• 생명과학회지
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• 제24권2호
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• pp.196-208
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• 2014

식물의 생활사 동안 물부족 스트레스는 식물의 생장과 발달에 해로운 영향을 끼치는 대표적인 스트레스이다. 유용 작물의 생산성을 증가시키기 위하여, 물부족 스트레스를 극복하는 일은 식물학 연구 분야에서 가장 중요한 이슈로 대두되어 왔다. 식물의 호르몬 중에서 앱시스산은 물부족 스트레스에 대해 식물이 저항성을 나타내는데 가장 중요한 호르몬으로서 역할을 수행하며, 씨앗의 발아, 기공의 개폐, 유묘의 성장과 같은 다양한 발달 과정에도 관여하고 있다. 그러므로, 앱시스산에 의해 매개되는 식물의 신호전달 기작을 명확히 이해하는 것은 물부족 스트레스에 대한 내성을 갖는 유용 식물을 생산해내기 위해 가장 효과적인 방법이 될 것이다. 한편, 인산화, 유비퀴틴화와 같은 번역 후 변형 과정은 식물이 다양한 환경적 스트레스 하에서 신속하게 적응을 하기 위해 가장 효율적인 기작으로 인식되어 왔는데, 이는 전사수준에서의 조절과 달리 이미 존재하는 신호전달 물질의 활성과 안정성을 직접적으로 빠르게 조절할 수 있기 때문이다. 본 총설에서는 앱시스산의 신호전달 과정과 관련된 최근 연구 동향을 업데이트하고자 하며, 특히 이러한 신호전달 과정을 앱시스산 수송, 인식, 신호전달 및 번역 후 변형 과정에 초점을 맞추어 알아보고자 한다. 또한 그러한 조절 기작이 농업분야에서 유용 작물을 생산하는데 어떻게 적용될 수 있는지에 대한 향후 전망에 대해서도 기술하고자 한다.

• 미생물학회지
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• 제49권1호
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• pp.17-23
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• 2013

Candida 바이오필름은 숙주조직이나 인체에 삽입된 의료기구의 표면에 자라는 진균의 군락으로 전통적인 항진균제에 대한 내성을 유발한다. 황련(Coptidis chinensis)의 뿌리는 극동지방에서 의료용 목적으로 널리 사용되어 왔다. 본 연구의 목적은 임상에서 분리한 C. albicans 바이오필름 형성 균주가 형성한 바이오필름에 대한 C. chinensis 수용성 추출물의 효과와 C. albicans 바이오필름 형성을 저해하는 데 기여하는 항진균활성을 평가하는 데 있다. 바이오필름에 대한 효과는 XTT [2,3-Bis-(2-Methoxy-4-Nitro-5-Sulfophenyl)-2H-Tetrazolium-5-Carboxanilide)] 환원분석법을 사용하였으며, 조사된 모든 균주에 대한 대사활성은 $98{\mu}g/ml$의 C. chinensis 수용성 추출물에 의해 현저하게 감소($57.3{\pm}14.7%$)되어 유의성 있는 항바이오필름 활성을 나타내었다. Fluorescein diacetate와 propidium iodide로 이중 염색한 결과 C. chinensis 추출물은 C. albicans의 세포막을 손상시켰다. C. chinensis 수용성 추출물은 살진균 활성을 나타냈고, C. albicans 바이오필름의 폴리스티렌 표면으로의 부착을 억제하였으며 C. albicans를 $G_o/G_1$기에 머무르게 하여 바이오필름이나 출아법에 의한 증식을 억제시켰다. 본 연구의 결과는 C. chinensis 추출물이 목표가 되는 C. albicans에 복합적으로 유해한 효과를 내어 궁극적으로는 C. albicans 바이오필름 형성을 억제함을 나타낸다. 따라서 C. chinensis 추출물은 바이오필름과 관련된 캔디다의 감염을 치료하고 제거하기 위한 천연물 기반항진균제 개발에 대한 높은 가능성을 가진다.

