• 한국운동역학회지
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• 제24권3호
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• pp.301-308
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• 2014

The purpose of this study was to determine whether there are significant differences in kinematic variables and muscle activities of the thumb between two smartphone holding techniques. Twelve right handed university students(age $25.4{\pm}3.9yrs$, height $176.2{\pm}5.1cm$, weight $75.8{\pm}11.4kg$, hand length $19.2{\pm}1.1cm$) who have no musculoskeletal disorder were recruited as the subjects and had experience in using a smartphone for more than one year. Maximum joint angle, angular velocity, muscular activities were determined for each trial. For each dependent variable, paired t-test was used to determine whether there were significant differences between one hand (OH) and two hands ([TH], ${\rho}$ <.05). The results of this study showed that there were no significant differences between OH and TH in the maximum joint angle of the thumb. The angular velocity of each joint was not statistically significant between OH and TH. The statistical analysis revealed that the main effect of the smartphone holding conditions was significant in the peak normalized muscular activities of FDI and APL. Although smartphone holding technique doesn't affect on mobility and movement of the thumb joint, it may affect on active degree of the thumb and the upper extremity in directly and indirectly.

• The Korean Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology
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• 제3권3호
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• pp.351-356
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• 1999

The present study was aimed at investigating whether the calcium current in the vascular smooth muscle (VSM) cells is altered in renal hypertension. Two-kidney, one clip (2K1C) and deoxycorticosterone acetate (DOCA)-salt hypertension were made in Sprague-Dawley rats. Rats without clipping the renal artery or implanting DOCA were used as control for 2K1C and DOCA-salt hypertension, respectively. Four weeks after clipping, systolic blood pressure was significantly higher in 2K1C rats than in control $(192{\pm}24\;and\;119{\pm}4$ mmHg, respectively, n=16 each). DOCA-salt rats also showed a higher blood pressure $(180{\pm}15$ mmHg, n=18) compared with control $(121{\pm}6$ mmHg, n=14). VSM cells were enzymatically and mechanically isolated from basilar arteries. Single relaxed VSM cells measured $5{\sim}10\;{\mu}m$ in width and $70{\sim}150\;{\mu}m$ in length were obtained. VSM cells could not be differentiated in size and shape between hypertensive and normotensive rats under light microscopy. High-threshold (L-type) calcium currents were recorded using whole-cell patch clamp technique. The amplitude of the current recorded from VSM cells was larger in 2K1C hypertension than in control. Neither the voltage-dependence of the calcium current nor the cell capacitance was significantly affected by 2K1C hypertension. By contrast, the amplitude of the calcium current was not altered in DOCA-salt hypertension. These results suggest that high-threshold calcium current of the VSM cells is altered in 2K1C hypertension, and that calcium channel may not be involved in calcium recruitment of VSM in DOCA-salt hypertension.

• BMB Reports
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• 제40권1호
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• pp.22-28
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• 2007

MyoD, expressed in skeletal muscle lineages of vertebrate embryo, is one of muscle-specific basic helix-loop-helix (bHLH) transcription factors, which plays a key role in the determination and differentiation of all skeletal muscle lineages. In this study, a cDNA of grass carp MyoD was cloned and characterized from total RNA of grass carp embryos by RT-PCR. The full-length cDNA of grass carp MyoD is 1597 bp. The cDNA sequence analysis reveals an open reading frame of 825 bp coding for a protein of 275 amino acids, which includes a bHLH domain composed of basic domain (1-84th amino acids) and HLH domain (98-142th amino acids), without signal peptide. Then the MyoD cDNA of grass carp was cloned to yeast expression vector pPICZ$\alpha$A and transformed into P. pastoris GS115 strain, the recombinant MyoD protein with a molecular weight of about 31KD was obtained after inducing for 2d with 0.5% methanol in pH 8.0 BMGY medium, and the maximum yield was about 250 mg/L in shaking-flask fermentation. The results were expected to benefit for further studies on the crystal structure and physiological function of fish MyoD.

