• Journal of architectural history
• /
• v.12 no.2 s.34
• /
• pp.41-59
• /
• 2003

Hugo $H\"{a}ring$(1882-1952) belonged to that special generation of architects born in the 1880s which became responsible for the establishment of Modern Movement in the 1920s as W. Gropius, Mies van der Rohe and Le Corbusier, etc. Although he have been overlooked by many historian, He was a key figure of the Modern architecture and as the main theorist for Organic stream in German architecture. He is well-known for his theory of 'Neues Bauen(New Building)', the organic functionalism that is epitomized as the design process from the inside outwards, starting with the life-processes of dwelling. So he argued that the builder must become aware of the life process his building is to serve, and he should not impose a form but try to find the form. These concepts are expressed well in his key-words, the 'Organwerk(organ-work)' and 'Leistungsform(form as achievement)'s. $H\"{a}ring's$ theory can be found in the short early essay, 'Wege zur Form(approaches to form)' of 1925. But His concept of 'function' is based on the speciality and individual identity that concerned him from the start, not purely pragmatic aspects. After 1940s his theory moved increasingly in this direction. He defined this as the transition from 'Organwerk' to 'Gesetaltwerk', from mere anatomy to essence, being, personality, life. It suggest that Hugo Haring's idea of Gestalt is a dimension of mystical or symbolic meaning. This paper Is about the way in which this theoretical transition can be parallel with contemporary philosophers as E. Cassirer's philosophy of symbolic forms and M. Heldegger's phenomenology. And the key example of this viewpoint is (1921-1926) near Lubuk in Germany, with its 'cowshed' of pear shaped plan devised around the requirements and rituals of farm. This study presents the symbolic conception of Hugo $H\"{a}ring's$ theory can propose the ability of a symbolic intuition as a view that re-integrate technical thinking with knowledge of other kinds beyond the immediate material.

• Journal of the Korean Geographical Society
• /
• v.39 no.3
• /
• pp.344-359
• /
• 2004

This geographical study is to identify the reality of Nokdun island which was once settled and farmed by our ancestor, but currently the island is do facto under Russia's control. Various historical documents including old maps, current large scale maps and satellite images besides field work were used for full analysis. According to historical records, up until Chosun Dynasty, Nokdun island in the lower Tuman river was one of the frontier fortified base crossed the river for the northern defense as well as seasonal farming for the farmer of Kyounghung border area. Even though the island was unjustly lost to Russia by the Beijing Treaty in the late Chosun period, the whole area of Nokdun was occupied and farmed by sole Koreans until the deportation by Stalin was forcibly measured. In these days due to the change of Tumn river channel and new deposition by river it became very difficult to find the original shape of Nokdun island. However, through intensive field works based on historical records, the research team found out the existence of the old wet-dry fields, old rural farmhouse remnants, and small and medium size of millstones that are supporting the reality of the island. Especially, the team traced a mud fortress presumedly built in the early Chosun period. We believe it might allow to allocate the exact location of Nokdun island in near future.

• Korean Journal of Health Education and Promotion
• /
• v.13 no.2
• /
• pp.35-53
• /
• 1996

The objective of the health promotion program was to strengthen the ability and willingness of individuals in the course of each stage of their lives to take action in support of their health and that of their families and communities in the home, the place of work and the school, and during recreation. The purpose of this study was to assess the need of school health promotion through health care behavior survey about diet, accident prevention, cigarette smoking experience, personal hygiene, visual impairment prevention, exercise, and environment protection. The subjects of this study were 914 students composed of Samrye, Bongdong, Samrye-Dong, Iseo, and Songkwang elementary school in Wanju area. The data were collected by questionaire corrected for the purpose of this study which had been developed by WHO, ‘Health behavior in school children’. These were carried out from March 20 to April 20, 1996. The data was analyzed by frequency, percentage, χ²-test with SPSS-PC+ program. The results were as follows. 1. Diet related behavior 1) Girl students eat less breakfast than male students. 2) Girl students eat less 3 times a day than male students. 3) The rate of eating nutritious medicine was high in order of 4th, 6th, and 5th graders. 4) Girl students drink less milk than male students. 5) The intake frequency of eating between meals was high in order of 6th, 5th, and 4th grader. 2. Cigarette smoking behavior 1) The rate of cigarette smoking rarely was high in 5th grader. 2) Male students smoke cigarette more than girl students. 3. Personal hygiene related behavior 1) The rate of washing hands after using toilet room was low in order of 4th, 5th, and 6th graders. 2) The rate of washing hands after using toilet room was low in male students. 3) The rate of washing hands when entering home from outdoor was low in male students. 4) The tooth brushing frequency before going to bed was low in male students. 5) The tooth brushing frequency was low in male students. 6) The rate of bathing was most low in 4th grader. 7) The rate of bathing was low in male students. 4. Visual impairment preventive behavior 1) The distance between eyes and book was near in order of 6th, 5th, and 4th graders. 5. Exercise 1) The exercise time in school was less in 4th grader. 2) The exercise time in school was less in girl students. 3) The exercise time out of school was less in 4th grader. 4) The exercise time out of school was less in girl students. 5) The self evaluation score about exercise ability was low in girl students. 6. Environment related behavior D The rate of collecting waste separately in school was most low in 4th grader.

