• Journal of Forest and Environmental Science
• /
• 제26권2호
• /
• pp.113-116
• /
• 2010

The Acacia seyal Del. var. seyal belongs to family Mimosaceae is known locally as gum Talha tree. It is a multipurpose tree species occurs throughout the African gum belt in Savannah mostly in pure forest. In Sudan it thrives on heavy clay soils that receive an annual rainfall between 400-800 mm. It is an important source of rural energy (fuelwood and charcoal) and forage. As mentioned by Nair (2007) the economic damage causes by insect in natural forest often difficult to judge due to no enough research attention The tree is frequently affected by biotic factors among them the insect pests. During a survey in the 1980's the tree was severely infested by the longhorned beetles (Cerambycidae) severely infesting other Acacia species, but the ecological data are overlooked. Therefore, the objective of the study was to assess infestation characteristics and to determine environmental factors triggering the attack of longhorned beetles. A temporary random sampling technique was applied to observe the damage characteristics of the longhorned beetles on tree species during May-July 2007. Five sample plots occupies by A. seyal were taken in Kordofan region directly observed for the presence of hole of emergence of the longhorned beetles, presence of dusts, presence of insect stages, girdling as well as other characteristics of damage. The study results indicate that the infestation rate of trees in the sampled sites ranged between zero and 23.08%. Further ecological researches are recommended.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
• /
• 제15권10호
• /
• pp.1453-1457
• /
• 2002

The experiment was conducted to find out the effect of 4 feeding systems on growth, feed intake, eating behavior, lactation performance, gestation period, post-partum heat period, conception rate and parasitic infestation of Black Bengal goat. Twenty four does of approximately 1 year of age were randomly selected for 4 treatment (feeding systems) groups having 6 replications in each. Treatments were stall feeding ($T_1$), tethering ($T_2$), restricted grazing ($T_3$) and grazing ($T_4$). $T_1$ group was housed continuously and adequate amounts of natural grass were supplied for ad libitum feeding. $T_2$ group was tethered for grazing natural grass from 8 a.m. to 4 p.m. being moved at one hour intervals. Goats of $T_3$ group were allowed grazing from 8 a.m. to 1 p.m. $T_4$ group was grazed from 8 a. m. to 4 p.m. Concentrate supplement was given at the rate of 150 g per day per goat for all of the treatment groups. Duration of experiment was 219 days. Daily live weight gain was significantly (p<0.05) higher in case of stall fed goats than that of others. DM intake also significantly (p<0.05) differed among the treatment groups and was 3.40 3.95, 3.76 and 4.05 per cent of their live weight for stall feeding, tethering, restricted grazing and grazing groups, respectively. Rate of rumination was significantly (p<0.05) higher in case of tethering group of goats than that of others. Birth weight of kids, milk yield, lactation period and post-partum heat period were significantly higher in case of stall fed goats than others. Tethering group showed significantly (p<0.05) higher litter size than others. Infestation rate of Fasciola was significantly (p<0.05) higher in the grazing group. In conclusion, it may be stated that among these feeding groups overall performance of stall fed goats was more satisfactory, and that the tethering group showed better performance than the others.

• 한국응용곤충학회지
• /
• 제36권3호
• /
• pp.237-242
• /
• 1997

폿트 재배한 강낭콩에서 점박이응애(Tetranychus urticae Koch)를 먹이로 제공하여 야외와 온실에서 3종 이리응애에 의한 점박이응애에 밀도 조절 작용에 대해 조사한 결과 다음과 같다. 6-7일 야외에서 A. fallacis는 점박이응애와 이리응애의 접종밀도 비율이 4:1, 10:1, 20:1 수준에서 접종 17일 후에 점박이응애의 밀도억제가 가능하였으나, A. womersleyi는 4:1에서만 밀도억제가 가능하였고, T. occidentallis는 4:1에서 접정 30일 후와 10:1, 20:1의 비율에서는 점박이응애 밀도억제가 전혀 불가능하f였다. 9월에 온실에서 점박이응애와 이리응애의 밀도를 10:1로 접종하였을 때 A. womersleyi는 초기 점박이응애 밀도억제가 가능하였으나 13일 이후에는 불가능하였고, A. womersleyi는 접종밀도보다 감소하였다. A. womersleyi는 초기부터 안정된 밀도가 유지되어 점박이응애 밀도억제 효과가 지속적이었다. T. occidentallis는 후기에 밀도가 증가하여 점박이응애 후기 밀도억제가 가능하였다.

