• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.8 no.6
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• pp.627-633
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• 1995

This experiment was designed to evaluate the effect of various dietary vitamin $B_6$ levels on conversion from linoleic acid to arachidonic acid in various tissues in growing chicks. Growing chicks were fed the purified diet containing 7% safflower oil with different levels of vitamin $B_6$ (0, 4, 8, 40, 80 mg per kg diet) for 14 days. Feed intake and weight gain in chicks fed the vitamin $B_6$-free diet were markedly depressed. Esterified and free cholesterol concentrations in serum were significantly higher, while the serum triglyceride concentration was significantly lover in chicks fed the vitamin $B_6$-free diet compared to that fed diets with vitamin $B_6$. The liver triglyceride content was also lower in chicks fed the vitamin $B_6$-free diet. The liver and serum cholesterol ester fractions in chicks fed the vitamin $B_6$-free diet showed higher rate of $C_{18:2n6}$ and lower rates of $C_{18:3n6}$, $C_{20:3n6}$ and $C_{20:4n6}$ as compared with vitamin $B_6$ fed groups. In serum phospholipid fraction of chicks fed the vitamin $B_6$-free diet, rates of $C_{20:3n6}$ and $C_{20:4n6}$ were markedly lower. As dietary vitamin $B_6$ level was increased, the rate of $C_{20:4n6}$ was slightly increased, although it was statistically not significant. The fatty acid compositions of adipose tissue showed almost the same pattern as those in liver and serum. This result suggests that the desaturation of $C_{18:2n6}$ to $C_{18:3n6}$, elongation to $C_{20:3n6}$ or both steps might be impaired by vitamin $B_6$ deficiency in growing chicks.

• Korean Journal of Poultry Science
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• v.40 no.3
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• pp.235-241
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• 2013

This work was carried to evaluate effect of different raising periods on fatty acids and amino acids properties of Korean native commercial ducks. Korean native ducks (n = 90) from National Institute of Animal Science (RDA, Korea) were divided into 6 groups (15 birds/group) and were fed with meat-type duck diets for 8 wk old. When ducks grew at specific wk (6, 7 and 8 weeks), 2 ducks per group were slaughtered at 6, 7 and 8 wk old. Myristic acid (C14:0) and palmitic acid (C16:0) of saturated fatty acid (SFA) were the highest and arachidonic acid of unsaturated fatty acid (USFA) was the lowest at the age of 6 weeks old (P<0.05) at the age of 6 weeks old among treatments. Stearic acid of SFA was the highest at the age of 7 weeks old among treatments. There was no significant difference on other fatty acids among treatments. SFA and USFA have significant difference at the age of 8 weeks (P<0.05). Histidine, leucine, lysine, methionine, phenylalanine and threonine of essential amino acid increased with passing weeks (P<0.05). There was no significant difference on isoleucine and valine (P>0.05). Every non-essential amino acids were the highest at the age of 8 weeks among treatments (P<0.05). In conclusion, fatty acid contents and amino acid contents increased until the age of 8 weeks old, but further research was needed because of deficiency of data to suggest the correct shipping time.

• Journal of Korean Society of Environmental Engineers
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• v.22 no.3
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• pp.587-595
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• 2000

The most problems of domestic sewage for BNR(Biological Nutrients Removal) process are deficiency of carbon source and low C/N ratio. Primary sludge fermentation is seemed to be one of the best solutions producing biodegradable organic substrates. Soluble organic materials from sludge fermentation are mainly SCFAs(Short-Chain Fatty Acids) with 2~5 carbon atoms. In this research, it was attempted to apply $A_2/O$ process with the side-stream acid fermenter to improve the nutrients removal efficiency. The result showed that proper SCFAs production is about 3.000mg/L with SRT of 4~5 days. SCFAs yield of approximately 0.10~0.16 mg SCFAs(as COD) per mg of primary sludge(as COD) were achieved. The ratio of acetic. propionic. butyric and valerie acid were 1, 0.7, 0.5 and 0.6. Significant improvements of nutrients removal over 70% in BNR process were observed. thus will reduce the demand for chemical dosing to increase nutrients removal efficiency. When the fermentate was entered $A_2/O$ process, the ratio of phosphate release to substrate uptake amounts to $0.34gPO_4-Pg^{-1}COD$.

