• Toxicological Research
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• v.23 no.1
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• pp.87-96
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• 2007

Single and repeated-dose toxicity of anti-diabetic herb extract microcapsule (ADHEM) were evaluated according to Toxicity Test Guidelines of Korea Food and Drug Administration using Sprague-Dawley rats. For single-dose toxicity test, kneading ADHEM with sterilized water were administered orally once at dose levels of 0 and 2,000 mg/kg and examined for 14 days. No dead animals, clinical signs and abnormal necropsy findings were observed and also no significant difference in body weights was found. Therefore, the $LD_{50}$ of ADHEM was considered to be higher than 2,000 mg/kg in both male and female rats. For repeated-dose toxicity test, ADHEM were mixed with powder fodder and administerd orally for 28 days at dose levels of 0, 500, 1000 and 2000 mg/kg/day. No dead animals, clinical signs and significant difference in body weights were found. In hematology and serum biochemistry, all values were included within the normal ranges. In relative organ weights, kidney or liver were significantly increased in the 500, 1000 or 2000 mg/kg/day male groups, uterus was significantly increased in the 500 mg/kg/day female group and left adrenal glands were significantly decreased in the 2000 mg/kg/day female group. In histopathological examinations, vacuolation and microgranuloma in the liver, chronic progressive nephropathy and inflammation in the kidney were observed in the 500, 1000 or 2000 mg/kg/day both male and female groups. Therefore, the no observed adverse effect level (NOAEL) of ADHEM was considered to be lower than 500 mg/kg/day in both male and female rats.

• Journal of Veterinary Clinics
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• v.28 no.6
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• pp.555-561
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• 2011

Laparoscopic surgery is a well-established alternative to open surgery across disciplines. However, in veterinary medicine, laparoscopic surgery in dogs was rarely reported because of small abdominal size for multiple ports insertion. The concept of single-incision laparoscopic surgery (SILS) is to perform the entire laparoscopic operation through a single incision rather than conventional multiple small skin incisions. Indirect evidence of potential benefits of SILS, decreases operative morbidity related to reduction in port size, already exists. Therefore, this study was performed to evaluate the safety and feasibility of the modified form of SILS using flexible endoscope in Cholecystectomy before clinical adoption. A 2 cm single periumbilical incision was performed, and flexible endoscope was introduced into the abdominal cavity. A laparoscopic grasper was inserted into the abdominal cavity for the traction of gall bladder. Cystic duct and artery were ligated by 5 mm Hem-o-lok$^{(R)}$. Then, gall bladder was dissected and resected from the liver with 5 mm Autonomy Laparo-Angle Maryland dissector and endoscopic needle knife. Resected gall bladder was wrapped by using specimen pouch and was retrieved through abdominal incision from the cavity. All three gall bladders were successfully removed. Hematological changes were not observed during examination periods. No leakage sign was identified at necropsy. The flexible endoscope, as distinct from conventional rigid laparoscope, allows the visualization from various angles and the wide range of motion, result in less crowding.

• Journal of Veterinary Clinics
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• v.31 no.2
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• pp.117-120
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• 2014

An 11-year-old intact female Maltese was referred because of 1 week history of cluster seizure episodes. Based on brain CT scan, brain tumor was strongly suspected. The patient was euthanized according to client's request and we performed necropsy after euthanasia. The gross findings of the postmortem coronal sections of the brain showed that the mass was relatively well-demarcated, reddish in colored, and was present inside the left lateral ventricle and compressed adjacent tissues. The tumor mass had 2 distinct histopathological features: perivascular pseudorosette-like structures and a whirl-like arrangement of fibrillary cells. The immunohistochemical profile showed strong GFAP positivity and moderate S-100 expression, sparsely dotted staining with Ki-67. Based on the histopathological and immunohistochemical findings, the present case diagnosed to ependymoma.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.40 no.6
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• pp.824-831
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• 2011

This study was to investigate 90-day repeated-dose toxicities of 50 kGy irradiated methanol extract powder of red ginseng in ICR mice. The test materials (methanol extract powder of red ginseng with or without 50 kGy irradiation) were administered by gavage to male and female ICR mice at dose levels of 0, 125, 250 and 500 mg/kg/day for 90 days. In the results, no abnormality was observed in mortality, clinical findings, body weight changes, food consumptions, opthalmoscopic findings, necropsy findings and histopathological findings. Although the minor changes in blood and biochemical parameters were observed, they were not dose dependent and not affected by gamma irradiation. In conclusion, 90-day repeated oral dose of the methanol extract powder of red ginseng and 50 kGy irradiated methanol extract powder of red ginseng to ICR mice did not cause apparent toxicological change at the dose of 125, 250 and 500 mg/kg body weight.

