• Title/Summary/Keyword: multiple interface cracks

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Multiple unequal cracks between an FGM orthotropic layer and an orthotropic substrate under mixed mode concentrated loads

  • M. Hassani;M.M. Monfared;A. Salarvand
    • Structural Engineering and Mechanics
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    • 제86권4호
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    • pp.535-546
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    • 2023
  • In the present paper, multiple interface cracks between a functionally graded orthotropic coating and an orthotropic half-plane substrate under concentrated loading are considered by means of the distribution dislocation technique (DDT). With the use of integration of Fourier transform the problem is reduced to a system of Cauchy-type singular integral equations which are solved numerically to compute the dislocation density on the surfaces of the cracks. The distribution dislocation is a powerful method to calculate accurate solutions to plane crack problems, especially this method is very good to find SIFs for multiple unequal cracks located at the interface. Hence this technique allows considering any number of interface cracks. The primary objective of this paper is to investigate the effects of the interaction of multiple interface cracks, load location, material orthotropy, nonhomogeneity parameters and geometry parameters on the modes I and II SIFs. Numerical results show that modes I/II SIFs decrease with increasing the nonhomogeneity parameter and the highest magnitude of SIF occurs where distances between the load location and crack tips are minimal.

Mode III SIFs for interface cracks in an FGM coating-substrate system

  • Monfared, Mojtaba Mahmoudi
    • Structural Engineering and Mechanics
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    • 제64권1호
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    • pp.71-79
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    • 2017
  • In this study, interaction of several interface cracks located between a functionally graded material (FGM) layer and an elastic layer under anti-plane deformation based on the distributed dislocation technique (DDT) is analyzed. The variation of the shear modulus of the functionally graded coating is modeled by an exponential and linear function along the thickness of the layer. The complex Fourier transform is applied to governing equation to derive a system of singular integral equations with Cauchy type kernel. These equations are solved by a numerical method to obtain the stress intensity factors (SIFs) at the crack tips. The effects of non-homogeneity parameters for exponentially and linearly form of shear modulus, the thickness of the layers and the length of crack on the SIFs for several interface cracks are investigated. The results reveal that the magnitude of SIFs decrease with increasing of FG parameter and thickness of FGM layer. The values of SIFs for FGM layer with exponential form is less than the linear form.

Cohesive Interface Model on Concrete Materials

  • Rhee In-Kyu;Roh Young-Sook
    • 콘크리트학회논문집
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    • 제17권6호
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    • pp.1053-1064
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    • 2005
  • The mechanical damage of concrete is normally attributed to the formation of microcracks and their propagation and coalescence into macroscopic cracks. This physical degradation is caused from progressive and hierarchical damage of the microstructure due to debonding and slip along bimaterial interfaces at the mesoscale. Their growth and coalescence leads to initiation of hairline discrete cracks at the mesoscale. Eventually, single or multiple major discrete cracks develop at the macroscale. In this paper, from this conceptual model of mechanical damage in concrete, the computational efforts were made in order to characterize physical cracks and how to quantify the damage of concrete materials within the laws of thermodynamics with the aid of interface element in traditional finite element methodology. One dimensional effective traction/jump constitutive interface law is introduced in order to accommodate the normal opening and tangential slips on the interfaces between different materials(adhesion) or similar materials(cohesion) in two and three dimensional problems. Mode I failure and mixed mode failure of various geometries and boundary conditions are discussed in the sense of crack propagation and their spent of fracture energy under monotonic displacement control.