• Journal of Korean Ophthalmic Optics Society
• /
• v.20 no.3
• /
• pp.369-375
• /
• 2015

Purpose: The current study was performed to estimate the changes in reading speed and blinking rate according to different background colors when reading paper book and further investigate their correlation. Methods: Twenty-nine adults (10 males, 19 females) who consented to the present study and had no ocular disease, ocular surgery history showing normal binocular vision were participated into the study. The subjects were asked to read the novels with black letter printed on white, red, green and blue background for 15 min, respectively. Then, the reading speed per page and blinking rate per page were measured during reading and analyzed according to background colors. Results: Reading speed per page according to the background color showed a tendency to accelerate in the white and green background as the reading time increased however, it was almost unchanged in the blue background and rather decelerated in the red background. On the other hand, the blinking rate per page tended to decrease in all background as the reading time was increased however, the smallest reduction was shown in the red background. There was a correlation that the reading speed increased as the blinking rate decreased in all backgrounds and the best correlation was shown in the green background. Conclusions: From the results, a correlation between the increasing reading speed and the reducing blinking rate while reading paper book with same demand on accommodation and convergence was confirmed however, the change in blinking rate and reading speed was varied depending on the main wavelength of light. It might mean that the working speed and visual fatigue can be varied depending on the difference of main wavelength when doing near work. Thus, it can be suggested that the adjustment of working environment and conditions should be made according to the kind of required perception.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
• /
• v.12 no.7
• /
• pp.1096-1103
• /
• 1999

A study was conducted to clarify the impact of recombinant porcine somatotropin (pST) on the efficiency of absorbed nitrogen use for protein deposition in growing pigs. Three levels of dietary crude protein (9.0, 11.5, 14.0% CP) were used. Each had either a sub-optimum or near optimum lysine: CP concentration (Low-lysine, 3.8 g/100 g CP and High-lysine, 5.5 g/100g CP) in order to achieve different metabolic efficiencies for nitrogen deposition (ca. 45 vs. 60%). Twelve crossbred female pigs $(59{\pm}4kg\;BW)$ were placed in metabolism cages and fitted with bladder catheters. Each pig received an excipient injection daily for the first 10-d, a pST (5 mg/d) injection for the second 10-d, and then excipient for the last 10-d. Pigs were randomly assigned to one of six dietary treatments (2 pigs/diet) and fed 4 times per d at $92g/kg\;BW^{0.75}$ $(3{\times}maintenance)$. Means for the excipient period were compared to means for the pST period. Urinary nitrogen (N) output declined in pST-treated pigs (p<0.01) irrespective of dietary protein content or lysine level. Nitrogen retention increased by an average of 11% (p<0.01) with pST treatment (726 vs. $803mg\;N/kg^{0.75}\;BW/d$). Forty-eight percent of the absorbed N was retained with Low-lysine diets, but this increased to 53% with pST injection (+11%, p<0.01). Pigs fed High-lysine diets retained 62% of absorbed N which increased to 69% with pST (+11% p<0.01). the addition of lysine improved N use by 27% (High vs. Low, p<0.01), but the effect of lysine and pST was additive (+40%). Therefore, pST improves N retention and the efficiency of apparently absorbed N use in growing pigs (>60kg). It does so with diets having the potential for either low or high efficiencies of N use (48% and 62%). More work is needed to determine if the partial efficiency of N use improves in direct proportion to pST dose since the improvement in protein deposition is a function of pST dose.