• The Plant Pathology Journal
• /
• 제18권4호
• /
• pp.179-186
• /
• 2002

Four newly developed cotton mutants (M-111, M-7662, M-358 and M-218) were compared for their resistance against Cotton leaf curl virus(CLCuV) together with commercial resistant (CIM-443, CIM-482, CIM-473, FH-900 and FH-901) and susceptible (5-12) varieties by artificial inoculation through grafting and under natural field conditions. Infectivity and success of grafting were 100% in all cases. None of the grafted plants were found immune or asymptomatic. All the grafted mutants and most of their single plant progeny rows (SPPRs) showed highly resistant responses as the symptoms displayed by these mutants were milder than the commercial cultivars. Grafted mutants also had delayed disease reactions as they took more time (25-30 days) to produce disease symptoms, as compared with resistant commercial varieties that produced disease 18-22 days after inoculation. Growth of the grafted SPPRs of tested mutants was normal, which is an indication that there will be no production losses. Observations under natural infestation of whitefly showed that two SPPRs of M-ll/CE and M-7662-1/2 and one resistant variety CIM-443 exhibited slight incidence of disease, while one SPPR of M-l1/59 and S-12 were moderately susceptible and highly susceptible with 21％ and 97.l％ disease incidence, respectively. This study also showed that plants displaying more disease symptoms through grafting were easily infected under natural conditions. These results suggest that preference should be given to those plants that exhibited highly resistant responses after artificial inoculation.

• 대한수의학회지
• /
• 제15권2호
• /
• pp.161-176
• /
• 1975

In order to evaluate the epizootiological influence of high-land on cattle feeding, routine hematological observation, with additional examinations of feces and general clinical condition, was conducted comparing the high-land cows resident at altitude of 800 to 1,200 meters in Daegwanryeong to the low-land cows resident at altitudes of less than 100 meters in Samcheok and Gangneung. The high-land cows were divided into 3 groups such as group A, B and C, consisting of 15, 16 and 20 adult cows respectively, and among the 3 groups only group C was exposed to abrupt high-land cold before observation. The low-land cows, that is group D, were consisted of 25 adult cows. The results obtained in the survey were summarized as follows: 1. Number of erythrocytes, concentration of hemoglobin and packed cell volume were remarkably higher (p<0.01) in all of 3 groups (group A, B and C) of high-land cows than trios of low-land cows (group D). These higher values in high-land cows were ascribable to the better feeding and hygienic management, and lesser infestation of small-type Piroplasma (Theileria) and internal parasites in contrast with the low-land cows. 2. Remarkably higher value of mean corpuscular volume (p<0.01) and a tendency to lower value of mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration were noted in group D in contrast with group A, B and C. The reason was attributed to the higher infestation (p<0.01) of smalltype piroplasma in low-land cows in contrast with high-land cows. 3. It was noticiable that even though lesser infestation of small type Piroplama in the highland cows was shown, a natural case of clinical small-type-piroplasmosis was found in high-land group B as well as a case in the low-land group D. The blood Pattern showed characteristic macrocytic-hypochromic-anemia with increased reticulocytes in both two cases (Table 7). 4. In the observation of leukocytic series, marked increase of eosinophils in group D was seen in accordance with heavy infestation of gastrointestinal nematodes, and increased neutrophils with higher appearance of nonlobulated form and eosinopenia in group C only was observed suggesting the leukocytic response to the cold exposure in high-land. 5. Mean values of thrombocytes in group A,B,C and D were 48.4, 40.7, 42.7 and $32.3{\times}10^4/mm^3$ respcetively, and no statistically significant differences were observed.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
• /
• 제7권4호
• /
• pp.547-554
• /
• 1994