Damage propagation in CFRP laminates subjected to low velocity impact and static indentation

  • Aoki, Yuichiro;Suemasu, Hiroshi;Ishikawa, Takashi
    • Advanced Composite Materials
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    • 제16권1호
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    • pp.45-61
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    • 2007
  • This paper describes a damage accumulation mechanism in cross-ply CFRP laminates $[0_2/90_2]_{2S}$ subjected to out-of-plane loading. Drop-weight impact and static indentation tests were carried out, and induced damage was observed by ultrasonic C-scan and an optical microscope. Both tests gave essentially the same results for damage modes, sizes, and load-deformation history. First, a crack occurred in the bottom $0^{\circ}$ layer accompanying some delamination along the crack caused by bending stress. Then, transverse cracks occurred in the middle $90^{\circ}$ layer with decreasing contact force between the specimen and the indenter. Measured local strains near the impact point showed that the stress state changed from a bending dominant state to an in-plane tensile dominant state. A cohesive interface element was used to simulate the propagation of multiple delaminations and transverse cracks under static indentation. Two types of analytical models are considered, one with multiple delaminations and the other with both multiple delaminations and transverse cracks. The damage obtained for the model with only multiple delaminations was quite different from that obtained from the experiment. However, the results obtained from the model with both delaminations and transverse cracks well explain the characteristics of the damage obtained in the experiment. The existence of the transverse cracks is essential to form the characteristic impact damage.

Transient analysis of two dissimilar FGM layers with multiple interface cracks

  • Fallahnejad, Mehrdad;Bagheri, Rasul;Noroozi, Masoud
    • Structural Engineering and Mechanics
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    • 제67권3호
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    • pp.277-281
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    • 2018
  • The analytical solution of two functionally graded layers with Volterra type screw dislocation is investigated under anti-plane shear impact loading. The energy dissipation of FGM layers is modeled by viscous damping and the properties of the materials are assumed to change exponentially along the thickness of the layers. In this study, the rate of gradual change ofshear moduli, mass density and damping constant are assumed to be same. At first, the stress fields in the interface of the FGM layers are derived by using a single dislocation. Then, by determining a distributed dislocation density on the crack surface and by using the Fourier and Laplace integral transforms, the problem are reduce to a system ofsingular integral equations with simple Cauchy kernel. The dynamic stress intensity factors are determined by numerical Laplace inversion and the distributed dislocation technique. Finally, various examples are provided to investigate the effects of the geometrical parameters, material properties, viscous damping and cracks configuration on the dynamic fracture behavior of the interacting cracks.

원자력 압력용기의 피복하부 결함검출에 대한 고찰 (A Study of the Detection for Underclad Cracks of Nuclear Pressure Vessel)

  • 박치승;안희성;박종현;박광희
    • 비파괴검사학회지
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    • 제9권2호
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    • pp.42-49
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    • 1989
  • It has not been performed to inspect the underclad cracking in Korea nuclear plant since there is no Code Requirements for inspection. However, underclad cracks in nuclear pressure vessels were reported firstly in 1970. The objection of this study is to be established the ultrasonic inspection techniques for underclad cracking. The ultrasonic inspection of bimetalic stainless steel weld is very difficult by high attenuation and multiple scattering at weld surface and weld/base metal interface. The various inspection methods using $70^{\circ}$ refracted longitudinal wave, 50/70 tandem transducer, $45^{\circ}\;and\;60^{\circ}$ single shear wave are compared. Experiments on limited specimens applied same condition to nuclear pressure vessels shows that $70^{\circ}$ refracted longitudinal wave method is the best one for the detection of underclad cracks. 50/70 tandem transducer using SPOT(Satellite Pulse Observation Technique) is more effective for underclad crack sizing than other sizing methods.

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A Surface Modification of Hastelloy X by Sic Coating and Ion Beam Mixing for Application in Nuclear Hydrogen Production

  • Kim, Jaeun;Park, Jaewon;Kim, Minhwan;Kim, Yongwan
    • 한국진공학회:학술대회논문집
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    • 한국진공학회 2014년도 제46회 동계 정기학술대회 초록집
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    • pp.205.2-205.2
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    • 2014
  • The effects of ion beam mixing of a SiC film coated on super alloys (hastelloy X substrates) were studied, aiming at developing highly sustainable materials at above $900^{\circ}C$ in decomposed sulfuric acid gas (SO2/SO3/H2O) channels of a process heat exchanger. The bonding between two dissimilar materials is often problematic, particularly in coating metals with a ceramics protective layer. A strong bonding between SiC and hastelloy X was achieved by mixing the atoms at the interface by an ion-beam: The film was not peeled-off at ${\geq}900^{\circ}C$, confirming excellent adhesion, although the thermal expansion coefficient of hastelloy X is about three times higher than that of SiC. Instead, the SiC film was cracked along the grain boundary of the substrate at above $700^{\circ}C$. At ${\geq}900^{\circ}C$, the film was crystallized forming islands on the substrate so that a considerable part of the substrate surface could be exposed to the corrosive environment. To cover the exposed areas and cracks multiple coating/IBM processes have been developed. An immersion corrosion test in 80% sulfuric acid at $300^{\circ}C$ for 100 h showed that the weight retain rate was gradually increased when increasing the processing time.

