoration Technology
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• v.7 no.1
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• pp.110-115
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• 2004

This experiment was conducted to investigate the effect of light intensities on the growth responses, carbohydrate contents and the characteristics of leaf gas exchange in Miscanthus sinensis and Pennisetum purpurascens. The plant height and leaf length were increased to about 30% in the sun. However, those were reduced severely in the shade, and leaf necrosis was also observed. The representative growth index and the dry weight of 2 species were 50% higher than shade and the rate was reduced according to the decrease of light intensities. Total carbohydrate contents showed very similar changes to that of dry weight. However, any notable influences were observed at above the light intensities of 250~500${\mu}mol{\cdot}m^{-2}{\cdot}s^{-1}$ in the half shade. The size of spikes and the earliest spiking appeared in the sun and the spike color was decolorized as decreased in light intensities, irrespective of species. Photosynthetic rate of 2 species was 2 times higher in the sun than those in the shade, and it showed the typical photoresponses of sun plant. Stomatal conductances and intercelluar $CO_2$ concetration showed similar changes to that of photosynthetic rate. On the contrary, vapor pressure deficit was increased more in the shade than in the sun.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Research
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• v.11 no.1
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• pp.69-81
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• 1971

The effects of n-hexane and tetrachlorodiphenyl on the growth rate, the blood picture and histopathological change induced were observed in chicken. A total of 350 chicken were fed various daily dosages of n-hexane and tetrachlorodiphenyl for the experimental period of 60 days. The results obtained were as follows. 1. The growth rate of chicken in the group fed 100 ppm of tetrachlorodiphenyl was reduced (p<0.05). However no significant results were observed in the other dosage groups. 2. The reduction of the growth rate was found only in the liver and the kidney but not found in the other orgns. 3. No significant results were found in the number of erythrocytes and hematocrit value. However, the number of leukcocytes of chicken in the group fed 100 ppm of tetrachlorodiphenyl was significantly low. 4. In both n-hexane and tetrachlorodiphenyl groups, the number of lymphocytes was found to decrease but the number of basophiles and eosinophiles were found to increase (p<0.05). 5. All the chicken fed 300 ppm of tetrachlorodiphenyl died between 7th and 9th days. 6. Fatty change of hepatic cells and cloudy swelling of epithelia of renal tubules were found in the group fed 0.5 ml of n-hexane. However, in the group fed more the 100 ppm, fatty change of hepatic cells was followed by necrosis and comparatively severe cloudy swelling was found in epithelia of renal tubules.

• Clinical and Experimental Reproductive Medicine
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• v.2 no.1
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• pp.19-38
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• 1975

A total of 185 vasovasostomies were carried out for 11 years. Various factors which are of importance in fluencing the successful vasovasostomies are analysed and presented as follows: In recent years, demand of reanastomosis of the vas deferens increased considerably. An average age of the subjects is 39, and that of their wives, 33 in this series. An average interval between vasectomy and vasovasostomy is 4 years. An average number of living chidren is 2.6 at the time of vasectomy. and 2.1 at the time of time of vasovasostomy. Merchant and public official are the most commonly encounterd occupation in the present series. Coital frequencies are 2.2/week after vasovasostomy. The most common reasons for requesting the vasovasostomy are remarriage and deaths of children, especially son. Success rate is considerably higher among younger group than that of the older. Success rate is somewhat higher among groups of shorter interval between the operations (vasectomy and vasovasostomy) than that of longer interval group. Success rate is higher among bilateral vasovasostomy group than that of any others. Success rate is higher in solid splint group and no splint group than hollow splint group. The closed dressing technique of the end of splint on the scrotum is found to be reasonably effective in preventing infection. Ordinary end-to-end anastomosis and folded side-to-side anastomosis techniques are proved to be the most ideal form of modified operation for the successful vasovasostomies. The most common causes of failure are infection, injuries of blood supply, avascular necrosis due to extensive mobilization, inadequate approximation of both vasal end, hematoma, changes of epididymal environment, and early ambulation in this series. Overall success rate of the author's series is found the 81 per cent, and impregnation rate is 35 per cent. Overall results reported by other workers are that success rate regarding appearance of sperm in the semen after operation is 64 per cent, and that of impregnation after vasovasostomy is 33 per cent. The results of semen assessment performed on same cases prior to vasectomy and following vasovasostomy showed that post-vasovasostomy sperm count scarcely reached three-quaters of pre-vasectomy count.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• v.9 no.3
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• pp.323-327
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• 1999

