• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
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• 제22권3호
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• pp.26-31
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• 1994

To provide further information for reutilization of the waste wood obtained after cultivating oak mushroom in Kangwon-do, the crystal structures of the waste wood were investigated and compared to those of normal woods by a series of x-ray diffraction analysis. The results obtained are as follows: 1. An x-ray diffraction diagram of cultivated wood for 5 years was same as that of typical cellulose with some orientation of cellulose crystallites, but that of cultivated wood for 8 years a random. 2. Crystallinity indices in normal and cultivated woods for 5 years ranged from 57% to 60%. In the cultivated wood for 8 years, however, the value showed about 40%. 3. Crystallite widths of cultivated woods for 5 years and for 8 years were 3 nm and 2.5 nm, respectively. 4. Intensity ratios of equatorial and meridional layers did not show any significant differences. From the above results, it is clear that the waste wood obtained after cultivating oak mush room for 5 years showed basically same crystal structures with normal wood. Therefore, we think that the waste wood may be used available for cellulosic material instead of normal wood.

• Mycobiology
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• 제49권1호
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• pp.1-14
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• 2021

Pleurotus species are commercially essential mushrooms and widely cultivated throughout the world. The production of Pleurotus mushrooms alone accounts for around 25% of that total cultivated mushrooms globally. In America and Europe, Pleurotus species are considered specialty mushrooms, whereas, in Korea, their cultivation is economically profitable, and it is one of the highly consumed species. Pleurotus species are predominantly found in tropical forests and often grow on fallen branches, dead and decaying tree stumps, and wet logs. Biographical studies have shown that the Pleurotus genus is among the more conspicuous fungi that induce wood decay in terrestrial ecosystems worldwide due to its formidable lignin-modifying enzymes, including laccase and versatile peroxidases. Pleurotus species can be grown easily due to their fast colonization nature on diversified agro-substrates and their biological efficiency 100%. Pleurotus mushrooms are rich in proteins, dietary fiber, essential amino acids, carbohydrates, water-soluble vitamins, and minerals. These mushrooms are abundant in functional bioactive molecules, though to influence health. Pleurotus mushrooms are finding unique applications as flavoring, aroma, and excellent preservation quality. Apart from its unique applications, Pleurotus mushrooms have a unique status delicacy with high nutritional and medicinal values. The present review provides an insight into the cultivation of Pleurotus spp. using different agro-waste as growth substances paying attention to their effects on the growth and chemical composition.

• Journal of Mushroom
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• 제16권4호
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• pp.239-249
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• 2018

The global mushroom industry has grown rapidly in recent years in terms of beneficial effects, market value, and demand. India has a wide range of agro-climatic conditions and is largely an agricultural country with a cultivated area of about 4.37 %, generating about 620 million tons of agro waste annually. Mushroom cultivation not only helps recycle agro wastes, but also fills the nutritional gap prevalent among a large population of India. Recently, government industrial policy and creative innovation has promoted research and other endeavors aiming towards the cultivation of mushrooms. Mushroom cultivation in India was initiated in Solan, in the mid-sixties. Mushroom cultivation has been successful in temperate regions of the Himalayas, the Western Ghats, and the hills of northeast India. Recently, many unemployed people have begun to adopt mushroom cultivation as a means of self-employment. It is high time that Indian mushroom cultivators and consumers became aware of the nutritional and medicinal values of cultivated and wild species of mushrooms. The total mushroom production in India between 2010 and 2017 was approximately 0.13 million tons, accounting for a 4.3% increase in the average growth rate of mushrooms per annum. In particular, the total production of white button mushrooms is the highest, with a share of about 73% of total mushroom production. In this review article, we have analyzed the current scenario of the Indian mushroom industry and its contribution to the economic growth of the country.

• Korean Journal of Organic Agriculture
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• 제17권1호
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• pp.55-62
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• 2009

In this paper, we assessed the growth of rice seedlings(Chucheong variety) in commercial organic growth medium that was substituted with different ratios of vermicast of oyster mushroom waste grown under potting alone, and potting and floor layering treatment. The commercial organic growth medium was substituted with vermicast at ratios of control, 2%, 4% and 6%, respectively. The control consisted of commercial organic growth medium alone without vermicast. Incorporation of $4%{\sim}6%$ vermicast of oyster mushroom waste into a commercial organic growth medium enhanced the growth of rice seedlings significantly as compared to commercial organic growth medium alone(control), and 2% amended with vermicast in potting treatment. This results demonstrate that substitution with low ratios of vermicast($4%{\sim}6%$) will promote growth of rice seedlings. The growth of rice seedlings in commercial organic growth medium alone without vermicast was enhanced significantly as compared to the substituted with vermicast in floor layering treatment, it may due to nutrient uptake by elongated root from the vermicast when applied to on the floor layering. Floor layering treatment is an effective method for potting processing of vermicast. The vermicast of oyster mushroom waste should have a high safety and great potential as materials of growth media for increasing plant growth, either as soil conditioner, or as substitution or amendments to commercial organic growth medium. For the enhanced growth of rice seedlings, demand to increase with total nitrogen, and decrease with the carbon and nitrogen ratio(C/N) of commercial organic growth medium supplied by such as vermicast.

• Agricultural and Biosystems Engineering
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• 제5권2호
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• pp.50-54
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• 2004

The study aimed to develop a mechanized mushroom growing system for the substrate materials mixing and wetting, materials fermentation and pasteurisation through the design of integrated cultivation machine system for oyster mushroom. The power requirement of the prototype during fermentation operation was measured in the range of 31$\~$33 kg-m and the torque has not so much differ by the kinds and quantity of materials. The work efficiency of conventional method for stacking the heap and turning the heap of cotton waste by tractor rotavator and manual wetting required 78 hours. But the watering, fermentation and sterilisation by the prototype use same operation required 25.5 hours, which can save the operation labour by $67\%$. The machine can be saved the requirement of heating energy by $63\%$, and the machine can also be saved the material cost by $44\%$. It is envisaged that the machine can effectively be used for large mushroom growing farms or joint use mushroom growing group-farmers in a village.

