• ALGAE
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• 제37권4호
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• pp.301-316
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• 2022

The red alga Compsopogon caeruleus can generally be found in tropical and subtropical waters worldwide. In addition to its natural habitats, this species may be found in waters that receive abnormally hot water, e.g., from powerhouses. To date, the presence of C. caeruleus has not been observed in thermally polluted lacustrine ecosystems in Poland, which has a moderate climate. The thalli of this red alga were found growing on Vallisneria spiralis in Lichenskie Lake. Importantly, this paper presents a previously unknown relationship between the temperature (20, 25, 30, 35, and 40℃) and oxygen requirements of C. caeruleus (based on ex situ measurements of O₂ consumption by thalli). Surprisingly, 35℃ can be the optimum temperature for C. caeruleus, and this temperature is higher than the values reported by some previous thermal analyses by approximately 10℃. Additionally, we reviewed and mapped the distribution of this nonnative and mesophilic red alga in natural / seminatural water ecosystems in Europe. Finally, we propose that the occurrence of C. caeruleus mature thalli can be a novel, simple and easy-to-recognize bioindicator of artificially and permanently heated waters in moderate climate zones by a regular discharge of postindustrial water.

• Mycobiology
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• 제51권5호
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• pp.343-353
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• 2023

Lichens play crucial roles in the ecosystems, contributing to soil formation and nutrient cycling, and being used in biomonitoring efforts to assess the sustainability of ecosystems including air quality. Previous studies on heavy metal accumulation in lichens have mostly relied on manipulated environments, such as transplanted lichens, leaving us with a dearth of research on how lichens physiologically respond to heavy metal exposure in their natural habitats. To fill this knowledge gap, we investigated lichens from two of South Korea's geographically distant regions, Gangwon Province and Jeju Island, and examined whether difference in ambient heavy metal concentrations could be detected through physiological variables, including chlorophyll damage, lipid oxidation, and protein content. The physiological variables of lichens in response to heavy metals differed according to the collection area: Arsenic exerted a significant impact on chlorophyll degradation and protein content. The degree of fatty acid oxidation in lichens was associated with increased Cu concentrations. Our research highlights the value of lichens as a bioindicator, as we found that even small variations in ambient heavy metal concentrations can be detected in natural lichens. Furthermore, our study sheds light on which physiology variables that can be used as indicators of specific heavy metals, underscoring the potential of lichens for future ecology studies.

• Journal of Forest and Environmental Science
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• 제36권1호
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• pp.25-36
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• 2020

Area exclosure is a widely practiced intervention of restoring degraded lands though its impact in sequestering terrestrial and soil carbon is scanty. The study was initiated to investigate the effect of exclosure of different ages on carbon sequestration potential of restoring degraded dryland ecosystems in eastern Tigray, northern Ethiopia. Twelve plots each divided into three layers were randomly selected from 5, 10 and 15 years old exclosures and paired adjacent open grazing land. Tree and shrub biomasses were determined using destructive sampling while herb layer biomass was determined using total harvest. The average total biomass obtained were 13.6, 24.8, 27.1, and 55.5 Mg ha^-1 for open grazing, 5 years, 10 years, and 15 years exclosures respectively. The carbon content of plant species ranged between 48 to 53 percent of a dry biomass. The total carbon stored in the 5 years, 10 years and 15 years age exclosures were 39 Mg C ha^-1, 46.3 Mg C ha^-1, and 64.6 Mg C ha^-1 respectively while in the open grazing land the value was 24.7 Mg C ha^-1. Carbon stock is age dependent and increases with age. The difference in total carbon content between exclosures and open grazing land varied between 14.3-40 Mg C ha^-1. Although it is difficult to extrapolate this result for a longer future, the average annual carbon being sequestered in the oldest exclosure was about 2.7 Mg C ha^-1 yr^-1. In view of improving degraded area and sequestering carbon, area exclosures are promising options.

• Ocean and Polar Research
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• 제31권1호
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• pp.97-110
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• 2009