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Research of Diffusion Bonding of Tungsten/Copper and Their Properties under High Heat Flux

  • Li, Jun;Yang, Jianfeng
    • 한국재료학회:학술대회논문집
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    • 한국재료학회 2011년도 춘계학술발표대회
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    • pp.14-14
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    • 2011
  • W (tungsten)-alloys will be the most promising plasma facing armor materials in highly loaded plasma interactive components of the next step fusion reactors due to its high melting point, high sputtering resistance and low deuterium/tritium retention. The bonding technology of tungsten to Cu alloy was one of the key issues. In this paper, W/CuCrZr diffusion bonding has been performed successfully by inserting pure metal interlay. The joint microstructure, interfacial elements migration and phase composition were analyzed by SEM, EDS, XRD, and the joint shear strength and micro-hardness were investigated. The mock-ups were fabricated successfully with diffusion bonding and the cladding technology respectively, and the high heat flux test and thermal fatigue test were carried out under actively cooling condition. When Ni foil was used for the bonding of tungsten to CuCrZr, two reaction layers, Ni4W and Ni(W) layer, appeared between the tungsten and Ni interlayer with the optimized condition. Even though Ni4W is hard and brittle, and the strength of the joint was oppositely increased (217 MPa) due primarily to extremely small thicknesses (2~3 ${\mu}m$). When Ti foil was selected as the interlayer, the Ti foil diffused quickly with Cu and was transformed into liquid phase at $1,000^{\circ}C$. Almost all of the liquid was extruded out of the interface zone under bonding pressure, and an extremely thin residual layer (1~2 ${\mu}m$) of the liquid phase was retained between the tungsten and CuCrZr, which shear strength exceeded 160 MPa. When Ni/Ti/Ni multiple interlayers were used for bonding of tungsten to CuCrZr, a large number of intermetallic compound ($Ni_4W/NiTi_2/NiTi/Ni_3T$) were formed for the interdiffusion among W, Ni and Ti. Therefore, the shear strength of the joint was low and just about 85 MPa. The residual stresses in the clad samples with flat, arc, rectangle and trapezoid interface were estimated by Finite Element Analysis. The simulation results show that the flat clad sample was subjected maximum residual stress at the edge of the interface, which could be cracked at the edge and propagated along the interface. As for the rectangle and trapezoid interface, the residual stresses of the interface were lower than that of the flat interface, and the interface of the arc clad sample have lowest residual stress and all of the residual stress with arc interface were divided into different grooved zones, so the probabilities of cracking and propagation were lower than other interfaces. The residual stresses of the mock-ups under high heat flux of 10 $MW/m^2$ were estimated by Finite Element Analysis. The tungsten of the flat interfaces was subjected to tensile stresses (positive $S_x$), and the CuCrZr was subjected to compressive stresses (negative $S_x$). If the interface have a little microcrack, the tungsten of joint was more liable to propagate than the CuCrZr due to the brittle of the tungsten. However, when the flat interface was substituted by arc interfaces, the periodical residual stresses in the joining region were either released or formed a stress field prohibiting the growth or nucleation of the interfacial cracks. Thermal fatigue tests were performed on the mock-ups of flat and arc interface under the heat flux of 10 $MW/m^2$ with the cooling water velocity of 10 m/s. After thermal cycle experiments, a large number of microcracks appeared at the tungsten substrate due to large radial tensile stress on the flat mock-up. The defects would largely affect the heat transfer capability and the structure reliability of the mock-up. As for the arc mock-up, even though some microcracks were found at the interface of the regions, all microcracks with arc interface were divided into different arc-grooved zones, so the propagation of microcracks is difficult.