• 대한미생물학회지
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• 제21권3호
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• pp.399-406
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• 1986

This study was performed to establish human plasmacytoma cell line as the partner cells for producing human hybridoma. Bone marrow cells from a multiple myeloma patient from Seoul National University Hospital, Korea were cultured and established as the cell line, named as HMC-BM4. HMC-BM4 cells were cultivated in RPMI 1640 media containing 8-azaguanine(8-AG; gradually increasing concentration from $1\;{\mu}g/ml$ to $20\;{\mu}g/ml$). 8-AG resistant cells were collected and cloned by limiting dilution. Each clone was divided and tested to die in hypoxanthine, aminopterine and thymidine (HAT) selection media. Finally one clone was selected and named as HMC-AR, which was sensitive to HAT selection media. HMC-AR cells showed typical morphology of plamacytoma in Wright staining. No cell formed the rosette with sheep erythrocytes. Surface membrane $\mu$ heavy chain was detected in 20% of HMC-AR cells and cytoplasmic $\mu$ heavy chain in 90% of them by direct immunofluorescent staining. Ia-like antigen was found in 90% of HMC-AR cells by indirect immunofluorescent staining using anti-Ia-like antigen monoclonal antibody, 1BD9-2. And about $1.0\;{\mu}g/ml$ of human $\mu$ heavy chain was detected in the 3-day culture supernatant of HMC-AR cells. 88% of cells contained 46 chromosomes. Mycoplasma was not detected in HMC-AR cells by Hoechst 33258 staining. This cell line would be used for making hybridomas secreting human monoclonal antibody.

• Journal of Yeungnam Medical Science
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• 제28권2호
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• pp.133-144
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• 2011

Background: Tigecycline (TIG), a new broad-spectrum glycylcycline with anti-multidrug-resistant-(MDR)-pathogen activity, was launched in March 2009 in South Korea, but there are insufficient clinical studies on its use in the country. As such, this study was performed to analyze cases of severe MDR-pathogen-caused infections treated with TIG. Methods: Patients treated with TIG within the period from May 2009 to June 2010 were enrolled in this study. Their clinical and microbiologic data were reviewed retrospectively. Results: Twenty-one patients were treated with TIG for complicated skin and soft-tissue infections (cSSTIs) (42.9%), complicated intra-abdominal infections (cIAIs) (38.1%), or pneumonia (19.1%) caused by MDR pathogens like carbapenem-resistant $Acinetobacter$ $baumannii$ (76.2%), methicillin-resistant $Staphylococcus$ $aureus$ (61.9%), extended-spectrum beta-lactamase-producing $Escherichia$ $coli$ and $Klebsiella$ $pneumoniae$ (38.1%), and penicillin-resistant $Enterococcus$ species (33.3%). Thirteen patients (61.9%) had successful clinical outcomes while five (23.8%) died within 30 days. The rate of clinical success was highest in cSSTI (77.8%), followed by cIAI (50%) and pneumonia (50%), and the mortality rate was highest in pneumonia (50%), followed by cIAI (25%) and cSSTI (11.1%), Conclusion: Tigecycline therapy can be an option for the treatment of severe MDR-pathogen-caused infections in South Korea, Due to its high risk of failure and mortality, however, prudence is required in its clinical use for the treatment of severe infections like nosocomial pneumonia.

• 한국농공학회지
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• 제20권1호
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• pp.4575-4591
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• 1978

