• Toxicological Research
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• 제35권2호
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• pp.103-117
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• 2019

The mixture of 5-chloro-2-methylisothiazol-3(2H)-one (CMIT) and 2-methylisothiazol-3(2H)-one (MIT), CMIT/MIT, is a preservative in cosmetics. CMIT/MIT is a highly effective preservative; however, it is also a commonly known skin sensitizer. Therefore, in the present study, a risk assessment for safety management of CMIT/MIT was conducted on products containing 0.0015% of CMIT/MIT, which is the maximum MIT level allowed in current products. The no observed adverse effect level (NOAEL) for CMIT/MIT was 2.8 mg/kg bw/day obtained from a two-generation reproductive toxicity test, and the skin sensitization toxicity standard value for CMIT/MIT, or the no expected sensitization induction level (NESIL), was $1.25{\mu}g/cm^2/day$ in humans. According to a calculation of body exposure to cosmetics use, the systemic exposure dosage (SED) was calculated as 0.00423 mg/kg bw/day when leave-on and rinse-off products were considered. Additionally, the consumer exposure level (CEL) amounted to $0.77512{\mu}g/cm^2/day$ for all representative cosmetics and $0.00584{\mu}g/cm^2/day$ for rinse-off products only. As a result, the non-cancer margin of safety (MOS) was calculated as 633, and CMIT/MIT was determined to be safe when all representative cosmetics were evaluated. In addition, the skin sensitization acceptable exposure level (AEL)/CEL was calculated as 0.00538 for all representative cosmetics and 2.14225 for rinse-off products; thus, CMIT/MIT was considered a skin sensitizer when all representative cosmetics were evaluated. Current regulations indicate that CMIT/MIT can only be used at concentrations 0.0015% or less and is prohibited from use in other cosmetics products. According to the results of this risk assessment, the CMIT/MIT regulatory values currently used in cosmetics are evaluated as appropriate.

• Asian Journal of Atmospheric Environment
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• 제11권2호
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• pp.114-121
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• 2017

Real-time monitoring of hourly concentrations of atmospheric Radon-222 ($^{222}Rn$, radon) and some gaseous pollutants ($SO_2$, CO, $O_3$) was performed throughout 2013-2014 at Gosan station of Jeju Island, one of the cleanest regions in Korea, in order to characterize their background levels and temporal variation trend. The hourly mean concentrations of radon and three gaseous pollutants ($SO_2$, CO, $O_3$) over the study period were $2216{\pm}1100mBq/m^3$, $0.6{\pm}0.7ppb$, $211.6{\pm}102.0ppb$, and $43.0{\pm}17.0ppb$, respectively. The seasonal order of radon concentrations was as fall ($2644mBq/m^3$)$${\sim_\sim}$$winter ($2612mBq/m^3$)>spring ($2022mBq/m^3$)>summer ($1666mBq/m^3$). The concentrations of $SO_2$ and CO showed similar patterns with those of radon as high in winter and low in summer, whereas the $O_3$ concentrations had a bit different trend. Based on cluster analyses of air mass back trajectories, the air mass frequencies originating from Chinese continent, North Pacific Ocean, and the Korean Peninsula routes were 30, 18, and 52%, respectively. When the air masses were moved from Chinese continent to Jeju Island, the concentrations of radon and gaseous pollutants ($SO_2$, CO, $O_3$) were relatively high: $2584mBq/m^3$, 0.76 ppb, 225.8 ppb, and 46.4 ppb. On the other hand, when the air masses were moved from North Pacific Ocean, their concentrations were much low as $1282mBq/m^3$, 0.24 ppb, 166.1 ppb, and 32.5 ppb, respectively.

• 대한화장품학회지
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• 제30권2호
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• pp.173-180
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• 2004

20-30nm 크기를 갖는 나노 사이즈 ZnO 입자는 염료, 러버 첨가제, 가스 센서, 바리스터, 감광제와 광촉매로서 여러 산업분야에서 사용되고 있다. 반면에 화장품 산업에서는 나노 미터 크기의 ZnO 입자는 UV 차단물질과 자연스러운 메이크업 효과를 증진시키는 소재로서 사용되고 있다. 그러나 순수 ZnO 입자는 화장품에 적용했을 때 사용감 악화로 인해 그 사용량이 제한되고 있는 실정이다. 따라서 본 논문에서는 사용감은 판상 분체의 특성을 갖으면서 ZnO 본연의 특성을 유지하는 분체를 합성하기 위해 화장품 산업에서 널리 사용되고 있는 세리사이트, 보론나이트라이드, 비스무스옥시클로라이드와 같은 판상분체에 나노 사이느 ZnO가 코팅된 고기능성 무기복합분체를 하였다. 본 논문에서는 열수침전법에 의해 무기복합분체를 합성하였다. Zn원으로서 ZnCl$_2$가 사용되었고 침전제로는 hexamethylenetetramine(HMT)과 urea를 사용하였다. 실험변수로서 출발물질의 농도, 침전제의 종류, 핵생성제의 농도, 반응온도와 반응시간을 변화시켜 실험하였다. 합성된 무기복합분체의 형태, 결정상 변화, 열특성, UV-차단효과를 관찰하기 위해 각각 FE-SEM, XRD, FT-IR, TGA-DTA, In vitro SPF 테스터 기기를 이용하여 확인하였다. 합성된 무기복합분체를 메이크업 제품에 적용시켜 사용감 테스트하였다. 본 실험 결과 판상분체의 종류에 상관없이 일정한 합성조건 범위에서 나노크기 ZnO 입자가 균일하게 코팅되었다. 코팅된 판상분체를 프레스트 파우더제품에 적용시켜 사용자 테스트한 결과 판상분체 특유의 광택은 현저히 감소되는 반면 자연스러운 화장 연출, 사용감 개선 및 부착력 향상 효과를 얻을 수 있었다.