• 대한치과보철학회지
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• 제34권3호
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• pp.539-573
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• 1996

This investigation was designed to determine the effectiveness of the posterior occlusal schemes on masticatory activity during mastication in complete denture. Twelve edentulous subjects were selected for this study. All subjects had no past history and no functional abnormality on masticatory system and TMjoint. And, they had residual ridge of favorable morphology, firm mucosa and Class I skeletal jaw relationship, Twelve experimental denture with interchangeable occlusions(0-degree teeth, 30-degree teeth, Levin teeth and S-A teeth) were constructed for this study. The masticatory performance was analyzed by means of standard sieve(10, 16, 20, 30sieve), and the electrical activity from selected muscles(Temporalis and Masseter muscle) was recorded simultaneously with electromyography(Bio-Pak system) as the subject masticated test foods (rice, peanut and gum) with four different occlusal schemes. Mandibular movement was, also, measured with Sirognathography(Bio-Pak system). These recordings were performed in immediately, after 1 week and after 2 weeks of insertion of complete denture. The results were as follows; 1. The average masticatory performance of 0-degree artificial teeth was higher than any other artificial teeth. 2. Masticatory performance in denture wearer was affected preferentially by food and artificial occlusal schemes. 3. During chewing, there was a statistical difference of EMG activity between masseter and temporal muscle(p<0.01). Especially, EMG activity of working masticatory muscle was highly affected by food rather than by artificial occlusal schemes. 4. In denture wearer, the velocity of opening was not affected by food, whereas, the velocity of closing was faster in soft food chewing than in hard food chewing, and the amount of vertical displacement was grater in chewing of soft and large bolus than in chewing of hard and small bolus. However, the amount of lateral displacement showed conversely (p<0.05). 5. It was considered that masticatory performance in denture wearer is not affected by the condition of residual ridge, the history of denture wear, the preference, the adaptation to artificial teeth and the total mesiodistal length of artificial posterior teeth.

• Archives of Plastic Surgery
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• 제32권5호
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• pp.613-618
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• 2005

When a large peripheral nerve defect occurs, an autologous nerve graft is the most ideal method of recinstruction. But an autologous nerve graft has many limitations due to donor site morbidities. Many previous focused on finding the ideal nerve conduit. Among them, $Gore-Tex^{(R)}$ has several advantages over other conduits. It can be manipulated to a suitable size, does not collapse easily, and it is a semi- permeable material that contain pores. A round shaped nerve can be newly formed because of its smooth inner surface. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the availability of $Gore-Tex^{(R)}$ tube as a nerve conduit at the peripheral nerve defect in the rat sciatic nerve. The 10 mm nerve gap was made in each group. A $Gore-Tex^{(R)}$ tube filled with skeletal muscle was inserted and autologous nerve graft was harvested, respectively. In the experimental group, we placed a 0.5 mm thickness, $30{\mu}m$ pored, 1.8 mm in diameter and 14 mm length tube with skeletal muscle inserted inside. In the control group, the nerve gap was inserted with a rat sciatic nerve. We estimated the results electrophysiologically and histologically to 16 weeks postoperatively. Results in the nerve conduction velocity, total myelinated axon count, myelin sheath thickness and mean nerve fiber diameter, the experimental group was substantially lower than that of the control group, but the statistic difference was not significant (p<0.05). The morphology was very similar in both groups, microscopically. From the above results, We conclude that $Gore-Tex^{(R)}$ qualifies as an ideal nerve conduit. It is suggested that $Gore-Tex^{(R)}$ tube filled with skeletal muscle may, substitute for an autologous nerve graft.

