• Archives of Pharmacal Research
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• v.28 no.4
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• pp.476-482
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• 2005

We investigated the pharmacokinetics of 11-hydroxyaclacinomycin X (ID-6105), a novel anthracycline, after intravenous (i.v.) bolus administration at a multiple dose every 24 h for 5 days in rats. To analyze ID-6105 levels in biological samples, we used an HPLC-based method which was validated in a pharmacokinetic study by suitable criteria. The concentrations of ID-6105 after the multiple administration for 5 days were not significantly different from the results after the single administration. The $t_{1/2\alpha}, t_{l/2\beta}, V_{dss}, and CL_{t}$ after the multiple administration were not significantly different from the values after the single administration. Moreover, the concentrations of ID-6105 1 min at day 1-5 after i.v. bolus multiple administration did not show the significant difference. Of the various tissues, ID-6105 mainly distributed to the kidney, lung, spleen, adrenal gland, and liver after i.v. bolus multiple administration. ID-6105 concentrations in the kidney or lung 2 h after i.v. bolus administration were comparable to the plasma concentration shortly after i.v. bolus administration. However, the ID-6105 concentrations in various tissues 48 h after i.v. bolus administration decreased to low levels. ID-6105 was excreted largely in the bile after i.v. bolus multiple administration at the dose of 3 mg/kg. The amounts of ID-6105 found in the bile by 12 h or in the urine by 48 h after the administration were calculated to be $14.1\% or 4.55\%$ of the initial dose, respectively, indicating that ID-6105 is mostly excreted in the bile. In conclusion, ID-6105 was rapidly cleared from the blood and transferred to tissues, suggesting that ID-6105 might not be accumulated in the blood following i.v. bolus multiple dosages of 3 mg/kg every 24 h for 5 days. By 48 h after i.v. bolus administration, ID-6105 concentrations in various tissues had decreased to very low levels. The majority of ID-6105 appears to be excreted in the bile.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.23 no.3
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• pp.308-311
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• 2010

An experiment was conducted using indigenous Kivircik ewes to evaluate the effect of intravaginal progestagen sponges, containing 30 mg of fluorogestone acetate (FGA), followed by administration of pregnant mare serum gonadotrophin (PMSG) on inducing synchronized oestrus in the season and fertility. Three times of PMSG administration relative to sponge withdrawal (24 h before (n = 30), at (n = 29) or 24 h after (n= 29)) and two routes of PMSG administration (intramuscular (n = 46) and subcutaneous (n = 42) were compared for estrous response, number of multiple births and fecundity rates. There were no significant differences in terms of estrous response, due to differences in the time and route of PMSG administration. Lambing percentage, proportion of multiple births and fecundity were 75.6, 51.6 and 114.6%, respectively. The administration had a significant effect on lambing (p<0.05), multiple birth and fecundity rates (p<0.01). The subcutaneous administration of PMSG resulted in a significantly higher lambing rate (p<0.05) and fecundity rate (p<0.01), compared to the intramuscular injection of the PMSG.

• Archives of Pharmacal Research
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• v.15 no.3
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• pp.246-250
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• 1992

Acetaminophen (AAP) and ranitidine (RT) were coadministered orally to nine rats, and the possible contribution of the gastric emptying to the plasma concentration profiles of them was examined. The drugs showed multiple plasma peaks similar to the respective ones after separated administration of each durg. IT Implies that there is no significant interaction between AAP and RT in terms of the gastric emptying or drug absorption. There were no significant linear correlations of the peak patterns (peak height and peak time) between AAP andd RT. It is contrary to the expectation from the biphasic gastric emptying (BGE) theory previously suggested for AAP and RT. The BGE theory. Therefore, seemed to have some draw-backs in explaining satisfactorily the multiple plasma peaks of AAP and RT. Two more doubts raised previously against the BGE theory were also discussed.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Crop Science Conference
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• 2023.04a
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• pp.103-103
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• 2023

• The Journal of Asian Finance, Economics and Business
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• v.7 no.1
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• pp.29-36
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• 2020

