• 동아시아식생활학회지
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• 제6권1호
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• pp.105-114
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• 1996

Aspergillus flavus를 포함한 수종의 곰팡이들은 사람과 가축에 독성이 있는 저분자의 2차대사산물을 생산하며 이를 mycotoxin이라고 부른다. 우리나라 여름과 같은 적당한 온도와 습도는 유해곰팡이의 성장이 가능하여 쌀, 보리, 옥수수, 메주, 된장, 간장 및 고추장과 같은 전통식품 및 그 재료와 같은 대부분의 유기물질에서 mycotoxin이 생산될 수 있다. 지금까지 여러 사람들은 Aspergillus속, Penicillium속, Fusarium속 곰팡이를 전통식품과 그 재료로부터 분리하였으며, 그 중에서 여러 mycotoxin을 생산하는 곰팡이를 검색하였다. 또한 상기와 비슷한 시료에서 aflatoxin, ochratoxin, deoxynivalenol(DON) 및 zearalenone 등의 mycotoxin오염을 확인하기도 했다. 그러나 이러한 자료들은 실험조건과 방법에서 서로 상이하며 일관성이 결여되어있고, 특히 대부분의 실험들이 일과성으로 끝났기 때문에 곰팡이독소를 중심으로 하여 전통식품을 객관적으로 평가하기 위해서는 보다 지속적이고 합리적인 실험방법과 재료가 요구된다. 이러한 목적을 위해서는 새로운 첨단기술을 응용하여 mycotoxin을 보다 간편하고 신속히 분석할 수 있는 방법을 개발해야하며, 또한 보다 지속적인 연구비 투자와 연구시설의 확충으로 연구의 활성화와 기술축적을 위한 노력을 해야할 것이다. 이 같은 합리적인 노력으로 전통식품의 mycotoxin 오염여부를 지속적으로 조사하고, 아울러 우리 전통식품의 안전성을 확보하는 것이 가능하며 그 결과 국제화 시대에 부응하는 보다나은 전통식품의 보존과 개발이 이루어지게 될 것이다.

• 미생물학회지
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• 제31권3호
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• pp.224-229
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• 1993

GABA transminase (4-aminobutyrate aminotransferase), which catalyzes the breakdown of the major inhibitory neurotransmitter, GABA, in mammalian brain, was inactivated by preincubation with the mycotoxin patulin. The time course of the reaction was significantly affected by the substrate .alpha.-ketoglutarate, which aforded complete protection against the loss of catalytic activity. The recovery from the inhibition of patulin by the addition of dithiothreitol (DTT) supports that patulin reacts with the sulfhydryl residue in the catalytic domain of the enzyme. The reconstitution of the reduced enzyme and apoenzyme with pyridoxal-5-P(PLP) was inhibited by another mycotoxin, penicilic acid. This mycotoxin may interact with lysyl residue of the enzyme. Therefore, it is postulated that the critical sulfhydryl and lysyl residues in the catalytic domain of the enzyme react with mycotoxin patulin and penicillic acid, respectively.

• 한국응용과학기술학회지
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• 제35권4호
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• pp.1230-1242
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• 2018

곰팡이독소는 곰팡이의 2차 대사산물로 동물용 원료사료 중에서 특히 곡물 및 곡물부산물에서 가장 흔하게 발생한다. 돼지는 곰팡이독소에 대한 감수성이 다른 동물에 비해 높은 것으로 알려져 있다. 아플라톡신, 디옥시니발레놀 및 제랄레논은 동물용 원료사료에서 가장 흔하게 발생하는 곰팡이독소이며, 국내 외에서 허용기준을 설정하여 관리하고 있다. 곰팡이독소는 종류에 따라 서로 다른 독성작용을 가지지만 모두 면역체계를 표적으로 하며, 최종적으로 돼지의 성장저하를 초래한다. 따라서 곰팡이독소에 의한 피해를 최소화하기 위한 다양한 대책이 필요하다. 일반적으로 곰팡이독소에 오염된 사료를 섭취한 돼지는 사료섭취량이 감소하며, 그 결과 증체량 저하가 발생한다. 사료섭취량 감소로 인한 필수영양소의 불충분한 공급은 영양소함량을 강화시킨 사료를 급여함으로써 증체량 감소를 최소화할 수 있다. 또한 곰팡이독소 저감제를 이용하여 곰팡이독소에 의한 피해를 저감시킬 수 있으나, 곰팡이독소의 종류 및 농도, 환경적 요인, 저감제의 종류 등에 따라 저감제 사용 효과에 대한 변이가 존재한다.

