• BMB Reports
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• v.36 no.5
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• pp.456-461
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• 2003

Acetolactate synthase (ALS) catalyzes the first common step in the biosynthesis of valine, leucine, and isoleucine. ALS is the target site for several classes of herbicides, including sulfonylureas, imidazolinones, and triazolopyrimidines. Two forms of ALS (designated ALS I and ALS II) were separated from barley shoots by heparin affinity column chromatography. The molecular masses of native ALS I and ALS II were determined to be 248 kDa and 238 kDa by nondenaturing gel electrophoresis and activity staining. Similar molecular masses of two forms of ALS were confirmed by a Western blot analysis. SDS-PAGE and Western blot analysis showed that the molecular masses of the ALS I and ALS II subunits were identical - 65 kDa. The two ALS forms exhibited different properties with respect to the values of $K_m$, pI and optimum pH, and sensitivity to inhibition by herbicides sulfonylurea and imidazolinone as well as to the feedback regulation by the end-product amino acids Val, Leu, and Ile. These results, therefore, suggest that the two ALS forms are not different polymeric forms of the same enzyme, but isozymes.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Research
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• v.34 no.3
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• pp.479-486
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• 1994

Effects of catecholamines and the site of receptor of catecholamines were investigated in the longitudinal muscle of the rumen. In order to this experiment, specimens were obtained from 35 Korean Native Cattles, 2-3 years old, in the Kwang-ju area slaughterhouse. Longitudinal muscle strips of rumen were made from sample, and then measured the isometric contraction with physiograph in $37{^{\circ}C}$ organ bath. The results were summarized as follows. 1. 30% of all strips showed rhythmic contraction after short incubation time. 2. Relaxation produced by catecholamines in this preparations increased in a dose-dependant manner. 3. Isoproterenol(${\beta}$-agonist) caused relaxation, but phenylephrine(${\alpha}_1$-agonist) and xylazine(${\alpha}_2$-agonist) were unaffected. 4. The relaxation induced by epinephrine and norepinephrine were not affected by phentolamine(${\alpha}$-blocker) and prazosin(${\alpha}_1$-blocker), yohimbine(${\alpha}_2$-blocker). But propranolol(${\beta}$-antagonist) abolished the effect of catecholamines on relaxation. 5. It is concluded that catecholamines produced relaxation in the longitudinal muscle of rumen via the ${\beta}$-adrenoceptor.

• Journal of Korean Medical classics
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• v.19 no.3
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• pp.381-388
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• 2006

From the study on A Study on Comparison Gunhwa-ron(君火論) by Jinmutaek(陳無擇) and Sanghwa-ron(相火論) by Judangye(朱丹溪), the conclusion is as follows. Judangye(朱丹溪) said that Gunhwa(君火) is human fire[人火] and Sanghwa(相火) is heaven's fire[天火] having being opposite to the opinion of Jinmutaek(陳無擇). Jinmutaek(陳無擇) considered Gunhwa(君火) as native fire, Judangye(朱丹溪) also did Sanghwa(相火) as the source of life force. The Sanghwa(相火) that is heaven's fire[天火] mentioned by Judangye(朱丹溪) is located in part of Eum(陰) or deep part, because it based on the nothingness(虛無) to behind inside. Having become large the meaning of Gunhwa(君火) and Sanghwa(相火) defined by Jinmutaek(陳無擇) and Judangye(朱丹溪), more smaller that of Gunhwa(君火) and Sanghwa(相火) in the opposite site. Jinmutaek(陳無擇) and Judangye(朱丹溪) had difficult to state fairly about the meanings of Gunhwa(君火) and Sanghwa(相火), because of exceed intention to emphasize the importance of thier own opinions.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.8 no.1
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• pp.58-67
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• 1994