• Journal of the Korean Chemical Society
• /
• v.47 no.3
• /
• pp.250-256
• /
• 2003

In this work, the effect of cationic initiator content on the electron-beam (EB) curing process of diglycidylether of bisphenol-A (DGEBA) resin was studied using near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), and critical stress intensity factor $(K_{IC})$. Benzylquinoxalinium hexafluoroantimonate (BQH) were used as an initiator and its content was varied from 0.5 to 3 phr. NIRS measurements showed that the hydroxyl group of EB-cured epoxy resin was increased with increasing the BQH content. Thermal stability and $K_{IC}$ value of EB-cured epoxy resin were increased with increasing the BQH content but were decreased above 2 phr content. These results could be attributed to the decrease of the conversion and degree of crosslinking. In another word, the conversion and degree of crosslinking were restricted by the incomplete network structure from high reactivity at the BQH content above 2 phr, resulting in decreasings of thermal stability and $K_{IC}$.

• Journal of Environmental Impact Assessment
• /
• v.22 no.6
• /
• pp.547-556
• /
• 2013

Recently, golf courses have increased over the years because golf became popular leisure sport. Various environmental problems have been then issued by a golf course during constructing and running them. A problem of pesticide, which is serious among various environmental problems, from golf course has harmful effect on surrounding area and makes human suffer from acute and chronic diseases. Pesticides are used for the cost-effective managing of golf course and the amount of pesticides also increases as the number of golf course increase. Since the assessment of pesticides on near-by surrounding has been focused on water and soil media, studies related to atmospheric dispersion have been hardly attempted. The method to assess an impact of pesticide nearby agricultural production by the atmospheric dispersion using AGDISP(AGricultural DISPersal) model was developed and applied to the actual planned golf course located in Hongcheon, Gangwon. For implementing AGDISP, parameters were investigated from the golf course's land use planning map, pesticide spray device, Hong-Cheon weather station and etc. First of all, a kind of pesticide, a form of spraying pesticide, geographical features, weather data, and distance(golf course to plantation) were investigated to understand how to work these parameters in AGDISP. Restricted data(slope angle, droplet size distribution and solar insolation) sensitivity analysis of these parameters to estimate effect of pesticide nearby a plantation and a high relative contribution data of analyzed data was selected for input data. Ethoprophos was chosen as the pesticide used in the golf course and the amounts of pesticide deposition per annual agricultural productions were predicted. The results show that maximum amount of pesticide deposition through atmospheric dispersion was predicted $2.32{\mu}/m^2$ at 96 m where the nearest organic plantation exists. The residues of pesticide were also estimated based on the annul production of the organic and the deposition amount of the pesticide. Consequently, buckwheat, wheat and millet were likely to exceed maximum residue limits for pesticides in foods(MRL) and sorghum, corn and peanut were likely to exceed MRL by organic farming as well.

• Journal of The Korean Astronomical Society
• /
• v.37 no.1
• /
• pp.41-53
• /
• 2004

It has been a big mystery what drives filament eruptions and flares. We have studied in detail an X1.8 flare and its associated filament eruption that occurred in NOAA Active Region 9236 on November 24,2000. For this work we have analyzed high temporal (about 1 minute) and spatial (about 1 arcsec) resolution images taken by Michelson Doppler Imager (MDI) onboard the Solar and Heliospheric Observatory, Hoc centerline and blue wing ($-0.6{\AA}$) images from Big Bear Solar Observatory, and 1600 ${\AA}$ UV images by the Transition Region and Corona Explorer (TRACE). We have found that there were several transient brightenings seen in H$\alpha$ and, more noticeably in TRACE 1600 ${\AA}$ images around the preflare phase. A closer look at the UV brightenings in 1600 ${\AA}$ images reveals that they took place near one end of the erupting filament, and are a kind of jets supplying mass into the transient loops seen in 1600 ${\AA}$. These brightenings were also associated with canceling magnetic features (CMFs) as seen in the MDI magnetograms. The flux variations of these CMFs suggest that the flux cancellation may have been driven by the emergence of the new flux. For this event, we have estimated the ejection speeds of the filament ranging from 10 to 160 km $s^{-1}$ for the first twenty minutes. It is noted that the initiation of the filament eruption (as defined by the rise speed less than 20 km $s^{-1}$) coincided with the preflare activity characterized by UV brightenings and CMFs. The speed of the associated LASCO CME can be well extrapolated from the observed filament speed and its direction is consistent with those of the disturbed UV loops associated with the preflare activity. Supposing the H$\alpha$/UV transient brightenings and the canceling magnetic features are due to magnetic reconnect ion in the low atmosphere, our results may be strong observational evidence supporting that the initiation of the filament eruption and the preflare phase of the associated flare may be physically related to low-atmosphere magnetic reconnection.