• Childhood Kidney Diseases
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• v.13 no.1
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• pp.84-91
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• 2009

We experienced a female neonate with congenital nephrotic syndrome (CNS) associated with congenital diaphragmatic hernia (CDH). Because of the rare combination of two conditions, we report this case with literature review. CDH was found immediately after birth and emergency operation was done for hernia repair. But on the next day, generalized edema and oliguria(0.59 mL/kg/hour) was found and her blood chemistry showed hypoalbuminemia (1.6 g/dL), increased BUN (27.7 mg/dL) and serum creatinine( 1.8 mg/dL) along with heavy proteinuria (4+). We started albumin infusion with a bolus of intravenous furosemide. We suspected the neonate had congenital nephrotic syndrome and her 24hr urine protein was 1,816 mg/day. In spite of immunosuppressive therapy, the nephrotic syndrome and renal failure progressed. We started peritoneal dialysis on the day of life 22 but it was not satisfactory. She was complicated by intracranial hemorrhage and multi-organ failure and expired at 34 days of age. Kidney necropsy was performed which showed diffuse mesangial sclerosis (DMS). Her chromosome study revealed 46, XX and her gene study revealed a heterozygous missense mutation, Arg366His, in Wilms tumor suppressor gene (WT1). This case deserves attention on account of the 4th case of CNS with CDH revealing the Arg366His mutation in the WT1 gene and G the 1st case of early onset renal failure without male pseudohermaphroditism and Wilms tumor with CNS, CDH and the Arg366His mutation in the WT1 gene. So, this report gives support to the hypothesis that Arg366His mutation in the WT1 gene can result in CNS and CDH.

• Toxicological Research
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• v.25 no.3
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• pp.140-146
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• 2009

This study was performed to evaluate the toxicity of cadmium selenide for a period of 28 days in Sprague-Dawley rats. Each of 10 healthy male and females rats per group received daily oral administration for 28-day period at dosage levels 30, 300 and 1,000 mg/kg of body weight. Mortality and clinical signs were checked, and body weight, water intake and food consumption were also recorded weekly. There were no dose-related changes in food consumption or urine volume. All animals survived to the end of study with no clinical signs or differences in body weight gain observed when compared with the control group. At the end of study, all animals including control group, were subjected to necropsy. Blood samples were collected for hematology tests including coagulation time and biochemistry analysis. Blood coagulation time and relative organ weight were unaffected by all received doses. White Blood Cell (WBC) counts significantly increased in the 300 mg/kg administered male animal group when compared to the control. Monocyte (MO) value were also increased significantly in both 300 and 1,000 mg/kg male animal group. However, Mean Corpuscular Volume (MCV) were significantly decreased compared with the control in the 1,000 mg/kg dose groups for male and female animals. Mean Corpuscular Hemoglobin (MCH) decreased significantly for female in the 300 and 1,000 mg/kg group compared to the control. Blood biochemical values of Inorganic phosphorus (IP) were significantly increased in both the 300 and 1,000 mg/kg dose groups in male animals when compared to the control. Creatinine (CRE) levels indicated significant increase in kidney function for the female, 30 mg/kg dose group when compared with control. There was a significant decrease in thymus absolute organ weight in the female, 1,000 mg/kg dose group when compared with control. Histopathological findings revealed no evidence of injury related to cadmium selenide except for one case of focal hepatic inflammation in the high dose (1,000 mg/kg) group. One case of lung inflammation was also seen in the control group. Basis on these result, the No Observable Adverse Effect Level (NOAEL) of cadmium selenide was determined to be more than 1,000 mg/kg/day for male and female rats under conditions in this study.

• Parasites, Hosts and Diseases
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• v.34 no.4
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• pp.225-232
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• 1996

A survey of canine heartworm (nirofilaria inmitis) infections among German shepherds in five areas of South Korea was performed from October 1994 to August 1995 using a microfilarial test (modified Knott's test) and an antigen test (DiroCHEKⓑ Synbiotics, USA). The infection rate of 127 German shepherds (71 males and 56 females) was 10.2% (13/127) by the microfilarial test, but was 28.3% (36/127) by the antigen test, revealing that 24 of the 36 antigen-positive dogs were microfilaria-negative in the peripheral blood . All dogs that were microfilaria-positive were also antigen-positive. Three of the microfilaria-negative and antigen-positive dogs contained 4-15 adult heartworms in the heart and pulmonary arteries upon necropsy. The infection rate among German shepherds was the highest in Hoengsong-gun (Kangwon-do, 84.4%) , while those of Yechon-gun (Kyongsangbuk-do) and Chungwon-gun (Chungchongbuk-do) areas were 20.0% and 14.3%, respectively. None of the dogs in the Kimhae-shi (Kyongsangnam-do) and Kwangiu areas was heartworm positive. The infection rates of heartworm in dogs at the age of 1-3, 4-6. and 7-11 years were 6.3%, 21.4%, and 56.4%, respectively. Based on the fact that the antigen test is more accurate than the microfilarial test, this study strongly indicates that the prevalence rate of canine heartworm in Korea may be higher than previously reported (3.1-23.0%) which utilized microfilarial tests.

