• The Journal of Korean Academy of Prosthodontics
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• v.40 no.5
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• pp.484-492
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• 2002

The selection of the maxillary anterior artificial teeth is made primarily for esthetics and they must be in harmony with the surrounding oral environment. However the selection of artificial teeth is based on the large degree of subjective judgement or the dentists, therefore, this is one of the most unscientific processes. This study was performed to determine clinically whether there is correlation among the width of the maxillary central incisor(WMCI), the intercanine distance (ICD) the facial width(FW), and the interalar nasal width(IAW) in Korean adults, and to provide the selection standards for the maxillary anterior artificial teeth. The casts were obtained from 91 undergraduate dental students(49 males and 42 females) with Angle's class I occlusion presenting well-arranged intact anterior teeth. The WMCI and ICD were measured on the casts with a vernier calipers($Miltex^{(R)}$, Germany). The photographic procedures under standardized conditions were performed to record each subject's frontal face using digital camera($Olympus^{(R)}$, C-2500L, Japan). The FW and IAW were measured with image analyzer($Image-Pro^{(R)}$ PLUS. media cybermetrics. USA). The results were obtained as follows : 1. The mean WMCI was $8.11{\pm}0.67mm$, ICD was $37.88{\pm}2.15mm$, FW was $141.29{\pm}5.84mm$. and IAW was $37.85{\pm}2.29 mm$. 2. The ratios of FW/WMCI, FW/ICD, IAW/ICD were 17.4, 3.7, 1.0 respectively. 3. All measurements(WMCI, ICD, FW, and IAW) of male group were longer than those of female group significantly in Student's t-test(p<0.01). 4. There was significant correlation between WMCI, ICD, FW, and IAW in Pearson's correlation analysis(p<0.01). 5, The relationship between IAW and ICD shows the strongest correlation among six combinations in linear regression analysis($R^2$=0.753, Y=7.046+0.815X). The FW and IAW could be very reliable guides for the selection of the maxillary anterior artificial teeth.

• Journal of the korean academy of Pediatric Dentistry
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• v.28 no.3
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• pp.383-390
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• 2001

It is a relatively common clinical experience to see a impacted maxillary central incisor Most often, the central incisor is impacted labially. The labial impaction has been indicated as the most difficult to manage. The labial impactions have been found to be associated with mucogingival recession, reduced attached gingiva and periodontal pockets. For the successful treatment, clinicians should avoid loss of attached gingiva in surgical exposure. The most common methods of uncovering labially impacted maxillary anterior teeth are gingivectomy, apically positioned flap and closed eruption technique. If gingivectomy will not leave enough attached gingiva, then an apically positioned flap may be the treatment of choice. If the tooth is impacted in the middle of the alveolus or high in the vestibule near the nasal spine, the closed eruption technique may be the treatment of choice. Closed eruption technique was used in one case, apically positioned flap was used in two case. As the result in two cases of impacted maxillary central incisor, apically positioned flap provide the adequate width of attached gingiva. In case of impacted maxillary central incisor, through the clinical and radiologic examination to select correct surgical operation for reduce the complications.

• Maxillofacial Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery
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• v.40
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• pp.40.1-40.8
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• 2018

Background: A 9-year-old male showed severe defects in midface structures, which resulted in maxillary hypoplasia, ocular hypertelorism, relative mandibular prognathism, and syndactyly. He had been diagnosed as having Apert syndrome and received a surgery of frontal calvaria distraction osteotomy to treat the steep forehead at 6 months old, and a surgery of digital separation to treat severe syndactyly of both hands at 6 years old. Nevertheless, he still showed a turribrachycephalic cranial profile with proptosis, a horizontal groove above supraorbital ridge, and a short nose with bulbous tip. Methods: Fundamental aberrant growth may be associated with the cranial base structure in radiological observation. Results: The Apert syndrome patient had a shorter and thinner nasal septum in panthomogram, PA view, and Waters' view; shorter zygomatico-maxillary width (83.5 mm) in Waters' view; shorter length between the sella and nasion (63.7 mm) on cephalogram; and bigger zygomatic axis angle of the cranial base (118.2°) in basal cranial view than a normal 9-year-old male (94.8 mm, 72.5 mm, 98.1°, respectively). On the other hand, the Apert syndrome patient showed interdigitating calcification of coronal suture similar to that of a normal 30-year-old male in a skull PA view. Conclusion: Taken together, the Apert syndrome patient, 9 years old, showed retarded growth of the anterior cranial base affecting severe midface hypoplasia, which resulted in a hypoplastic nasal septum axis, retruded zygomatic axes, and retarded growth of the maxilla and palate even after frontal calvaria distraction osteotomy 8 years ago. Therefore, it was suggested that the severe midface hypoplasia and dysostotic facial profile of the present Apert syndrome case are closely relevant to the aberrant growth of the anterior cranial base supporting the whole oro-facial and forebrain development.