• 대한두경부종양학회지
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• 제37권1호
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• pp.63-66
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• 2021

Supracricoid partial laryngectomy (SCPL) with cricohyoidoepiglottopexy (CHEP) or cricohyoidopexy (CHP) involves the removal of the whole thyroid cartilage, both true and false vocal cords, the ventricles, and the paraglottic spaces, sparing the cricoid cartilage, hyoid bone, and at least one functional and mobile cricoarytenoid unit. Reconstruction is performed by suturing of the cricoid cartilage up tightly to the hyoid bone, so trachea-releasing procedures are needed to prevent leakage at anastomosis site. In case of advanced tranglottic cancer invading tracheal tracheal wall, we need to perform additional circumferentrial circumferential tracheal wall resection. However, when we perform SCPL, circumferential resection of tracheal wall is limited because SCPL procedure itself needs releasing of tracheal length. We report a case of advanced transglottic cancer involving tracheal wall treated with induction chemotherapy and SCPL including tracheal wall resection with reconstruction of tracheal defect by sternocleidomastoid muscle flap covered with skin graft.

• 한국운동역학회지
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• 제29권3호
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• pp.145-155
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• 2019

Objective: The purpose of this study was to compare the physical characteristics (bone mineral density, joint muscle strength) and running biomechanics between older adults and young adult runners to understand the changes of running strategy by aging. Method: Bone mineral density (Dual Energy X-ray Absorptiometry, USA) of lower lower extremity and muscle strength (Cybex Humac Norm [DEXA], CSMI, USA) were measured to identify the physical characteristics of 10 elderly (age: $67.70{\pm}3.30yrs$, height: $1.68{\pm}0.04m$, mass: $67.70{\pm}3.80kg$) and 10 young adults (age: $21.20{\pm}0.42yrs$, height: $1.73{\pm}0.06m$, mass: $72.11{\pm}4.15kg$). Running data was collected by using an instrumented treadmill (Bertec, USA) and 7 infrared cameras (Oqus 300, Qualisys, Sweden). Two-way repeated ANOVA analysis was used to analyze results at a significant level of .05 with Bonferroni post hoc analysis. Results: Compared to the young adult group, the elderly group showed statistically significant difference in physical characteristics and in running characteristics. Elderly runners showed lower BMD and muscle strength compared with young runners (p<.05). In the running parameters, elderly runners tend to show shorter contact time and stride length compared with young runners (p<.05). In the joint angles, elderly runners showed smaller range of ankle motion compared with young runners (p<.05). Finally, elderly runners showed lower level of joint moment, joint power, and GRF compared with young runners in each running speed (p<.05). Conclusion: The running behavior of the elderly performed periodic running was similar to many variables of young adults. However, there were noticeable differences found in the ankle joints and most kinetic variables compared with young adult runners. This discrepancy may propose that elderly runners should consider appropriate running distance and intensity in the program.

• PNF and Movement
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• 제20권2호
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• pp.179-187
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• 2022

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to determine the asymmetrical difference between the use of leg muscles on the surgical and non-surgical sides during initial lower extremity ergometer exercise after unilateral knee arthroplasty. Methods: Twelve elderly patients diagnosed with degenerative arthritis of the knee and who underwent unilateral arthroplasty were included in this study. The leg length of each subject was taken into account when setting the application distance of the lower extremity ergometer. The same pedal resistance, strength, and speed were used for all the subjects. The total angle of use of the ergometer (360°) was analyzed by dividing it into an extension section and a flexion section. Using a surface electromyography system, the activities of the muscles of the surgical and non-surgical sides were converted into maximal voluntary isometric contraction (MVIC) and analyzed using the paired t-test. Results: When the activities of the muscles on the surgical and non-surgical sides were compared, it was found that the rectus femoris and biceps femoris had significant differences in the flexion and extension sections (p < .05), and that the tibialis anterior significantly differed in the flexion section (p < .05). There was no significant difference in the extension section of the tibialis anterior muscle, or in the flexion and extension sections of the gastrocnemius (p >.05). Conclusion: The results of this study confirm that the rectus femoris, tibialis anterior, biceps femoris, and gastrocnemius on the surgical side act in an opposite manner to those on the non-surgical side during pedaling in the same section.