Two of the most important topics of the 21st century are ensuring harmony between man and his environment and the emerging long-tail economy in which niche markets are becoming increasingly more important. Since the Industrial Revolution in 17th century, human beings have increasingly exploited the world's natural capital, such as the natural environment and its ecosystems. Now the world is facing limits to sustainable economic growth because of limits to this natural capital. Thus, most countries are beginning to adopt a new development paradigm, the so-called"Green Development Paradigm" which pursues environmental conservation in parallel with economic growth. Recently, the Korean government announced an ambitious national policy of Low Carbon & Green Growth for the next six decades. This is an important step that transforms the existing national policy into a new future-oriented one. The fisheries sector in particular has great potential for making a substantial contribution to this national policy initiative. For example, the ocean itself with its sea plants and phytoplankton has an enormous capacity for fixing carbon, and its vast areas of tidal flats have a tremendous potential for cleaning up pollutants from both the sea and the land. Furthermore, the fishing industry has great potential for the development of fuel-saving biodegradable technologies, and a long-tail economy based on digital technologies can do much to promote the production and consumption of green goods and services derived from the oceans and the fisheries. In order for this potential to be realized, the fisheries authority needs to develop a new green-growth strategy that is practical and widely supported by fishing communities and the markets, taking into account the need for greenhouse gas reduction, conservation of the ocean environment and ecosystems, an improved system for seafood safety, the establishment of strengthened MCS (monitoring control surveillance) system, and the development of coastal ecotourism. In addition, fisheries green policies need to be implemented through a well-organized system of government aids, regulations and compensation, and spontaneous (voluntary) orders in fishing communities should be promoted to encourage far more responsible fisheries.

• 한국조경학회지
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• 제34권6호
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• pp.22-38
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• 2007

Since 1990, urban areas have been expanded rapidly due to the concentration of the population and several development projects including large scale apartment complexes and residential developments. Due to these development projects, the quality and functions of ecosystems have been continuously degraded, regardless of public agencies' efforts introducing development index, guideline, and amendment of law for sustaining the quality of ecosystems. Substantial guideline and content cannot expect the sustainable maintenance of nation's natural resources. Recent improve this situation, ecological planning was introduced, but research data of environments and objective systems were not enough showing the limits. The purposes of this study were to reduce the urban sprawl caused by residential development plans for environment-friendly residential developments, to establish applicable ecological planning, and to suggest the land use plans that reduce adverse effects of developments to nature ecosystem.

• Journal of Ecology and Environment
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• 제33권2호
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• pp.115-120
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• 2010

The Asian cultural landscape is a mirrored ecosystem of great complexity, formed by the interaction of man and nature, coupled with a host of ecological processes. The human dependencies on and environmental adaptation of the bio-organisms and the surrounding landscape constitute the typical cultural landscape. Islands are a good example of a cultural landscape, and each mosaic pattern of marine and coastal ecosystems reflects bio-cultural diversity. Along with land-use patterns, wise use of biological organisms and indigenous knowledge has expanded to islands in the Asia-Pacific region in several ways (sea current and human impact, etc.). Loss in biodiversity and landscape diversity as well as cultural diversity owing to global warming and rapid urbanization are emerging issues for island ecosystems all over the world. In order to sustain the historical coexistence between man and natural systems, we ecologists must continue to search for a holistic solution for academic consilience. In this paper, I present the vision and practical characteristics of island ecology with a view toward the conservation of the traditional landscape and bio-cultural diversities in the seascape.

• Spatial Information Research
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• 제8권2호
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• pp.233-241
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• 2000

The objective of this study were to develop landscape scale ecosystem assessment model, and apply the model for the assessment of the state and change of ecosystem of the study area, Yongin, Korea. Since natural ecosystem of the site has been deteriorated significantly during recent extensive residential development, it is essential to correctly assess ecosystem of the study site. Traditional ecosystem assessment mainly utilizing intensive field survey requires high cost, but the outcome rarely represents spatial pattern of the regional ecosystems. Ecosystem assesment of landscape scale based on landscape ecology can resolve most of the shortfalls of the traditional approach. The research method can be summarized as follows. First, extensive literature review on such topics as spatial pattern of ecosystem, ecosystem assessment of landscape scale, ecological analysis was carried out. Second, a model for the ecosystem assessment of landscape scale emphasizing spatial pattern of ecosystem was developed. This model evaluates three indicators; ecological integrity and biological diversity, watershed integrity, and landscape resilience of 11 watersheds in the study area. Finally, ecological assessment utilizing two sets of indicators, enhancement of and disturbance of ecosystem stability, was carried out. This assessment method is based on Environmental Monitoring and Assessment Program´s Landscape component(EMAP-L) of EPA(1994). The results of this study are as follows. First, the ecosystem assessment of landscape scale of the study area of Yongin, Korea, showed that escosystems of Tanchun01 and Chungmichun01 watersheds had the worst state in the study site in 1991. On the other hand, the ecosystems of Jinwechun01, Kyunganchun02, and Bokhachun01 watersheds had the most stable ecosystem in 1991. Second, ecosystems of Tanchun01, Shingal reservoir, and Kyunganchun01 watersheds were evaluated to be the worst state in the study site in 1996. And, ecosystems of Jinwechun01 and Gosam reservoir watersheds had the most stable ecosystem. Third, ecosystem of Tanchun01 watershed which incudes Suji residential development project site changed the most drastically between 1991 and 1996. The ecosystem of the watershed the most drastically deteriorated due to it´s proximity to Seoul and Bundang new town.