Object of this study is to suggest the plan for natural vegetation restoration and management by ecological approach. The concept of biotope planting technique was introduced in order to restore the natural vegetation in the northern part of Mt. Nam in Seoul, and Quercus mongolica forests was surveyed so as to obtain the basic data. This study focused on the vegetational context between northern part of Mt. Nam and develop-reserved site. The results are following ; 1. It is suitable to plant 25~30 trees in $100\m^2$ with trees of DBH 10cm and below at intervals of about 2m in canopy layer. In the case of subtree layer of DBH 2cm, about 30 trees were planted at an Intervals of 1.5~2m around in $100\m^2$. 2. In the last step of nature vegetation restoration, it is desiable that canopy density is $5/100\m^2$ and 녀btree one is 10~20/$100\m^2$. 3. Management plans was proposed to use the native species of Mt. Nam around and to investigate the ecological situation once a year such as species introduce, dead-tree, soil, fauna etc.

• Journal of Ecology and Environment
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• v.29 no.2
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• pp.143-149
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• 2006

This study was conducted to identify native ectomycorrhizal (ECM) fungi colonizing Pinus densiflora for revegetation of abandoned coal mines in Korea. Seedlings of P. densiflora growing on coal mining spoils of a study site in Samcheok were collected. ECM roots were observed under stereomicroscope and their DNA were extracted from each root tip for a seedling for molecular identification. A PCR primer pair specific to fungi, ITS1F and ITS4, was used to amplify fungal DNA. Restriction enzymes, Alul and Hinfl were used for restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP). Combined with RFLP profiles and sequence analysis, total twenty one taxa were identified from the ECM root tips. Basidiomycetous fungi including Thelephoraceae, Pezizales, Laccaria, Pisolithus and Ascomycetous fungi including ericoid mycorrhizal fungi were identified from this study. Results showed that the most frequently found in the study sites was a species in Thelephoraceae. A possible use of ECM fungi identified in this study for the revegetation of abandoned coal mines with P. densiflora was discussed.

• BMB Reports
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• v.30 no.4
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• pp.274-279
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• 1997

Acetolactate synthase (ALS) catalyzes the first common step in the biosynthesis of branchedchain amino acids, valine, leucine, and isoleucine. ALS is the target site for several structually diverse classes of herbicides including sulfonylureas, imidazolinones. and triazolopyrimidines. We have purified ALS from etiolated barley shoots to homogeneity. The five major purification steps are ammonium sulfate fractionation, DEAE anion exchange, hydroxylapatite, Bio-Gel A gel filtration, and low pressure Mono-Q chrornatoqraphy. Approximately 170-fold purification was achieved and the yield was 0.45% of initial activity in the crude extract. Both SDS-PAGE and Western blot analysis showed a single polypeptide of ALS with an apparent molecular mass of 64 kDa. The result of nondenaturing gel electrophoresis with activity staining indicated that the molecular mass of its native form is approximately 225 to 250 kDa. The values of $K_m$ for pyruvate. pl. and optimum pH of ALS were determined to be 2.0 mM, 5.2. and 7.0. respectively Feedback inhibition studies showed that ALS is more susceptible to leucine than valine. And $IC_{50}$ value of Cadre, a class of irnidazolinones, is about $1.5\mu{M}$ for ALS.

• Journal of Dairy Science and Biotechnology
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• v.25 no.2
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• pp.11-16
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• 2007

The nomenclature of genetic variants of casein which is major protein in milk have had a lot of confusion, but now have established. Genetic variants of ${\alpha}_{s1}-CN,\;{\alpha}_{s2}-CN,\;{\beta}-CN,\;{\kappa}-CN$ have reported 8 variants(A, B, C, D, E, F, G, H), 4 variants(A, B, C, D), 13 variants ($A_1,\;A_2,\;A_3,\;A_4$, B, C, D, E, F, G, $H_1,\;H_2$, I), 11 variants(A, B, C, E, $F_1,\;F_2,\;G_1,\;G_2$, H, I, J), respectively. Their data detailed have introduced in several web sites including www.uniprot.org. The studies on genetic variants of casein from Korean native cattle have been reported only ${\beta}-casein\;A_4$ but still not established the protein sequence. The classification and distinct nomenclature of genetic variants of bovine casein were required because the development of milk science and technology have been focused in the region that have to studied biochemically such as functional foods, EMC and GMO et al.