• 한국초지조사료학회지
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• 제31권4호
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• pp.451-462
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• 2011

본 연구는 국내 생산 사료용 볏짚 곤포사일리지의 수확 후 저장기간 동안 생성된 곰팡이 오염도 및 곰팡이 종류를 조사하고 mycotoxin 노출 유해성을 구명하고자 실시하였다. 곰팡이 및 mycotoxin 오염을 조사하기 위하여 곰팡이 발생이 육안 식별이 안 되는 정상적인 것부터 오염이 심한 것까지 다양한 상태의 농가에서 급여하고 있는 33점의 볏짚 곤포사일리지 시료를 수거하여 조사하였다. 오염된 곰팡이는 흰색, 회색, 푸른색 및 검은 갈색 등 다양한 색의 콜로니가 오염된 것을 발견할 수 있었다. 곰팡이 오염도는 평균 $2.1{\times}10^6\;cfu\;g^{-1}$ 가장 높은 오염도는 $9.2{\times}10^8\;cfu\;g^{-1}$까지 발견되었으며, 외관상 곰팡이 오염 식별이 안 되는 정상적인 볏짚 곤포사일리지의 모든 시료에서도 곰팡이 오염이 발견되었다. 본 연구에 사용된 볏짚 곤포사일리지에서 발견된 곰팡이의 종류만도 28가지로 매우 다양하였고, 이들 중 유해 독소를 분비하는 8종의 곰팡이 즉, Aspergillus flavus, Aspergillus fumigatus, Fusarium culmorum, Fusarium verticillioides, Penicillium carneum, Penicillium paneum, Penicillium roqueforti, Penicillium viridicatum이 발견되었다. 특히, 가장 많이 분리된 곰팡이는 Penicillium sp.로 이중에서도 P. paneum이 시료의 42%에서, 다음으로 Aspergillus sp. (A. flavus, A. fumigatus)는 시료의 21%에서 발견되었다. 볏짚 곤포사일리지 시료의 42%가 mycotoxin에 오염되어 있었고, 2개 이상의 mycotoxin에 오염된 것은 12%, 그리고 3개 이상 mycotoxin에 오염된 것은 3%였다. Mycotoxin 중 aflatoxin ($B_1$, $B_1$, $G_1$, $G_2$)과 fumonisin ($B_1$, $B_2$)은 발견되지 않았지만, ochratoxin A (1.0~5.8 ug/kg), deoxynivalenol (DON, 156.0~776.7 ug/kg) 및 zearalenone (ZON, 38.0~750.0 ug/kg)이 오염되어 있었다. 따라서 본 연구결과는 볏짚 곤포사일리지가 곰팡이 및 mycotoxin의 유해성에 노출되어 있음을 시사하는 바 앞으로 폭넓은 연구와 함께 mycotoxin으로 인한 가축의 피해를 줄여주기 위한 다각적인 노력이 필요하였다.

• 미생물학회지
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• 제12권3호
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• pp.101-114
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• 1974

The fine structure of HeLa cells treated with several mycotoxin-producing fungi (Aspergillus flavus ATCC 15517, Aspergillus parastiticus RIB 1037, Penicillium toxicarium RIB 4002, Penicillium cirinum SWU)238, Penicillium islandicum IFO 5235, Penicillium tadum IFO 5787 and Pencillium brunneum RIB 1172) has been examined and some details have been descried. The normal HeLa cell have numerous microvilli, large ovoid nucleus, pleomorphic mitochondria, electron-dense body, Golgi complex, mid-body and endoplasmic reticulum etc. Certain specific structural changes induced by culture filtrates of several mycotoxin-producing fungi have been noted. These alterations induced disappearance of Golgi complex, rER vacuolization, nucleolus attachment to the nuclear envelope nad appearance of certain vacuoles. There were not any changes by the treatment of culture filtrates of non-toxic fungi and only cell debris of some specimens can be observed by the injury of culture filtrates. The experimental animals treated with mycotoxin-producing fungi (Aspergillus flavus ATCC 15517, Aspergillus parasilicus RIB 1037, Penicillum citrinum SWU 238, Penicillium toxicarium RIB 4002, and Penicillium islandicum IFO 5235) were mal cells treated with culture filtrates.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제17권7호
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• pp.990-994
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• 2004

