• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.22 no.6
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• pp.692-701
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• 1993

This study was designed to examine effects of the various levels of sardine and safflower oil mix on lipid contents of serveral tissues in dietary hyperlipidemic rats. Experimental oils were 16% butter(control group), 8% butter+8% olive oil(group 2), 8% butter+8% sardine oil(group 3), 8% butter+6% sardine oil+2% safflower oil(group 4), 8% butter+4% sardine oil+4% safflower oil(group 5), 8% butter+2% sardine oil+6% safflower oil(group 6) and 8% butter+8% safflower oil(group 7). The diet administered to the male rats of Sprague-Dawley were fed for 4 weeks. In the fatty aicd composition of brain phospholipid, n-3 EPA and DHA contents were increased, and DHA content was remarkably high in the phosphatidylethanolamine(PE) component. Arachidonic acid content were high in the cardiolipin component. In the fatty acid composition of heart phospholipid, PUFA contents were highest in the group 5 and DHA content was higher in the groups 4 and 5, particularly. Fatty acid composition of spleen lipid showed that n-3 EPA and DHA contents were higher in the group 3 than in the other groups.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.24 no.2
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• pp.264-271
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• 2011

The effect of replacement of fish meal (FM) in diets with sand smelt meal (SSM) on fatty acid composition of carp fry, Cyprinus carpio, was examined. Five isonitrogenous and isoenergetic (38% crude protein, $15.75\;kJ\;g^{-1}$) diets replacing 0, 25, 50, 75, and 100% FM protein by SSM protein were formulated. Each diet was randomly allocated to triplicate groups of fish in aquaria, and each aquarium was stocked with 20 fish (initial average weight of $0.300{\pm}0.65\;g\;fish^{-1}$). Fish were fed twice daily to apparent satiation for 13 weeks. Results indicated that final weight, specific growth rate and feed efficiency ratio of fish fed with different SSM replacement diets did not differ significantly (p>0.05) from fish fed the control diet, except for 100% SSM level. No significant differences were noted among experimental treatments on dry matter, protein, lipid and ash contents of the fish body composition (p>0.05). Fatty acid analysis showed that saturated fatty acids in fish muscle significantly decreased, but monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFA) and polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) did not change with increasing dietary SSM. However, some changes also could be observed for some particular fatty acids in experimental fish. For example, the amounts of 15:0, 17:0, 18:1n-7, 18:2n-6 and 22:5n-3 significantly increased, but 16:0, 18:1n-9, 18:3n-3 and 20:1 n-9 significantly decreased with increasing dietary SSM. Total n-6 PUFA increased with increasing dietary SSM, but total n-3 PUFA were not changed in muscle of fish fed the experimental diets. The ratio of n-3 to n-6 was not affected significantly in muscle of fish fed the experimental diets containing different proportions of SSM, including the control diet.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.21 no.1
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• pp.61-74
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• 1988

Ten college women were divided into 5 groups and treated in randomized block design for 5 weeks with 1 interval between treatments and subjects serving as their own controls. The experimental diets were corn oil diet as a source of n-6 linoleic acid, perilla oil diet as a source of n-3 $\alpha$-linolenic acid, and fish oil diet as a source of n-3 EPA and DHA. Dietary fat was supplied at 30% Cal and modified to give the total amount of saturated fatty acids and monoenoic acids at constant level. There was no significant effect on serum cholesterol level by different PUFA. However, on a gram-for-gram basis, there was a trend that the decrease in serum cholesterol was proportionate to the degree of fat unsaturation. On the other hand, only fish oil diet significantly decreased TG level but no significant effect on the relative proportion of TG in VLDL. The degree of hypotriglyceridemia did not corrleate with the degree of unsaturation. The relative proportion of CE in LDL was reduced by all PUFA diets but significant only by perilla oil diet. The relative amount of apoprotein in LDL was significantly reduced by n-3 PUFA. HDL-Chol content was significantly increased only in fish oil diet but no change in the relative proportion of its chemical components of HDL.

• Proceedings of the Korean Nutrition Society Conference
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• 1997.05b
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• pp.55-55
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• 1997

• Proceedings of the Korean Nutrition Society Conference
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• 2003.05a
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• pp.278.1-278.1
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• 2003

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.21 no.6
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• pp.608-616
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• 1992

This study was designed to observe the effects of feeding the mixed oils of the sardine oil containing n-3 EPA, DHA and the safflower oil which is rich in n-6 linoleic acid on the improvement of the lipids and enzyme activities of serum in rats. Experimental oils mixed with 16% butter (control group) and 8% butter + 8% olive oil, 8% butter and various level of sardine and safflower oils were administered to the male rats of the Sprague Dawley for 4 weeks. The activities of aspartate aminotransferase (AST, EC 2.6.1.1), alanine aminotransferase (ALT, EC 2.6.1.2), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH, EC 1.1.1.27) and alkaline phosphatase (ALP, EC 3.1.3.1) in serum were significantly decreased in the all experimental groups than in the control groups, and activities of ALT and LDH were remarkably lower in the group 5 (4% sardine 0il + 4% safflower oil). Concentrations of total cholesterol and HDL-cholesterol in serum were lower in the other groups than in the dontrol groups, and particularly, lowest in the group 5. Concentrations of LDL, LDL-cholesterol, phospholipid and triglyceride in serum were lower in the all experimental groups than in the control group. Concentrations to total cholesterol and cholesteryl ester in serum were lowest in the group 5. The ratio of cholesteryl ester to total cholesterol was remarkably high in the control group, while group 2 (8% olive oil) was the lowest. From this results, the feeding equal quantity mixed oil with n-3 PUFA rich sardine oil and n-6 PUFA rich safflower oil were effective on the improvement of the lipid composition in the serum. It might be due to the effects of appropriate ratios of P/S, 0.85 and n-6/n-3P, 2.85 in the test lipids.