• Journal of Mushroom
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• 제4권3호
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• pp.101-105
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• 2006

This was performed to improve the working conditions of oyster mushroom cultivation on bed using rice straw of which binding and cutting procedure need a lot of time. There was a little difference in physiochemical components between rice straw and cotton waste C/N ration of cotten waste was, however, similar to rice straw as 84-85. If is feasible to use as substrate material. The average yield of a net was 1450g in six frustration harvest, when the size of an onion net was $35{\times}30cm$, mixture ratio of rice straw to cotton waste was 40:60(V/V). Cultivation method using an onion net saved 3 days for preparation, 4 hours for inoculation compared to normal bed cultivation. This method was analysed to give 5% economical benefit.

• Journal of Mushroom
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• 제16권2호
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• pp.70-73
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• 2018

To determine the optimum amount of spent oyster mushroom substrate (SOMS) for use in cultivation of Lentinula edodes, the chemical properties of the substrate and culture conditions of Lentinula edodes were investigated. Replacing 20-50% of a sawdust substrate with SOMS yielded a C/N ratio of 62-76. In case of substrates containing SOMS, the total nitrogen and phenolic contents of were higher, whereas fructose and organic acid contents were lower than those of the control substrate. Cultivation tests showed that the 3-cycle yield of 20% SOMS treatment was 286.7 g, similar to that of the control, while 50% SOMS treatment significantly decreased the yield. In conclusion, development of oak mushroom substrate using SOMS would recycle waste products and decrease material costs.

• The Korean Journal of Pesticide Science
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• 제19권4호
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• pp.402-410
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• 2015

The purpose of this study was to estimate the chitinolytic and antifungal activity of Actinomycetes sp.isolated from waste mushroom media. In five kinds of waste mushroom media, Sinyeong mushroom and Yangsongi were the order of the population density of actinomycetes. Totally 91 chitinolytic isolates of Actinomycetes sp. were obtained from waste mushroom media. The isolates were categorized into 3 groups based on chitinolytic activity and antagonisms against Phytophthora capsici, Rhizoctonia solani, Sclerotinia sclerotiorum, Collectotrichum gloeosporioides, and Cladosporium cucumerinum in vitro. CA-23 was selected as a representative isolate of a group showing strong chitinolytic and antagonistic activities to all of the plant pathogens, while AA-65 was selected as a representative isolate showing no chitinolytic activities but strong antagonistic activities to the pathogens. CA-23 and AA-65 were highly effective on control of Phytophthora blight of hot-pepper, powdery mildew and scab of cucumber in a greenhouse tests. Among the isolates tested, CA-23 showed highest control efficacy, while AA-65 not only effectively controlled the diseases but also consistently increased plant growth and yield. Although the isolates are similarly affected on suppression of plant pathogens, the isolates could be differ from each other in modes of action. Further studies on mechanisms and practical applications are being progressed.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• 제48권2호
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• pp.237-246
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• 2006

This study was conducted to evaluate the feed-nutritional value of spent mushroom substrates(SMS) as a roughage source for ruminants through in vitro and in situ experiments. The SMS was classified into a roughage source with high fiber(NDF 64～78%) and low protein(CP 7～11%). The chemical composition of SMS was affected mainly by the primary culture ingredient rather than mushroom species. Compared with sawdust-SMS, cotton waste-SMS contained less(P<0.05) NDF and more(P<0.05) nonfibrous carbohydrate and ash(P<0.05). In vitro DM and NDF disappearances were high in the order of corn cob-, cotton waste-, and sawdust-SMS, in situ DM, NDF and ADF disappearances at 24hr incubation also showed the same pattern with in vitro trials. Compared with sawdust-SMS, cotton waste-SMS had higher digestible fractions and lower non-digestible fractions of NDF and ADF(P<0.05), resulting in higher in situ DM and NDF disappearances(P<0.05) and higher ruminal degradability(P<0.05). Therefore, the preferential use of cotton waste-SMS to sawdust-SMS is recommended as a roughage source for ruminants.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• 제41권6호
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• pp.415-418
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• 2008

The application of sludge wastes into agricultural fields has been increasing annually in Korea. In particular, sewage sludge application has been widely accepted in decades. Sewage sludge application aid in the recycling of essential nutrients and act as a source of organic matter improving the structure and water-holding properties of the soil. The efficient use of sludge wastes, however, requires an individual assessment of waste products. This study assessed the biological characteristics of organic waste-treated lysimeter soils and develop its indicator to assess the soil health of organic waste-treated lysimeter soils. Several analytical techniques more recently developed such as restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP), phospholipid fatty acid (PLFA), and community level substrate utilization (CLSU) fingerprints allow for detailed analyses of soil microbial communities. PLFA and RFLP was, therefore, used in the study to characterize the microbial communities in soil without the need to isolate individual fungi and bacteria. PLFA, RFLP and CLSU have been utilized to assess microbial characteristics of the lysimeter soils with four different sludge wastes for eight consecutive years. Each of these methods was analyzed for a different aspect of soil microbial characteristics. The study would disclose those methods yielded highly reproductive results for each soil and allow distinguishing the soils based on the structures of specific geneand PLFA-pools more than CLSU fingerprints. PLFA methods, especially, revealed the same relative similarities of the treated soils based on cluster analysis of the biological characteristics. Pig manure compost-treated soil, however, was only the same relative resemblance among the three methods. These results indicated that PLFA easily assessed the biological soil characterization.