• 한국물환경학회지
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• 제22권5호
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• pp.796-804
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• 2006

The objective of this research was to develop ecological multi-metric models using natural fish assemblages for a diagnosis of current stream health condition, and apply the model to nationwide lotic ecosystems of the Geum River, the Youngsan River, and the Sumjin River. The ecological stream health model was based on the index of biological integrity (IBI), which was originally developed in North American streams by Karr (1981), and the Rapid Bioassessment Protocol (RBP), which was scientifically established by the US EPA (1999). The metric numbers and metric attributes were partially changed for the regional applications, so the scoring criteria was modified for the assessment. Overall, metric values, based on the IBI calculations, reflected conventional water quality characteristics, based on nutrient regime, and agreed with results of staticeco-toxicity tests. Some stations impaired in terms of stream health were identified by the IBI approach, and also major key stressors affecting the stream health were identified by additional evaluations of physical habitats. Our preliminary results suggested that biological integrity in stream ecosystems was largely disturbed by habitat degradation as well as chemical pollutions. This new approach would be used as a key tool for ecological restorations and species conservations in the degraded aquatic ecosystems in Korea and applied for elucidating major causes of ecological disturbances. Ultimately, this approach provides us an effective management strategy of stream ecosystems through establishments of ecological networks in various watersheds.

• 생태와환경
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• 제49권1호
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• pp.1-10
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• 2016

산업 및 기술의 발달과 인간 활동의 증가로 인해 자연적인 질소 순환의 균형이 무너지고 다량의 질소가 대기, 토양 및 물 환경 생태계에 과잉으로 존재하게 되었다. 이로 인한 과잉의 반응성 질소화합물이 토양과 물 환경생태계에 영향을 미치고 있는 것을 국내외 문헌과 사례 조사를 통해 확인하고 유역생태계에서 질소화합물로 인한 토양 및 물 환경 생태계의 산성화 영향 감소방안을 제시하였다. 반응성 질소는 대기, 토양 및 물의 여러 매체를 이동하면서 다른 유형으로 전환될 수 있으며 유형 간 상호작용이 일어나기도 한다. 효과적인 질소관리 방안으로 반응성질소 배출원의 다양성 및 유형에 따른 배출량을 규제하는 정책과, 반응성 질소화합물로 인한 토양 및 물 환경생태계의 환경적 피해 (산성화)를 조사 및 평가 (모니터링 및 안전성 지표 적용)하고 복원하는 전략 (예, 화학적 복원 연구 및 개발)이 필요하다.

• 한국농림기상학회지
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• 제8권3호
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• pp.199-207
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• 2006

최근의 지구온난화현상은 급진전하고 있으며 산림생태계에도 많은 영향을 미쳐 온 것으로 보인다. 지난 세기에 지구온난화와 함께 생물들의 생물계절, 종 분포범위 이동 및 급작스런 기상재해 등에 있어 분명한 변화가 있었다. 우리나라 산림은 주로 온대림지역에 위치하고 있으면서 잎과 꽃의 시기의 변화, 자연재해 및 산림생산성의 변화 등을 포함하여 기후변화의 영향을 받아왔다. 그러나 우리나라에서는 기후변화의 영향을 가늠하고 적응전략 수립에 필수적이라 할 수 있는 산림생태계의 영향에 관한 연구가 매우 미흡하였다. 아울러 산림생태계 프로세스에 대한 기초적이고 장기적인 자료도 부족하다. 우리나라 산림생태계 연구에 있어 하나의 장애물로 작용하였던 복잡한 지형조건을 가진 산림생태적 특성을 고려하여 주의 깊게 자료를 수집하고 생태계프로세스 모델을 개발하여야 할 것이다. 우리나라에서 산림생태계에 대하여 산림동태, 물과 탄소의 순환 및 플럭스 그리고 시공간적 동태모델링 등에 대한 통합적 연구를 소개하고 우리나라에서의 지구온난화에 따른 산림생태계의 영향에 대한 연구현황을 고찰하였다. 역동적으로 변화하는 탄소저장고로서의 산림생태계의 중요성과 임업활동에 대하여 논의하고 우리나라에서의 향후 연구방향과 영향평가 및 적응조치 수립을 위한 산림관리 옵션과 과제를 제시하였다.