• 한국응용과학기술학회지
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• 제38권1호
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• pp.107-117
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• 2021

본 연구의 목적은 천연 소재를 이용한 자외선 차단 제품 개발의 기초 자료로 제공하는 것을 목적으로 하였다. 연구 방법은 피부미용 관련 자외선 차단제의 국내외 산업 현황과 천연 소재 연구 동향, 그리고 특허 현황을 조사하여 분석하였다. 연구 결과 자외선 차단제는 미국 시장이 전 세계의 약 21%를 차지하는 가장 큰 시장이며 중국 시장이 급격하게 성장하고 있다. 기능성 화장품 주요 4종의 국내 생산실적 1위는 복합기능제품이며, 주름개선과 자외선 차단제, 미백의 순으로 나타났으며 세계시장 및 국내시장 모두 지속적으로 성장하고 있다. 최근 10년간 천연 자외선 차단 소재 연구동향을 조사하여 분석한 결과 황금, 홉, 감초, 핑거루트, 녹차, 야관문 추출물 등이 효능이 있으며 그 이외에도 광노화, 항산화, 항염, 항균, 미백, 주름개선 등의 효능도 있는 것으로 나타났다. 특허 등록 현황은 건수가 증가하는 추세이며 식물이나 해조류에서 성분을 확보하고 있었다. 본 연구의 결론은 향후 세계적 트렌드에 맞춰 안전하고 효능이 증명된 천연 자외선 차단 소재들을 개발해 간다면 다기능 천연 기능성 화장품 소재로 충분히 활용 가능할 것으로 전망된다.

• 대한화장품학회지
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• 제30권1호
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• pp.117-122
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• 2004

과도한 자외선은 피부에 많은 문제를 일으킨다. 화장품에서 안전하게 사용할 수 있는 자외선 흡수제를 찾기 위해서 자외선 흡수 효과를 갖는 다야한 종류의 천연추출물을 검색하였다. 몇 가지 천연 추출물들은 항산화 활성이 있으며 본 연구에서도 산화 반응을 억제하는 것으로 나타났다. 7-Hydroxvcymopol, baicalein 그리고 그 외 다른 천연 성분들은 화학적 변형을 통하여 자외선 보조흡수제로 전환시킬 수 있었다 화장품에서는 실리콘과 W/S 타입의 에멀젼을 사용함으로써 자외선이나 산소 및 다른 요인에의 노출에 대항하여 이들 천연 성분들의 안정성을 개선시킬 수 있었다. 화장품 처방에 이들 천연 추출물을 첨가할 때 최소 홍반량(MED)은 0.10 $\pm$ 0.02∼0.11 $\pm$ 0.02 만큼 개선되었다. 연구 결과는, 천연 추출물이 안정화만 된다면 자외선 보조 흡수제로로도 사용 가능함을 시사하고 있다.

• 한국약용작물학회지
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• 제26권4호
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• pp.308-316
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• 2018

Background: The Rosa multiflora, a well-known plant belonging to Rosacea, is widely used in orthodox medicine in worldwide. However, its biological activity and cosmetic preservative efficacy have not yet been studied. Thus, this species is yet to be defined as a functional cosmetic material. Accordingly, an investigation of the above mentioned atrributes was performed on a 50% ethanol extract of Rosa multiflora. Methods and Results: The antioxidant activity was assessed through free radical scavenging assays with 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH). Additionally, the contents of total phenols and flavonoids were analyzed. The phenolic compounds were detected using HPLC. The antimicrobial activity against Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, and Candida albicans was assessed using the disc diffusion assay. The preservative effect (challenge test) on a formulation of soothing gel was performed for 28days. The DPPH radical scavenging ability, denoted by the $SC_{50}$ (half maximal inhibitory concentration for DPPH radical scavenging) value was found to be $131.63{\mu}g/m{\ell}$. The content of total polyphenol and flavonoid content were 202 mg/g and 86.77 mg/g, respectively. In additon, astragalin and gallic acid were identified in the extract. The antimicrobial activity of the extract against S. aureus and E. coli was observed to be 5 - 0.5%, and no significant activity was noted against C. albicans. The ethanol extracts (5% and 10%) met the preservation standards of the Cosmetics, Toiletry, and Fragrance Association (CTFA). Conclusions: Thus the ethanol extract of R. multiflora can be used in cosmetics as a natural preservative and antioxidant.