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PC Network Cluster를 사용한 대규모 재료 시뮬레이션에 관한 연구 (A Study on a large-scale materials simulation using a PC networked cluster)

  • 최덕기;류한규
    • 한국항공우주학회지
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    • 제30권5호
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    • pp.15-23
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    • 2002
  • 분자 동역학 기법을 사용한 재료 파괴 시뮬레이션은 계산량의 방대함으로 인하여 극히 최근까지 활발한 연구가 진행되지 못하였으나 최근 컴퓨터의 성능향상으로 인하여 새로운 연구분야로 떠오르고 있다. 분자 동역학은 그 특성상 계산 집약적인 환경을 요구함으로 대규모의 연산을 위해서는 슈퍼컴퓨터나 클러스터(cluster)의 사용이 필수적이나 고가의 장비와 사용료로 인하여 많은 제한을 받아왔다. 본 연구에서는 PC를 사용하여 클러스터를 제작하고, 균열이 있는 시편을 사용하여 파괴현상에 대한 분자 수준의 거동을 시뮬레이션 하였으며, 클러스터의 노드(node) 수, 효율, 분자 수, 노드간의 통신시간 등의 상호관계를 파악하여 최적의 성능을 가진 클러스터를 구성하는 데 필요한 요소들을 분석하였다. 제작된 PC 클러스터를 사용하여 약 50,000개의 분자를 사용한 재료 파괴 시뮬레이션을 수행하였다.

졸-겔법으로 제조된 비정질의 텅스텐 산화물 박막과 황산 전해질 계면에서 일어나는 수소의 층간 반응에 대한 전기화학적 특성 (Electrochemical Characteristic on Hydrogen Intercalation into the Interface between Electrolyte of the 0.1N H2SO4and Amorphous Tungsten Oxides Thin Film Fabricated by Sol-Gel Method)

  • 강태혁;민병철;주재백;손태원;조원일
    • 공업화학
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    • 제7권6호
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    • pp.1078-1086
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    • 1996
  • 본 연구에서는 W-IPA(peroxo-polytungstic acid)를 출발 물질로 하는 졸 용액을 ITO(indium tin oxide)가 입혀진 유리판 위에 침적 도포(dip-coating) 방법으로 침적시키고, 이것을 겔화시킨 후에 열처리하여 전기 발색 소자 (electrochromic device, ECD)의 텅스텐 산화물 박막 전극을 만들어 이의 전기화학적인 특성을 고찰하였다. 가장 좋은 전기 화학적 특성을 나타내는 조건은 $2g/10mL(W-IPA/H_2O)$졸 용액에 15회 침적 도포하여 $230{\sim}240^{\circ}C$의 온도로 최종 열처리 한 텅스텐 산화물 박막 전극이었으며, 침적 횟수의 증가에 따라 산화 텅스텐 박막의 두께는 비례하여 증가하였고, 5회 침적 도포 이후에는 1회 침적 도포시 약 $60{\AA}$ 두께로 막이 생성됨을 알 수 있었다. 졸-겔법으로 제조된 텅스텐 산화물 박막 전극은 X-선 회절 분석에 의하여 비정질 구조, 주사 전자 현미경에 의하여 박막 표면은 균일한 것으로 조사되었다. 다중 순환 전류-전위 주사법에 의하여 작성된 전류-전위 곡선에 의하면 순환 횟수가 수백회 이상임에도 불구하고 소 발색은 뚜렷하게 나타났으나, 더욱 많은 순환 횟수에서는 전해질인 황산 수용액 중에서 텅스텐 산화물 박막의 박리 현상이 일어나 소 발색의 전류 밀도는 차츰 감소하였다. 전위 주사 속도를 변화시키면서 순환 전류-전위 주사법에 의하여 작성된 전류-전위 곡선으로부터 구한 전기화학적 특성 값을 이용하여 반응에 참여하는 수소 이온의 확산 계수를 구할 수 있었다.

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