• 대한치과보철학회지
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• 제51권2호
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• pp.119-124
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• 2013

과도한 마모를 보이는 환자는 광범위한 수복 치료를 필요로 하는 경우가 많다. 마모의 원인은 주로 교모에 의해 발생하나 이외에도 여러 가지 유발 요인이 있으며 치료 계획은 이러한 마모의 양상과 병인 분석에서 가장 먼저 시작되어야 한다. 발달된 저작근과 치조돌기, 높은 교합력을 보이며 수축 상태와 안정 상태의 근육길이 차이가 적어 악간 간격이 많지 않은 환자는 수직 고경 상실에 대한 평가와 수복물의 설계가 더욱 신중하게 이루어져야 한다. 치아 길이의 감소는 그에 상응하는 치조골 높이 신장에 의해 보상될 수 있으며 수직고경의 항상성이 유지되는 것이므로, 이 경우 수직고경의 섣부른 증가는 근피로감, 치아의 압하 및 통증, 보철물의 파절등을 초래할 수 있다. 본증례의 환자는 다수 치아의 마모와 이 악물기 습관이 관찰된 환자로, 수직고경의 증가를 동반하여 상악 무치악 부위는 아말감을 삽입한 가철성 국소의치, 상하악 유치악 부위는 고정성 보철물로 수복을 하였으며, 이에 기능적인 면과 심미적인 면에서 만족스러운 결과를 얻었기에 치험례를 보고하고자 한다.

• Applied Microscopy
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• 제28권3호
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• pp.363-377
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• 1998

After the investigation on the eye of Incilaria fruhstorieri with light and electron microscopes, the following results were obtained. The eye of Incilaria fruhstorferi comprises cornea, lens, vitreous body, retina, and optic nerve inward from the outside. Cornea is composed of squamous, cuboid, columnar and irregular cells, which appear to be light due to their low electron density. In their cytoplasms, glycogen granules, multivesicular body, and nucleus were observed. Vitreous body, located behind non-cellular transparent lens, is filled with long and short microvilli protruding from the retinal epithelia. Retinal epithelium, the organ to perceive objects, is divided into four parts; microvillar layer pigment layer, nuclear layer, and neutrophils layer, from the apical portion. Microvillar layer consists of the type-I photoreceptor cells and pigmented granule cells. In the apical portion of their cytoplasms, long microvilli (length, $19{\mu}m$) , short microvilli (length, $8{\mu}m$), and rolled microvilli grow thick in the irregular and mixed forms. Photoreceptor cells are classified into type-I and type-II, according to their structures. The type-I cell has the apical portion rising roundly like a fan and the lower part which looks like the helve of a fan. In the cytoplasm of the apical portion, there are clear vesicles, cored vesicles, ovoid mitochondria, and microfilaments, and in the cytoplasm of the lower part, photic vesicles with their diameters about 60nm aggregate densely. The type-II photoreceptor cell, located at the lower end of the type-I cells, has a very large ovoid nucleus 3nd no microvilli. In the cytoplasm of the type-II cell, the photic vesicles with sizes 60nm aggregate more densely than in the cytoplasm of the type-I cell. Pigmented cells are classified into type-A and type-B, according to their structures. The type-A is identified to be a large cell containing round granules (diameter, $0.5{\mu}m$) of very high electron density, while the type-B is identified as a small cell where the irregular granules (diameter, $0.6{\mu}m$) of a little lower electron density amalgamate. Nuclear layer ranges from the bottom of pigment layer to the top of the capsule, and contains three kinds of nuclei (nuclei of the type-II photoreceptor cell, pigmented granule cell, and accessory neuron). The capsules covering the outmost part of the eyeball are composed of collagenous fiber and three longitudinal muscle layers (the thickness of each longitudinal muscle layer, $0.4{\mu}m$) and thick circular muscle layer (thickness, $0.3{\mu}m$). Around the capsules, there is a neurophile layer consisting of neurons and nerve fibers. Each neuron has a relatively large ovoid nucleus for its cytoplasm, and in the karyosome, large lumps of keterochromatin form a wheel nucleus.