This paper presents the effects of supplementary feeding and internal parasites on the growth rates of female weaner goats raised under improved management. A completely randomized $3{\times}3{\times}2$ factorial design was used. Factors were genotype (Thai native: TN, 75% TN $\times$ 25% Anglo-Nubian: An and 50% TN $\times$ 50% AN), feeding grazing only, low (1.0% BW/d) and high (1.5% BW/d) supplementation and parasite control (undrenched and drenched). It was shown that native goats had significantly (p<0.05) higher growth rates than did the cross-bred goats from 12-24 weeks of the trial. The growth rate of goats grazing improved pasture depended on the amount of concentrate offered as a supplement. There was no significant difference in growth rates between undrenched and drenched goats. There was no interaction effect on growth rates between the treatments. Drenched goats had significantly (p<0.01) lower egg counts per gram of gastro-intestinal nematode than did undrenched goats. There was no significant difference between the treatments for blood constituents (total protein, haemoglobin, packed cell volume, eosinophils, lymphocytes, monocytes and basophils).

• 한국산림과학회지
• /
• 제62권1호
• /
• pp.87-95
• /
• 1983

솔잎혹파리가 소나무 생장(生長)에 미치는 영향(影響)을 그 발생경과년수(發生經過年數)가 서로 다른 충청남도(忠清南道) 서천군(舒川郡), 보령군(保寧郡), 홍성군내(洪城郡內) 9개(個) 지역(地域)에서 조사(調査), 비교(比較)하였다. 이 조사(調査)는 피해허용한계(被害許容限界)를 알기 위한 첫 단계(段階)로 소나무피해(被害)의 개황(槪況)을 본 것으로 얻어진 결과(結果)는 다음과 같다. 1) 솔잎혹파리가 발생(發生)된 소나무의 피해(被害)는 4~5년간(年間) 지속(持續)되는데 2~3년차(年次)에 가장 심(甚)하였다. 2) 솔잎혹파리의 충영형성(蟲廮形成)은 소나무의 직경생장(直径生長)과 수고생장(樹高生長)의 저해(沮害)를 동시(同時)에 일으킨다. 3) 소나무의 직경생장(直径生長)과 수고생장간(樹高生長間)에는 밀접(密接)한 상관관계(相關關係)가 있었으며 솔잎혹파리 피해(被害)에도 불구하고 이 관계(關係)는 교란되지 않았다. 따라서, 주신초(主新梢)의 생장저해(生長沮害) 상황(狀況)을 가지고 직경생장(直径生長)의 저해정도(沮害程度)를 추정(推定)할 수 있을 것이다. 4) 솔잎혹파리의 충영율(蟲廮率)은 북향(北向)에서 월등(越等)하게 높아 소나무의 고사(枯死)도 북향(北向)에서 높았다. 5) 솔잎혹파리로 인(因)한 13년생(年生) 소나무의 재적생장손실(材積生長損失)은 수확표와 비교(比較)할 때 75~85% 이상(以上)이 되고 이 피해(被害)는 정상적(正常的)인 생장(生長)을 되찾아도 복구(復舊)되기 어려울 것 같다.