• The korean journal of orthodontics
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• v.47 no.2
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• pp.87-99
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• 2017

Objective: The aims of this study were to measure and compare the facial dimensions of the Miss Korea pageant contestants and a selected group of women from the general population by using three-dimensional (3D) image analysis, as well as to compare various facial ratios to the golden ratio within each group. Methods: Three-dimensional images of 52 Miss Korea pageant contestants (MK group) and 41 young female adults selected from the general population (GP group) were acquired. Fifty-four variables and ratios were measured and calculated. Intergroup comparisons were performed using multivariate analysis of variance. Results: Compared to the GP group, the MK group showed greater total facial height and eye width, lesser lower-facial height, and lesser facial, lower-facial, and nasal widths. Moreover, compared to the GP group, the MK group had more protruded noses with greater nasolabial angle, greater vertical curvature of the foreheads, lesser horizontal curvature of the cheek, and lesser lower-lip-and-chin volume. Conclusions: The MK group had longer faces but smaller lower lips and chins than did the GP group. The golden ratio was not matching the current facial esthetic standards. These data might be beneficial for treatment planning of patients undergoing orthognathic and plastic surgeries.

• Imaging Science in Dentistry
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• v.42 no.2
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• pp.83-88
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• 2012

Purpose : The aim of this study was to investigate the initial effects of maxillary expansion therapy with Hyrax appliance and to evaluate the related changes in maxillary sinus volume. Materials and Methods : Thirty patients (20 females, 10 males; 13.8 years) requiring maxillary expansion therapy, as part of their comprehensive orthodontic treatment, were examined. Each patient had cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) images taken before (T1) and after (T2) maxillary expansion therapy with a banded Hyrax appliance. Multiplanar slices were used to measure linear dimensions and palatal vault angle. Volumetric analysis was used to measure maxillary sinus volumes. Student t tests were used to compare the pre- and post-treatment measurements. Additionally, differences between two age groups were compared with Mann-Whitney U test. The level of significance was set at p=0.05. Results : Comparison of pre-treatment to post-treatment variables revealed significant changes in the transverse dimension related to both maxillary skeletal and dental structures and palatal vault angle, resulting in a widened palatal vault (p<0.05). Hard palate showed no significant movement in the vertical and anteroposterior planes. Nasal cavity width increased on a mean value of 0.93mm(SD=0.23, p<0.05). Maxillary sinus volume remained virtually stable. No significant age differences were observed in the sample. Conclusion : Hyrax expansion therapy did not have a significant impact on maxillary sinus volume.

• The korean journal of orthodontics
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• v.44 no.3
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• pp.119-127
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• 2014

Objective: To evaluate the long-term effects of self-ligating brackets (SLBs) on transverse dimensions of arches and skeletal and soft tissues and to quantitatively evaluate the treatment outcome after non-extraction treatment with SLBs. Methods: The sample consisted of 24 (18 female and six male) subjects, with a mean age of $14.23{\pm}2.19$ years, who received treatment with the Damon$^{(R)}$3 appliances. Complete records including cephalometric radiographs and plaster models were obtained before treatment (T1), immediately after treatment (T2), six months after treatment (T3), and two years (T4) after treatment. Digital study models were generated. Twenty lateral cephalometric, six frontal cephalometric, and eight dental cast measurements were examined. The Peer Assessment Rating index was used to measure the treatment outcome. The Wilcoxon test was applied for statistical analysis of the changes. Results: There were significant increases in all transverse dental cast measurements with active treatment. There was some significant relapse in the long term, particularly in maxillary width (p < 0.05). Statistically significant increases were found in nasal (p < 0.001), maxillary base, upper molar, lower intercanine, and antigonial (p < 0.05) widths in T1-T2. Lower incisors were proclined and protruded in T1-T2. Conclusions: SLBs correct crowding by mechanisms involving incisor proclination and protrusion and expansion of the dental arches, without induction of clinically significant changes in hard and soft tissues of the face.

• The Journal of Korean Academy of Prosthodontics
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• v.57 no.4
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• pp.475-482
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• 2019

This report is a case of 76-year old male patient who had difficulty in swallowing, pronunciation and suffered regurgitation of food. The patient lacks uvula and both tonsils, had short palatoglossal arch and soft palate, as well as defective left palatopharyngeal arch. The height and width of the soft palate defect were measured by reconstructing the Computed Tomography (CT) image in three dimensions. Phonation and soft palate obstructing ability were examined by nasometry and nasal endoscopy. Evaluations on phonetics and swallowing were done and improvements were shown. The patient was satisfied with the results of treatment.