In order to investigate the effects of grain size distribution, cement content, and molding pressure on the strength and durability of soil-cement mixtures, a laboratory test of soil cement mixtures was performed at four levels of cement content, five levels of molding pressure, and four levels of normal curing periods. The results are summarized as follows: 1. Optimum moisture contents in loam soil and maximum dry density in sand soil increased with the increase of cement content, but in others, both optimum moisture contents and maximum dry density were changed ununiformly. 2. When the specimens were molded with molding pressure, 50kg/$\textrm{cm}^2$, strength of soil cement mixture with cement content, 2 and 4 per cent, was lower than the strength of soil cement mixture without cement content by more than 40 to 50 per cent. 3. The strength of soil-cement molded with molding pressure, 100kg/$\textrm{cm}^2$, was higher than the strength of soil-cement molded with M.D.D. obtained from standard compaction test more than 40 per cent in sand loam cement and 50 per cent in loamy cement. 4. There was highly significant positive correlation among molding pressure, cement content and unconfined compressive strentgh and so the following multiple regression equations were obtained. Loam: fc=1.9693C+0.197P-0.84 Sandy loam: fc=2.9065C+0.235P-0.77 5. When the specimens were molded with molding pressure, 20 to 100kg/$\textrm{cm}^2$, the regression equation between the 28-day and 7-day strenght was obtained as follows. Loam : q28=1.1050q7+7.59(r=0.9147) Sandy loam : q28=1.3905q7+3.17 (r=0.9801) 6. At the cement contents of above 50 per cent, the weight losses by freeeze-thaw test were negligible. At the cement content of below 8 per cent the weight losses were singnificantly high under low molding pressure and remarkably decreased with the increase of molding pressure up to 80kg/$\textrm{cm}^2$. 7. Resistance to damage from water and to absorption of water were not improved by molding pressure alone, but when the soil was mixtured with cement above 6 per cent, damage seldoms occurred and absorbed less than 5 per cent of water. 8. There was highly significant inverse-corelationship between the compressive strength of soil cement mixtures and their freeze-thaw loss as well as water absorption. By the regression equation methods, the relationships between them were expessed as followed fc=-7.3206Wa+115.6(r=0.9871) log fc=-0.0174L+1.59(r=0.7709) where fc=unconfined compressive stregth after 28-days curing. kg/$\textrm{cm}^2$ Wa=water absorption, % L : freeze-thaw loss rate, %

• 한국미생물·생명공학회지
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• 제17권6호
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• pp.600-605
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• 1989

Escherichia coli 내에서 프로모터활성을 보이는 Zymomonas mobilis 유래의 유전자 절편을 분리하고 특성을 분석하였다. 프로모터 탐색용 벡터인 pCMT215는 promoter activity가 없는 pMT21의 HinIII 위치에 pYEJ001의 클로람페니콜 아세틸전이 효소유전자를 함유한 0.7-kb HindIII 조각을 접합시켜 제조하였다. E. mobilis의 chromosomal DNA를 Sau3AI으로 부분절단하여 pCMT215에 도입한 후, 이를 이용하여 대장균을 형질전환시킨 결과 14개의 형질전환주가 선별되었다. 이들은 30-750 $\mu$g/$m\ell$ 농도의 chloramphenicol에 내성을 보였으며 클로닝된 유전자조각의 크기는 0.1-1.5Kb였다. 이 가운데 5개의 염기서열을 분석해 본 결과 일반적인 프로모터의 염기서열과 많은 유사점이 발견되었는데, 대장균의 프로모터인 -35 또는 -10 지역과의 부분적인 일치와 A 또는 T 염기가 풍부한 지역과 연속적인 A 또는 T 염기배열, 그리고 회문형태의 염기서열 등이 발견되었다. 또한 대장균 내에서의 프라이머 연장실험결과 Z. mobilis로부터 유래된 DNA조각에서 전사의 시작이 4-170 염기의 거리를 두고 두 곳 또는 여러 곳에서 일어남을 알 수 있었다.

• 한국산학기술학회논문지
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• 제18권5호
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• pp.475-480
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• 2017

본 논문에서는 레이저 유도증착 공정을 사용하여 절연기판위에 미세패턴의 전도성 향상시켰다. 기존의 레이저 유도증착의 공정에서 발생하는 높은 레이저빔 에너지로 인하여, 미세패턴의 낮은 증착밀도, 산화와 같은 문제점이 있다. 이러한 문제점을 폴리머 코팅층을 사용하여 증착정밀도와 전도성 향상하였다. 실리콘 웨이퍼 위에 미세패턴 증착을 위해서 크롬, 구리를 사용하였다. 본 연구에서는 다중펄스 방식의 레이저 빔을 금속박막에 조사하여 절연기판(insulating substrate: $SiO_2$) 위에 시드 층을 형성하고, 형성된 시드 층위에 무전해 도금을 적용하여 미세패턴 및 구조물을 제작하는 복합공정기술을 개발하였다. 레이저빔의 다중 스캔방식으로 조사함으로서 레이저빔의 에너지가 증착 층의 증착밀도와 표면품위를 향상시키고, 미세전극 패턴으로 사용가능한 전기 전도성을 갖게 되었음 알 수 있었다. 레이저 직접묘화법과 무전해 도금을 적용한 복합공정을 이용하여 미세전극을 증착 한 후 비저항을 측정한 결과 도금 전 저항이 $6.4{\Omega}$, 도금 후의 저항이 $2.6{\Omega}$으로 미세전극 패턴의 표면조직이 균일하고 증착되었다. 표면조직이 균일하고 치밀하게 증착되었기 때문에 전기 전도도가 약 3배정도 향상되었다.