• 한국응용과학기술학회지
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• 제35권2호
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• pp.560-567
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• 2018

화장품산업에서 보습 효과를 오랫동안 지속시키기 위해 보습제로 히아루론산, 글리세린 등 많은 원료가 개발과 연구되어지고 있다. 이번 연구에서는 보습제 원료가 아닌 계면활성제를 변경함에 따라 피부의 보습 및 경피수분손실량의 변화에 대해 연구 하였다. 특별히 계면활성제의 종류는 천연계면활성제, Lecithin 계면활성제, Polyglyceryl ester계열 계면활성제, PEG계열 계면활성제, PEG계열 W/O 계면활성제 등으로 이 들의 계면활성제의 변화에 따라 피부의 보습 및 경피수분손실량의 변화를 확인하였고, 계면활성제 중에서 Lecithin surfactant를 사용했을 때 가장 우수한 결과 값을 확인 하였다.

• 약학회지
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• 제52권3호
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• pp.165-171
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• 2008

To develop effective skin whitening agents, we tested natural herbal extracts for their melanogenic inhibitory activities. Sedum samentosum was selected for its inhibitory effect on melanogenesis in B16 melanoma cells. Ethanolic extract of S. samentosum (SSE) was evaluated for antioxidative effect and tyrosinase inhibitory activity of melanogenesis. We investigated the changes in protein level and mRNA level of tyrosinase, tyrosinase related protein (TRP)-1 and TRP-2 by using western blotting and RT-PCR, respectively. SSE showed scavenging activities of free radicals and reactive oxygen species (ROS) with the $IC_{50}$ of 342.7 $\mug/ml$ against 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical and 64.69 $\mug/ml$ against superoxide radicals in the xanthine/xanthine oxidase system, respectively. SSE treatment suppressed the biosynthesis of melanin up to 46% and reduced tyrosinase activity up to 51% at 100 $\mug/ml$ in B16 melanoma cells. The tyrosinase activity and tyrosinase expression in B16 melanoma cells were reduced in a dose-dependent manner by SSE. Also, SSE was able to significantly inhibit tyrosinase and TRP-1 expression in mRNA level. These results suggest that SSE inhibited melanin production which may be dependent on tyrosinase activity and expression in B16 melanoma cells, and an effective whitening agent for the skin.

• 한국염색가공학회지
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• 제34권2호
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• pp.77-92
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• 2022

Natural colorants are regarded as substitutes for synthetic colorants in the fields of fiber dyeing, hair dyeing, cosmetic, and food industries. The use of natural colorants has been increased in view of global environment and sustainability. However, scientific approach to the production is required because the supply of natural colorants depends on the climate, soil, and cultivation methods. This brief review contains the advances in science and technology related to natural colorants including characterization, analysis, CIEL^*a^*b^* and Munsell color systems, and future prospects. For the characterization and the analysis of natural colorants, chromatography, some spectroscopic techniques (UV-Vis, FT-IR, NMR), mass spectrometry, and X-ray diffraction are generally used.

• 한국작물학회지
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• 제60권3호
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• pp.366-373
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• 2015

This study was conducted to clarify the antimicrobial effect, antioxidant and tyrosinase inhibitory activities of the biological composition having the Phytolacca americana, and to enhance the natural materials utilization of foods and cosmetics. The antimicrobial activities of the different parts of P. americana were evaluated using the agar diffusion test. The antimicrobial activity of P. americana was relatively high in Malassezia furfur known as a skin fungi and Vibrio parahaemolyticus compared to Escherichia coli and Staphy-lococcus epidermidis. However, the antimicrobial activity in Vibrio parahaemolyticus did not show at all parts of P. americana. Both the DPPH radical scavenging activity and ABTS radical scavenging activity have been increased with the higher concentration of methanol extract. In particular, leaf extract of P. americana exhibited the highest activity both ABTS radical scavenging activity and DPPH radical scavenging activity. The nitrite scavenging activity was decreased when the pH was changed from pH 1.2 to pH 6.0. The highest nitrite scavenging activity was exhibited from the methanol extract of fruit, followed by root, stem, and leaf at pH 1.2. However, the nitrite scavenging activity at pH of 6.0 was not almost detected. All plant parts of P. americana showed tyrosinase inhibitory activity. The highest activity was found in the stem, and followed by root, leaf, and fruit in order. These tyrosinase inhibitory activity was progressively increased in a concentration-dependent manner. In this experiment on the methanol extracts of different organ from P. americana, we confirmed that the extract of P. americana showed potent tyrosinase inhibitory activity. Taken together, we conjectured that the P. americana had the potent biological activities, therefore this plant having various functional components could be a good material for development into source of natural food additives and cosmetics.