• The korean journal of orthodontics
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• v.30 no.6 s.83
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• pp.699-712
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• 2000

Reduced nasal breathing can influence the growth at)d development of facial structures. It nay have many causes, and enlarged adenoid is the most frequent one. To investigate the effects of adenoids to jaw growth, we must first understand the normal growth of adenoids and jaws, and the relationship between size of adenoids and the values lot the jaw variables. The purpose of this study is to present a more objective standard of nasopharyngeal size and jaw dimension at each bone age, by using Cervical Vertebrae Maturation Index(CYMI) of Hassel, from normal occlusion children aged 6 to 17. The results of this study suggests as follows : 1. At same bone age, female's chronologic age was about 2 year older than male. 2. There was a growth peak of nasopharyngeal(NP) height and depth between CVMI 1 to 2 in male, hut in female NP height and depth gradually increase through CVMI 1 to 6. 3. Relative airway of nasopharynx increases the most between CVMI 1 to 2 period in both gender 4. Among adenoid measurements, Ad2-related variables and upper pharynx, and among dentofacial measurements inter canine width in both arch, maxillary intermolar width and palatal depth had high correlation coefficient with adenoid percentage.

• The korean journal of orthodontics
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• v.36 no.1 s.114
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• pp.14-29
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• 2006

Developments in computer technology have made possible the 3-dimensional (3-D) evaluation of hard and soft tissues in orthodontic diagnosis, treatment planning and post-treatment results. In this study, Korean adults with normal occlusion (male 30, female 30) were scanned by a 3-D laser scanner, then 3-D facial images formed by the Rapidform 2004 program (Inus Technology Inc., Seoul, Korea.). Reference planes in the facial soft tissue 3-D images were established and a 3-D coordinate system (X axis-left/right, Y axis-superior/inferior, Z axis-anterior/posterior) was established by using the soft tissue nasion as the zero point. Twenty-nine measurement points were established on the 3-D image and 43 linear measurements, 8 angular measurements, 29 linear distance ratios were obtained. The results are as follows; there were significant differences between males and females in the nasofrontal angle $(male:\;142^{\circ},\;female:\;147^{\circ})$ and transverse nasal prominence $(male:\;112^{\circ},\;female:\;116^{\circ})$ (p<0.05). The transverse upper lip prominence was $107^{\circ}$ in males, $106^{\circ}$ in females and the transverse mandibular prominence was $76^{\circ}$ in both males and females. Li-Me' was 0.4 times the length of Go-Me'(mandibular body length) and the mouth height was also 0.4 times the width of the mouth width. The linear distance ratio from the coronal reference plane of FT, Zy, Pn, ULPm, Li, Me' was -1/-1/1/0.5/0.5/-0.6 respectively. The 3-D facial model of Korean adults with normal occlusion were be constructed using coordinate values and linear measurement values. These data may be used as a reference in 3-D diagnosis and treatment planning for malocclusion and dentofacial deformity patients and applied for 3-D analysis of facial soft tissue changes before and after orthodontic treatment and orthognathic surgery.

• Maxillofacial Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery
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• v.35 no.6
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• pp.368-375
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• 2013

Purpose: This study is to evaluate the location of descending palatine artery, the anatomy of pterygomaxillary junction, and the association between the obtained anatomic values and several variables. Methods: We studied 40 patients who were treated for dentofacial deformites from January 2010 to December 2012 in Ulsan University Hospital, Ulsan, Korea. Cone beam computed tomogram (CBCT) was done for all patients. The reference point was approximately 5 to 7 mm above anterior nasal spine on axial image. We evaluated the location of the greater palatine canal (line a: on the coronal view, the shortest line between the center of greater palatine canal and pterygoid fossa; distance a: the distance of line a). We also measured the thickness (line b: on the coronal view, the shortest line between maxillary posterior sinus wall and pterygoid fossa; distance b: distance of line b), width (line c: on the coronal view, the line perpendicular to the line b and the nearest line from the most concave point of lateral pterygoid plate to the medial pterygoid plate; distance c: distance of line c) and height (line d: on sagittal view, the vertically longest line of pterygoid junction; distance d: the distance of line d) in pterygomaxillary junctions. We evaluated the association between the obtained anatomic values and several variables (sex, age, height and weight). Results: The mean distance a was 4.78 mm, mean distance b was 5.53 mm, mean distance c was 8.01 mm and mean distance d was 13.22 mm. The differences between age and mean distance c and weight and mean distance d in pterygomaxillary junctions are statistically significant. Conclusion: There apparently is anatomic variation of pterygomaxillary junctions by various values, particularly weight and age in a Korean clinical population.