• 한국동물위생학회지
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• 제23권1호
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• pp.45-59
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• 2000

The present study was conducted to investigate the epidemiological properties of salmonellosis of poultry farms in Kyongbuk province during the relied from November 1998 to November 1999 And antibiotic susceptibility and biochemical characteristics of 120 Salmonella cultures isolated from chicken samples were also investigated. The results obtained through this study were summarized as follows, 1. Among 667,200 chickens of 31 flocks in 17 layer farms and 9 broiler farms, 61,350 chickens of 31 flocks were died with salmonellosis. The death rate of 25 farms varied from 0.1% to 75.0%, and the average death rate was 9.2%. 2. According to etiological agents, fowl typhoid was shown the most predominant outbreak among the salmonellosis during a year, which accounted for 8R.0%(22/25) of the total case 3. The serotypes of 120 Salmonella isolates were identified as 7 strains(5.8%) of S pullorum, 10 strains(8.4%) of S typhimurium and 103 strains(85.8%) of S gallinarum. 4. Most outbreak of fowl typhoid were prevalent on the layer chicken farms(77.1%), and the summer season(45.5%) also appeared the most hazardous season during the year. 5. It seemed that the Hyline breed(70.6%) was the most susceptible among the layer chicken breeds, and followed by Isabrown(23.5%), Tetra(5.9%) in order. 6. In layers, 76.4% of fowl typhoid occurred commonly from 14 to 40 weeks including the early laying peroid, but in broiler farms, all cases was outbreak within first second weeks. 7 All the strains of S pullorum were resistant to lincomycin(Lm), penicillin(Pm), and steptomycin(Sm), but sensitive to amikacin(Ak), ampicillin(Am), cephalothin(Ce), ciprofloxacin (CiP), chloramphenicol(Cm), colistin(Co), enrofloxacin(Enr), furazolidone(Fu), gentamicin(Gm), kanamycin(Km), neomycin(Nm), polymyxin(Po), and teracycline(Tc). All the strains of S typhimurium were resistant to Lm(100%), Pm(100%), Po(90%), and Sm(90%), but were sensitive to Ak, Am, Ce, CiP, Cm, Co, Enr, Fu, Gm, Km, Nm, and Tc. 8. Minimum inhibitory concentration(MIC) of 103 strains of S gallinarum were also evaluated and their patterns were much more variable than others. All the strains of S gallinarum were sensitive to Ak, Am, Ce, Cip, Cm, Enr, Fu, Km, and Nm, but resistant to Lm(100%), and Sm(100%), 99(96.1%) to Co, 83(80.6%) to Pm, and 83(80.6%) to Po, 55(53.4%) to Gm, and 33(32.0%) to Tc. 9. The multiple drug resistance patterns of 120 Salmonella strains were CoLmPmPo Sm pattern(34.2%), CoGmLmPmPoSmTc(20.8%), CoGmLmPmPoSm(13.3%), CoGmLmSm(7.5%), LmPmSm(7.5%), LmPm(6.7%), CoLmSmTc(3.3%),, CoGmLmSmTc(1.7%), GmLmSmTc(1.7%), CoGmLmPoSm(0.1%), LmPmPo(0.1%), CoLm Sm(0.1%), and LmSm(0.1%), in order.