• The Journal of Internal Korean Medicine
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• v.35 no.1
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• pp.37-49
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• 2014

Objectives & Methods : The objective of this study was to evaluate the single oral dose toxicity of Chongmyung-tang (CMT) in ICR mice. Korean traditional herbal prescription CMT has traditionally been used as a neuroprotective for treatment of learning disability and memory improvement. CMT, lyophilized aqueous extracts (yield=9.7%) were administered to female and male mice with oral dose of 2,000, 1,000 and 500 mg/kg (body weight) according to the recommendation of Korea Food and Drug Administration (KFDA) Guidelines. Animals were monitored for mortality, changes in body weight, clinical signs and gross observation during 14 days after administration upon necropsy; organ weight and histopathology of 14 principle organs were examined. Results : We could not find any CMT extracts treatment related mortalities, clinical signs, changes in body and organ weight, or gross and histopathological observations against 14 principle organs up to 2,000 mg/kg in both female and male mice, except for some accidental sporadic findings which did not show any obvious dose-relations and most of which also demonstrated in both the female and male vehicle control mice in this experiments. Conclusions : Based on the results of this experiment, the 50% lethal dose ($LD_{50}$) and approximate lethal dose (ALD) of CMT extracts after single oral treatment in female and male mice can be considered to be over 2,000 mg/kg, and is likely to be safe in humans.

• Toxicological Research
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• v.31 no.4
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• pp.403-414
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• 2015

Lithospermum erythrorhizon has long been used as a traditional oriental medicine. In this study, the acute and 28-day subacute oral dose toxicity studies of hexane extracts of the roots of L. erythrorhizon (LEH) were performed in Sprague-Dawley rats. In the acute toxicity study, LEH was administered once orally to 5 male and 5 female rats at dose levels of 500, 1,000, and 2,000 mg/kg. Mortality, clinical signs, and body weight changes were monitored for 14 days. Salivation, soft stool, soiled perineal region, compound-colored stool, chromaturia and a decrease in body weight were observed in the extract-treated groups, and no deaths occurred during the study. Therefore, the approximate lethal dose (ALD) of LEH in male and female rats was higher than 2,000 mg/kg. In the subacute toxicity study, LEH was administered orally to male and female rats for 28 days at dose levels of 25, 100, and 400 mg/kg/day. There was no LEH-related toxic effect in the body weight, food consumption, ophthalmology, hematology, clinical chemistry and organ weights. Compound-colored (black) stool, chromaturia and increased protein, ketone bodies, bilirubin and occult blood in urine were observed in the male and female rats treated with the test substance. In addition, the necropsy revealed dark red discoloration of the kidneys, and the histopathological examination showed presence of red brown pigment or increased hyaline droplets in the renal tubules of the renal cortex. However, there were no test substance-related toxic effects in the hematology and clinical chemistry, and no morphological changes were observed in the histopathological examination of the kidneys. Therefore, it was determined that there was no significant toxicity because the changes observed were caused by the intrinsic color of the test substance. These results suggest that the no-observed-adverse-effect Level (NOAEL) of LEH is greater than 400 mg/kg/day in both sexes.

• Journal of Pharmacopuncture
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• v.18 no.4
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• pp.45-50
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• 2015

Objectives: In this study, we investigated the 4-week repeated-dose oral toxicity of gami-jakyak gamcho buja decoction (Mecasin) to develop safe treatments. Methods: In order to investigate the 4-week oral toxicity of Mecasin, we administered Mecasin orally to rats. Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats were divided into four groups of five male and five female animals per group: group 1 being the control group and groups 2, 3, and 4 being the experimental groups. Doses of Mecasin of 500, 1,000, and 2,000 mg/kg of body weight were administered to the experimental groups, and a dose of normal saline solution of 10 mL/kg was administered to the control group. We examined the survival rate, weight, clinical signs, and gross findings for four weeks. This study was conducted under the approval of the Institutional Animal Ethics Committee. Results: No deaths occurred in any of the four groups. No significant changes in weights or food consumption between the control group and the experimental groups were observed. Serum biochemistry revealed that some groups showed significant decrease in inorganic phosphorus (IP) (P < 0.05). During necropsy on the rats, one abnormal macroscopic feature, a slight loss of fur, was observed in the mid dosage (1,000 mg/kg) male group. No abnormalities were observed in any other rats. In histopathological findings, the tubular basophilia and cast of the kidney and extramedullary hematopoiesis of the spleen were found. However, those changes were minimal and had occurred naturally or sporadically. No other organ abnormalities were observed. Conclusion: During this 4-week, repeated, oral toxicity test of Mecasin in SD rats, no toxicity changes due to Mecasin were observed in any of the male or the female rats in the high dosage group. Thus, we suggest that the doses in a 13-week, repeated test should be 0, 500, 1,000, and 2,000 mg/kg respectively.