• Toxicological Research
• /
• 제35권1호
• /
• pp.1-7
• /
• 2019

Mycotoxin contamination is a global phenomenon and causes a wide array of negative effects and other complications. This study focused on commonly found mycotoxins in Africa and the possible means of prevention or reduction of their contaminating effects. Mycotoxins are secondary metabolites of mold and fungi; they are generally toxic to living organisms. Hundreds of mycotoxins have been identified thus far, with some, such as aflatoxins, ochratoxins, trichothecenes, zearalenone, fumonisins, and patulin, considered agro-economically important. Several factors contribute to the presence of mycotoxins in food, such as climatic conditions, pest infestation, and poor harvest and storage practices. Exposure to mycotoxins, which occurs mostly by ingestion, leads to various diseases, such as mycotoxicoses and mycoses that may eventually result in death. In light of this, this review of relevant literature focuses on mycotoxin contamination, as well as various methods for the prevention and control of their prevalence, to avert its debilitating consequences on human health. Clear evidence of mycotoxin contamination is present in Africa, and it was therefore recommended that adequate prevention and control of these toxic substances in our food system should be encouraged and that appropriate measures must be taken to ensure food safety as well as the enhanced or long-lifespan of the African populace. Governments, research institutions, and non-governmental organizations should tailor the limited resources available to tackle mycotoxin prevalence, as these will offer the best prospects for successful development of a sustainable food system in Africa.

• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
• /
• 제52권3호
• /
• pp.262-275
• /
• 2024

In Indonesia, Coptotermes curvignathus Holmgren and Cryptotermes cyanocephalus Light termite attacks can damage wood and causing losses of 8.7 trillion rupiah per year. Wood treatment and soil barrier are very important to protect structures and their components from termite infestation. The application of synthetic chemicals that pose risks to the environment and human health. The growing movement to replace these chemicals with new termiticides that are safe for the environment in place of persistent organic pollutants. Efficacy performance in entomopathogenic fungi spores such as that produce decanoic acid, hexadecanoic acid, palmitic acid, and octadecadienoic acid are potential compounds that provide for ecofriendly termite control. Entomopathogenic fungal spores from Metarhizium anisopliae, Trichoderma harzianum, and Beauveria bassiana, as the active ingredient were formulated with nanocellulose was added as an inert ingredient to which helped to deliver the active ingredients on controlling the target pest, and enhance the utility ability of the product fungi to control termites. The mortality of these termites successively entomopathogenic fungi was the main cause of death. The higher concentrations being associated with of nanocellulose used affect increased the number of termites mortality. M. anisopliae paired with 60% nanocellulose concentrate was the best percentage for yielded the greatest C. curvignathus and C. cynocephalus termite control. In the field testing, M. anisopliae provided better, it showed the finest result of termite control rather than B. bassiana and T. harzianum. The results of the research indicate that entomopathogenic fungi can be used for Pest Control Management as the subterranean termite and drywood termite control.

• Journal of Forest and Environmental Science
• /
• 제14권1호
• /
• pp.128-137
• /
• 1998

담팔수깍지벌레의 천적 종류는 1차 기생벌 6종, 2차 기생벌 3종, 포식성 무당벌레 5종 및 풀잠자리류 1종등 총15종이 확인(確認)되었다. 1차 기생벌 가운데 Aneristus ceroplastae, Microterys flavus, Coccophagus yoshidae의 밀도가 높았으며, 최 우점종은 Aneristus ceroplastae이었다. Aneristus ceroplastae와 Coccophagus yoshidae는 단기생성(單寄生性)의 내부기생자(內部寄生者)이었으며 Microterys flavus는 다기생성(多寄生性) 내부기생자(內部寄生者)이었고 2차 기생벌 가운데 최우점종인 Tetrastichus sp.는 Aneristus ceroplastae와 Microterys flavus의 용에 기생하는 단기생성(單寄生性)의 외부기생자(外部寄生者)이었다. 또한 주요 기생벌의 기생율(寄生率) 및 계절적(季節的) 발생소장(發生消長)을 구명(究明)하였다. 포식성(捕食性) 천적(天敵)은 Rhyzobius forestieri와 Chilocorus kuwanae가 우점종이었으며 이들 종(種)에 대한 발생소장(發生消長) 및 포식량(捕食量)을 구명(究明)하였다. 특히 Rhyzobius forestieri는 담팔수깍지벌레를 포식하는 종으로 일본 구주지방에서 처음 기록(記錄)하였다.