• Proceedings of the Korean Vacuum Society Conference
• /
• 2014.02a
• /
• pp.92-92
• /
• 2014

Recently, many state-of-art spectroscopy techniques are used to unravel the mysteries of condensed matters. And numerous heterostructures have provided a new avenue to search for new emergent phenomena. Especially, near the interface, various forms of symmetry-breaking can appear, which induces many novel phenomena. Although these intriguing phenomena can be emerged at the interface, by using conventional measurement techniques, the experimental investigations have been limited due to the buried nature of interface. One of the ways to overcome this limitation is in situ investigation of the layer-by-layer evolution of the electronic structure with increasing of the thickness. Namely, with very thin layer, we can measure the electronic structure strongly affected by the interface effect, but with thick layer, the bulk property becomes strong. Angle-resolved photoemission spectroscopy (ARPES) is powerful tool to directly obtain electronic structure, and it is very surface sensitive. Thus, the layer-by-layer evolution of the electronic structure in oxide heterostructure can be investigated by using in situ ARPES. LaNiO3 (LNO) heterostructures have recently attracted much attention due to theoretical predictions for many intriguing quantum phenomena. The theories suggest that, by tuning external parameters such as misfit strain and dimensionality in LNO heterostructure, the latent orders, which is absent in bulk, including charge disproportionation, spin-density-wave order and Mott insulator, could be emerged in LNO heterostructure. Here, we performed in situ ARPES studies on LNO films with varying the misfit strain and thickness. (1) By using LaAlO3 (-1.3%), NdGaO3 (+0.3%), and SrTiO3 (+1.7%) substrates, we could obtain LNO films under compressive strain, nearly strain-free, and tensile strain, respectively. As strain state changes from compressive to tensile, the Ni eg bands are rearranged and cross the Fermi level, which induces a change of Fermi surface (FS) topology. Additionally, two different FS superstructures are observed depending on strain states, which are attributed to signatures of latent charge and spin orderings in LNO films. (2) We also deposited LNO ultrathin films under tensile strain with thickness between 1 and 10 unit-cells. We found that the Fermi surface nesting effect becomes strong in two-dimensions and significantly enhances spin-density-wave order. The further details are discussed more in presentation. This work was collaborated with Hyang Keun Yoo, Seung Ill Hyun, Eli Rotenberg, Ji Hoon Shim, Young Jun Chang and Hyeong-Do Kim.

• Journal of the Korean association of regional geographers
• /
• v.13 no.3
• /
• pp.271-289
• /
• 2007

Regional festivals had not been for regional economy in the past. However, they have recently become an important way for place marketing, and regional festivals to improve regional economy have been increasing rapidly. In this context, the work proposes to examine the types of regional festivals and the features of territorial assets utilizing for the regional festivals in Kyungbuk province, Korea. In Kyungbuk, regional festivals have rapidly increased with the conduction of local autonomy since 1996. While their number was only 14 until 1995, it increased to 66 as of 2006. The regional festivals can be classified into traditional folk-type cultural art-type, industrial spatiality-type and tourism event-type. All of the regional festivals that have emerged since the late 1990s are industrial spatiality-type or tourism event-type. Both of these types share about two-thirds of total regional festivals in Kyungbuk. The most serious problem in the regional festivals of Kyungbuk is that they are becoming similar each other in the period of festivals and territorial assets. Near 90% of festivals hold for 5 months, in April, May, July, August, September, October and over 40% only for 2 months, in May and September. In addition, 27 of total 66 festivals utilize similar territorial assets. Especially, the trend of duplication is stronger in natural ecological assets and industrial specialty assets. Place marketing strategy needs to be more focused on cultural assets.