It was shown that brain-derived neurotrophic factors (BDNFs) secreted from human neuroblastoma cells can significantly improve the growth of the neurites of PC12 nerve cells. The addition of purified BDNFs elongated the neurites of PC 12 nerve cells two to three times more than the case where the addition was not made. The perfusion rate strongly affected the change of the size of human neuroblastoma cells because the cell size decreased as the perfusion rate increased. This could also influence the productivity of BDNF from the cells. It is also important to note that the BDNF production was decreased when the cell size was reduced. BDNF production rate also decreased at a fast perfusion rate in a smaller cell size. At the relatively fast perfusion rate of 18 ml/h, the ratio of apoptotic to necrotic cells dramatically decreased, which possibly caused the decrease of BDNF production. It has been proven that the secretion of BDNF from human neuroblastoma cells was a partially growth-related process by yielding 6.2$\times l0^{-8}/g$ of BDNF/cell/h of growth related parameter and $0.48{\times}l0^{-9}/g$ of BDNF/cell/h of nongrowth-related parameter in a growth kinetic model. In addition, it was also found that the perfusion rate played a very important role in controlling the cell death mechanism.

• Advances in Traditional Medicine
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• v.10 no.1
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• pp.7-12
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• 2010

Typha orientalis' stem (TOS) is traditionally used as an herbal medicine for difficulty in urination, galactophoritis purulenta, whooping cough, and allergic dermatitis. However, its effect in experimental models remains unknown. Here, we report the effect of TOS on the phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA) plus calcium ionophore A23187-induced inflammatory cytokine production and extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) activation in the human mast cell line, HMC-1. TOS inhibited PMA plus A23187-induced cytokines such as tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-$\alpha$) and interleukin (IL)-6. Maximal inhibition rate of TNF-$\alpha$ and IL-6 production by TOS (1 mg/ml) was about 44.02%, and 45.20%, respectively (P < 0.05). In addition, TOS inhibited the expression of TNF-$\alpha$ and IL-6 mRNA under the same condition. Moreover, TOS partially blocked PMA plus A23187-induced ERK phosphorylation. These results suggested TOS could inhibit the cytokine production through blocking of ERK activity.

• Advances in Traditional Medicine
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• v.4 no.3
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• pp.171-178
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• 2004

Ginseng radix, the root of Panax ginseng C. A. Meyer (Araliaceae), is a medicinal plant used world-widely and has been reported to have various biological effects. To investigate the effects of Ginseng radix on HL-60 cell apoptosis, MTT assay, DNA fragmentation assay and flow cytometry were performed on HL-60 cells. Cells were treated with Ginseng radix at different concentrations $(10^{-4},\;10^{-3}\;and\;10^{-2};\;dilution\;rate)$. Ginseng radix significantly induced cells apoptosis with a time- and dose-dependent manner. To determine whether Ginseng radix-induced apoptosis is due to increase of tumor necrosis factor $(TNF-{\alpha})$ secretion, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay was performed on HL-60 cells. Unexpectedly, Ginseng radix $(96\;{\pm}\;5\;pg/ml)$ significantly decreased the $TNF-{\alpha}$ secretion compared with control $(174\;{\pm}\;14\;pg/ml)$. Furthermore, Ginseng radix with $rIFN-{\gamma}$ synergistically increased nitric oxide production in mouse peritoneal macrophages. Taken together, our data indicate that Ginseng radix induce apoptosis on HL-60 cells without increase of $TNF-{\alpha}$ secretion and could be used for a supplementary remedy of cancer.