Effects of addition of a mycotoxin detoxifier in poultry feed were studied in broilers. Aflatoxins were present in the poultry feed as 28 ppb (normal feed), 78 ppb (contaminated feed) and 170 ppb (highly contaminated feed). The mycotoxin detoxifier was used in 3 concentrations i.e. 1, 3 and 5 kg/ton of feed. Aflatoxins reduced the body weight in broiler chicken and treatment of contaminated feed with low level of detoxifier improved the body weight equivalent to that of normal feed. Higher level of detoxifier proved better than lower level addition in alleviating the effects of highly contaminated feed. Addition of detoxifier also resulted in improvement of FCR to the level of normal feed. Antibody levels against Newcastle disease virus on day 28 of age were significantly lower in chicken fed on contaminated feed. Addition of detoxifier in feed improved the antibody levels in chicken. Mortality was highest in groups given contaminated feed throughout the study period of 7 weeks. Significant mortality was also observed in groups given highly contaminated feed for 2 weeks. Mortality in chicken given detoxifier added contaminated feed was lowest and similar to the group given normal feed. The study shows that mycotoxin detoxifier containing oxyquinol, dichloro-thymol and micronized yeast can effectively neutralize the ill-effects of aflatoxins in poultry feed.

• 한국식물병리학회지
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• 제14권5호
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• pp.531-535
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• 1998

This study was conducted to test the effect of chitosan, grape fruit seed extracts(GFSE) and sodium hypochloride gas on the control of mycotoxin producing pathogens occurred kin postharvest grains. Among the treatments, sodium hypochloride gas showed the highest control effect on wheat, soybean and corn see maintained in natural conditions after postharvest and GFSE had a little control effect, but chitosan treatment had no effect. Sodium hypochloride gas exhibited the strongest control effect on the major mycotoxin producing pathogens such as Penicillium spp. Aspergillus spp. and Fusarium spp., whereas GFSE had a little control effect. Sodium hypochloride gas appeared to be effective when the grains were treated with this gas more than 24 hours.

• 한국균학회지
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• 제10권4호
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• pp.225-231
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• 1982

• The Plant Pathology Journal
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• 제38권6호
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• pp.637-645
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• 2022

Fusarium head blight (FHB) is one of the most serious diseases in barley and wheat, as it is usually accompanied by the production of harmful mycotoxins in the grains. To identify FHB-resistant breeding resources, we evaluated 60 elite germplasm accessions of barley (24) and wheat (36) for FHB and mycotoxin accumulation. Assessments were performed in a greenhouse and five heads per accession were inoculated with both Fusarium asiaticum (Fa73, nivalenol producer) and F. graminearum (Fg39, deoxynivalenol producer) strains. While the accessions varied in disease severity and mycotoxin production, four wheat and one barley showed <20% FHB severity repeatedly by both strains. Mycotoxin levels in these accessions ranged up to 3.9 mg/kg. FHB severity was generally higher in barley than in wheat, and Fa73 was more aggressive in both crops than Fg39. Fg39 itself, however, was more aggressive toward wheat and produced more mycotoxin in wheat than in barley. FHB severity by Fa73 and Fg39 were moderately correlated in both crops (r = 0.57/0.60 in barley and 0.42/0.58 in wheat). FHB severity and toxin production were also correlated in both crops, with a stronger correlation for Fa73 (r = 0.42/0.82 in barley, 0.70 in wheat) than for Fg39.

• 한국균학회소식:학술대회논문집
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• 한국균학회 2016년도 춘계학술대회 및 임시총회
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• pp.35-35
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• 2016

A mycotoxin is a toxic secondary metabolite produced by organisms of the fungus kingdom, commonly known as molds and has been widely contaminated in agricultural products such as grains and cereals. Many methods including high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and gas chromatography (GC) have already been proposed and reviewed for mycotoxins. These methods are either expensive or time-consuming due to the complication of sample preparation and pre-concentration before determination. In addition, both methods are unsuitable for the routine screening of large sample numbers. A biosensor is a fictive analytical device that combines a biological component with a physicochemical detector for the detection of an analyte. Biosensors represent a rapidly expanding field, at the present time, with an estimated 60% annual growth rate; the major impetus coming from the health-care industry but with some pressure from other areas, such as food safety and environmental monitoring. Antibodies and aptamers are bioreceptors which have been used in the development of biosensors. There are many kinds of antibodies and aptamers specific to mycotoxin, and antibody (or aptamer)-based biosensors have been successfully developed for the detection of mycotoxin. The biosensors permit the rapid, sensitive, simple, and on-site detection of a range of mycotoxins and can be an alternative method to traditional methods such as HPLC and GC. This presentation provides the development trends of biosensors to mycotoxins and their application to food and agricultural products.