• BMB Reports
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• v.29 no.5
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• pp.436-441
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• 1996

The palmitoyl acyl carrier protein (ACP) specific thioesterase (EC 3.1.2.14) from Iris pseudoacorus was purified and characterized. The thioesterase which was very unstable in relatively high salt concentrations was eluted using a co-gradient of Triton X-100 and low concentration of KCl or Na-phosphate from Q-Sepharose, DEAE-Sepharose, and hydroxyapatite chromatography. SDS-PAGE analysis showed a single band with a molecular weight of 35,000. The native molecular weight of approximately 37,000 was estimated by Sephacryl S-200 chromatography, indicating that the enzyme is a monomer. The thioesterase activity was inhibited about 75% and 50% by N-ethylmaleimide (2 mM) and phenylmethylsulfonyl fluoride (2 mM). respectively. The N-ethylmaleimide-inactivation was protected by sodium palmitate but the inactivation with phenylmethylsulfonyl fluoride was not protected. Oxidation of thiols by 2 mM 5.5'-dithio-bis-(2-nitrobenzoic acid) resulted in 65% inactivation of the enzyme. These results suggest that a cysteinyl residue is essential to the catalytic reaction of the enzyme. The enzyme activity was increased by sodium citrate and also by $Cu^{2+}$

• BMB Reports
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• v.42 no.3
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• pp.172-177
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• 2009

Phosphoglucose isomerase (PGI) is involved in synthesizing extracellular polysaccharide (EPS). The gene encoding PGI in Sphingomonas chungbukensis DJ77 was cloned and expressed in E. coli, and the protein was characterized. The pgi gene from DJ77 is 1,503 nucleotides long with 62% GC content and the deduced amino acid sequence shows strong homology with PGIs from other sources. The molecular masses of PGI subunit and native form were estimated to be 50 kDa and 97 kDa, respectively. Four potentially important residues (H361, R245, E330 and K472) were identified by homology modeling. The mutations, H361A, R245A, E330A, R245K and E330D resulted in decrease in Vmax by hundreds fold, however no significant change in Km was observed. These data suggest that the three residues (H361, R245Aand E330) are likely located in the active site and the size as well as the spatial position of side chains of R245 and E330 are crucial for catalysis.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Environmental Restoration Technology
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• v.11 no.3
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• pp.12-19
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• 2008

This study was conducted to investigate the draft data for the habitat environment and massive propagation method of Miscanthus changii, which is classified as rare species. The in-site analysis of the native soil give a indication of pH 5.24~5.48, electric conductivity (EC)0.03~0.02 $dS{\cdot}m^{-1}$, organic matter (OM) 1.13~1.15%, Ca 3.4 $mg{\cdot}kg^{-1}$, K 0.25 $mg{\cdot}kg^{-1}$, Mg 0.53 $mg{\cdot}kg^{-1}$, N 0.23%, P 2.15 $mg{\cdot}kg^{-1}$ showed low and 0.33~9.12 $cmol{\cdot}kg^{-1}$ CEC. Growth and tiller number in rhizome propagation of Miscanthus changii showed that horticulture media (perlite 1+vermiculate 1+peat moss 1) is the most suitable soil to habitat. As for seed propagation, germination percentage is 0% (0/20) at first seeding, 2% (1/50) at second seeding and 2.1% (6/280) at third seeding. The average germination percentage was below 2%. This is the reason why Miscanthus changi disappear at habitat of poor soil environment and low germination. We gained 61 plants that 60 rhizome propagation and 1 by seed propagation, renatural to habitat.