• 대한치과보철학회지
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• 제45권4호
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• pp.431-443
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• 2007

Statement of problem: Injuries along with discomfort may result on the oral mucosa when non-rigid material is used as the major connector in construction of RPD, since nonrigid major connectors transmit unstable forces throughout the appliance. Titanium which recently draws attention as a substitute of Co-Cr had a difficulty in fabricating due to high melting temperature but the development of casting technique makes it possible to apply to the clinical case. Purpose: The purpose of this study was to investigate the rigidity and the castability of titanium upper major connector by design and make a comparison with Co-Cr major connectors which are widely used in clinical cases now. Material and methods: Casting was done using CP-Ti(Grage 2) (Kobe still Co., Japan) for the experimental groups, and 4 various designs namely palatal strap, U-shaped bar, A-P strap, and complete palatal plate were casted and 5 of each designs were included in each group. For the experimental group, Universal testing machine (Model 4502; Instron, Canton, Mass) was used to apply vertical torsional force vertically to the horizontal plane of major connector. In the second experiment, Vertical compressive force was applied to the horizontal plane of major connector. As a comparative group, Co-Cr major connector was equally manufactured and underwent the same experimental procedures Strain rate was measured after constant loading for one minute duration, and statistical analysis was done with SPSS ver.10.0 for WIN(SPSS. Inc. USA). From the one-way ANOVA and variance analysis (P=0.05), Scheffe's multiple comparison test implemented. Results: 1. Least amount of strain was observed with complete palatal plate followed by A-P bar, palatal bar, and the U-shaped bar having most amount of strain. 2. In all designs of titanium major connector, less strain rate was observed under compressive loading than under torsional loading showing more resistance to lateral force. 3. For titanium major connector, less strain rate was observed when the force is applied to the first premolar area rather than to the second molar area indicating more strength with shorter length of lever. 4. In Comparison of Co-Cr major connector with titanium major connector, palatal strap and U-shaped bar designs showed higher strength under torsional force that is statically significant, and under compressive force, no significant difference was observed expert for U-shaped bar. 5. In titanium major connector, complete palatal plate showed lowest success rate in casting when compared with the Co-Cr major connector. Conclusion: Above results prove that when using titanium for major connector, only with designs capable of generating rigidity can the major connector have almost equal amount of rigidity as Co-Cr major connector and show lower success rate in casting when compared with the Co-Cr major connector.

• Korean Chemical Engineering Research
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• 제49권2호
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• pp.129-136
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• 2011

SMB 공정은 주로 4개의 구역으로 나뉘어지는 다수의 크로마토그래피 컬럼으로 구성된다. 이러한 특성은 회분식 크로마토그래피 공정보다 우수한 이성분계 물질의 연속적인 분리를 구현한다. SMB는 회분식 크로마토그래피에 비해 연속성 및 높은 생산성과 순도로 목적물질을 분리해 낼 수 있는 장점을 갖는다. 경제적이며 효율적인 공정의 운용을 위해 반응과 회수를 결합시키는 연구가 보고되고 있으며, 이와 같은 연구 중 SMBR은 연속분리공정인 SMB와 반응기가 결합된 공정이다. 다양한 반응을 적용한 SMBR에 대해 많은 연구가 진행되고 있으며, 촉매반응, 효소반응, 이온 교환 수지를 통한 화학반응이 주를 이루고 있다. 초기의 SMBR은 촉매를 사용한 고정층의 형태이며, 유동성 효소를 사용하는 SMBR, 고정화 효소를 사용하는 SMBR, 반응구역과 흡착구역이 분리되어 있는 SMBR순으로 발전하였다. 공정 설계에 있어서 필수적인 모델링 및 최적화를 위하여 대류현상만을 고려한 간단한 기법이 있지만, 실제 물질거동을 설명하기 위해서는 축 방향 분산이나 물질전달 저항을 고려한 복잡한 해석을 필요로 한다. SMBR같이 반응과 분리가 결합된 공정의 경우 설비의 간소화를 통한 시설비용의 축소뿐 아니라 가역반응평형의 극복을 통해 물질의 순도와 수율을 향상시킬 수 있는 장점이 있다.