• Journal of Environmental Science International
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• v.22 no.6
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• pp.773-777
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• 2013

This study examined the effects of cage rearing system and backyard raising system on fatty acid profile of egg in laying hens during 9 weeks. Two hundred hens, 70-wk-old, Hy-line Brown, were used in this study and fed basal diets. 100 hens, randomly collected from facility, were transferred to cage rearing system and 100 remaining hens were moved to backyard raising system. For overall period, higher unsaturated fatty acid percentages in two different rearing systems than did saturated fatty acid (SFA) were observed. In unsaturated fatty acid compositions, both rearing system showed a higher mono unsaturated fatty acid (MUFA) contents than poly unsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) contents. Egg quality traits of laying hens reared in backyard system had considerably lower contents of SFA and higher contents of MUFA compared with eggs from cage rearing system (P<0.05). In addition, eggs from cage rearing system resulted in a significantly lower n-3 contents and higher n-6:n-3 ratios and CLA contents in comparison with backyard raising system (P<0.05). However, no significant effects of two different rearing systems on PUFA, PUFA:SFA ratio, and n-6 contents were observed during the experimental period. In conclusion, this result suggests that cage rearing system and backyard raising system will play an important role in improving egg production as functional foods.

• Journal of fish pathology
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• v.25 no.3
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• pp.199-210
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• 2012

It can be hypothesized that dietary fatty acids can modulate immune responses in fish by inducing apoptosis of immune cells since dietary polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) increase apoptosis by oxygen radicals generated by peroxidation. Thus we examined the effects of deferent dietary lipid sources such as squid liver oil (FO), linseed oil (LO) and soybean oil (SO) on oxidation (Cytochrome C oxidase; COS), apoptosis (TNF-${\alpha}$ Scinderin like) and immune (IL-$1{\beta}$ and NKEF) gene expression in the main immune organ (head kidney) in olive flounder (Paralichthys olivaceus) by Q-PCR analysis after feeding diets containing each oil (5%) for 15 weeks. Linseed oil and soybean oil were chosen to compare n-3 or n-6 enriched vegetable oils, respectively. Consequently, COS, TNF-${\alpha}$ and Scinderin like gene expression was increased in SO group, indicating the induction of oxidation and apoptosis. Meanwhile, no significant difference was found in immune gene expression. In conclusion vegetable oils containing n-3 PUFA like linseed oil seems to be more suitable lipid source than soybean oil for replacement of fish oil in flounder since n-6 PUFA in SO leads to activation of apoptosis pathways within the cellular damage in head kidney.

• The Korean Journal of Food And Nutrition
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• v.7 no.4
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• pp.373-382
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• 1994

This study was observed the effect of n6 and n3 polyunsaturated fatty acids of dietary corn oil and fish oil which was supplemented with similar levels of tocopherol in high fat diet on the levels of tocopherol, malondialdehyde ( MDA) productions of plasma and tissues of rats. Also RBC hemolysis, superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione peroxidase (GSH Px) activities In liver were determined. Male Sprague Dawley rats were fed high fat (40%Cal) diet which was different only In fatty acid composition for 6 weeks. Dietary (arts were beef tallow(BT) as a source of saturated fatty acid, corn oil(CO) for n6 linoleic acid (LA) and fish oil(FO) for n3 eicosapentaenoic acid(EPA) + docosahexaenoic acid (DHA). Plasma and liver tocopherol levels were lowered by n3 PUy4 but there was no difference in malondialdehyde(MDA) level by different dietary PUFA. However, MDA content of RBC and hemolysis were increased by n3 PUFA. MDA content, superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) activities in liver were increased in more unsaturated dietary fat groups. Especially, SOD activity was increased in proportion to the degree of fat unsaturation.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.30 no.5
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• pp.622-637
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• 2017

Fatty acids such as n-3 and n-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) are critical nutrients, used to improve male reproductive performance through modification of fatty acid profile and maintenance of sperm membrane integrity, especially under cold shock or cryopreservation condition. Also, PUFA provide the precursors for prostaglandin synthesis and can modulate the expression patterns of many key enzymes involved in both prostaglandin and steroid metabolism. Many studies carried out on diets supplemented with PUFA have demonstrated their capability to sustain sperm motility, viability and fertility during chilling and freezing as well as improving testis development and spermatogenesis in a variety of livestock species. In addition to the type and quantity of dietary fatty acids, ways of addition of PUFA to diet or semen extender is very crucial as it has different effects on semen quality in male ruminants. Limitation of PUFA added to ruminant ration is due to biohydrogenation by rumen microorganisms, which causes conversion of unsaturated fatty acids to saturated fatty acids, leading to loss of PUFA quantity. Thus, many strategies for protecting PUFA from biohydrogenation in rumen have been developed over the years. This paper reviews four aspects of PUFA in light of previous research including rumen metabolism, biological roles, influence on reproduction, and strategies to use in male ruminants.