• Korean Journal of Agricultural Science
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• v.9 no.1
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• pp.284-302
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• 1982

Development of protein resources as food has been a big issue especially in Southeast Asia region, and intake of protein is also insufficient in Korea. To cope with this shortage of protein resources and its improvement together with increased production of high nutritive animal protein, studies were carried out on feeding of Korean native goats. In the experiments were made absorption of carbohydrate and volatile fatty acid in miniature rumen, and absorption of amino acid in rumen as in vivo were conducted as part of studies on nutritional absorption in rumen. Those nutritional for improvement of feeding and management as described above are summarized as following. 1. According to the result of test on the nutritional absorption of native goat by means of miniature rumen method, absorption ratio of VFA measured at 0.5, 1 and 2 hours after injection of nutrition showed propionic acid 70-86%, acetic acid 74-87%, and lactic acid 76-89%. In the absorption of organic substances, ethyl alcohol of 0.5% showed 29-87% and lactic acid of 0.1M showed 12-27% of absorption ratio. 2. Result of absorption measurement in rumen from L-type free amino acid injection in the content of rumen vein showed lower rate at menthionine-free group compared to whole-egg amino acid injection in the content of rumen vein showed lower rate at methioine-free group compared to whole-egg amino acid group, and high absorption ratio was observed at methionine 3 times group and urea added group. Deficiency of methionine caused no change of the content in mucous membranes. 3. Absorption of amino acid in rumen muscular layer showed equal tendency as in the mucous membrane without exerting any influence of methionine deficiency. At the methionine3-times group, content of methionine and glutamine were increased by 14.7 and 4.4 times as compared to whole-egg amino acid group, an absorption ratio of glutamine, proline and valine were increased at urea added group. 4. In general, concentration of amino acid in rumen vein plasma was lower than in rumen mucous membrane and muscular layer. Absorption ratio of amino acid is decreased due to methionine deficiency, and tripling of methionine or urea adding caused increment of amino acid. Absorption pattern is thus varied depending on the composition of amino acid. 5. At the urea added group, content of ammonia-N, amino-N and urea were increased in rumen muscular layer. As the inside of goat's rumen was unable to clean thoroughly, investigation was made on remaining bacteria, however, variation of ammonia-N was affected by these bacterial content. 6. Variation in rumen structure by differential absorption of amino acid was observed by general microscope and fluorescent microscope. According to the result of observation in the methionine 3 times group, single cylinder epithelium of mucous membrane showed rather thin, and it was thick at urea added group though no significant differences existed among test groups in submucous membrane and muscular layer.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.49 no.5
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• pp.313-322
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• 2016

Purpose: This study was conducted to examine the relationship among cognitive function, nutrition screening initiative (NSI) score, and food intake status. Methods: A total of 409 subjects aged over 60 years were recruited from the Yongin dementia prevention and control center. Mini Mental State Examination Dementia Screening (MMSE-DS) method was used to assess the cognitive function of the subjects. Information on health related behaviors and food intake was collected by face to face interview using a structured questionnaire. The questionnaires included the NSI DETERMINE checklist, food intake sheets by 24 hr recall method and by semi-quantified food frequency questionnaire. Results: Subjects were divided into low cognitive or normal groups according to the MMSE-DS result. The prevalence of low cognitive function in the subjects was 25.7%. The low cognitive group exercised less and had higher nutritional health risk than the normal group. The low cognitive group had lower consumption of polyunsaturated fatty acid and higher tendency of thiamin, riboflavin, and iron deficiency. The low cognitive group had less frequency of eating mackerel, pepper, tangerine, and watermelon and higher frequency of eating white rice and cookies than the normal group. Conclusion: The results of this study imply that the cognitive function of elderly is related to exercise behavior, nutritional health risk, and food and nutrient intake status.