Stock price multiple is one of the most well-known equity valuation technique used to forecast equity price. It measures by multiplying "the ratio of stock price to a value driver" by a value driver. The value driver can be earning per share (EPS), sales or other financial measurements. The objective of price multiple technique is to evaluate the value of assets and compare how similar assets are priced in the market. Although stock price multiple technique is common in financial filed, studies on the application of the technique in Thailand is still limited. The present study is conducted to serve three major objectives. The first objective is to apply the technique to measure value of firms in banking sector in the Stock Exchange of Thailand. The second objective is to develop composite price multiple index to forecast equity prices. The third objective is to compare valuation accuracy of different value drivers of price multiple (i.e. EPS, Earnings Growth, Earnings Before Interest Taxes Depreciation and Amortization, Sales, Book Value and Composite Index) in forecasting equity prices. Results indicated that EPS is the most accurate value drivers of price multiple used to forecast equity price of firms in baking sector.

• Journal of Pharmaceutical Investigation
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• v.24 no.3
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• pp.115-129
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• 1994

In the present study, quantitative and qualitative histology was used to assess the effects of ibuprofen suppositories with various treatments on the rectal mucosa of rats. Two suppositories were prepared with Witepsol W35 and compared with two commercial ibuprofen suppositories Reference I (Showa Pharm.ind., Tokyo, Japan), Reference II (P.Pharm., Seoul, Korea). Single and multiple dose(dosing interval 4 hr, n=4) studies were conducted. All suppositories significantly increased epithelial cell loss, but the extent of rectal irritation was variable. These studies showed that the incorporation of ibuprofen into the suppository bases increases the morphological change in rectal tissue both for the single and multiple administrations of suppositories, but which was significantly recovered within 24 hr although the interanimal variability in scores was very substantial. Multiple administration of ibuprofen suppositories caused significant damage to rectal mucosa, but it must be considered that these were under the severe condition, that is, interval of administration (4 hr) was three times shorter than normal interval of administration and dose was fifteen times larger than usual human dose. Aluminum oxide $(Al_2O_3)$, a dispersing agent, slightly increased the irritation of rectal mucosa in rats at 5 hr and 24 hr after multiple administration, but it was possible to ignore the difference of irritation in the data at 5hr and 24hr after single administration. Finally, it was concluded that Witepsol W35 and ibuprofen had a slight rectal mucosa-irritating effect on the usual human dose, and ibuprofen suppositories prepared with Witepsol W35 or Witepsol W35, $Al_2O_3$ showed almost similar extent of rectal irritation with commercial ibuprofen products.

• Journal of Korean Critical Care Nursing
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• v.14 no.3
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• pp.62-72
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• 2021

Purpose : This study aimed to identify factors influencing clinical nurses' intention to report medication administration errors. Methods : This cross-sectional study collected data from 121 nurses in charge of administering medication at a university hospital in Korea using structured questionnaires. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, independent t-test, one-way ANOVA, Pearson's correlation coefficient, and multiple linear regression. Results : Participants' mean age was 26.90±3.99 years, and 89.3% were women. Their mean clinical career duration was 3.88±4.26 years. The average levels of patient safety culture, attitude toward reporting medication administration errors, and intention to report medication administration errors were 7.51 out of 10, 3.36 out of 5, and 4.85 out of 6, respectively. The multiple regression analysis results indicated that the statistically significant influencing factors were patient safety culture (𝛽=.21, p =.018) and attitude toward reporting medication administration errors (𝛽=.22, p =.015). Conclusion : To improve the intention to report medication administration errors among clinical nurses, a patient safety culture must be established, along with an education provision for improving their attitudes toward reporting such administration errors.

• Archives of Pharmacal Research
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• v.27 no.2
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• pp.259-264
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• 2004

The purpose of the present study was to investigate the pharmacokinetics of PEG-hemoglobin SB 1, a modified bovine hemoglobin with polyethylene glycol, after its single and multiple administration in beagle dogs. For this purpose, the analytical method of free hemoglobin in the plasma was developed and validated. Excellent linearity ($r^2$=0.999) was observed in the calibration curve data, with the limit of quantification of 0.005 g/dL. The precision and the deviation of the theoretical values for accuracy were always within $\pm$15％ in both the between-and the within-day results. The method was tested by measuring the plasma concentrations following intravenous administration to beagle dogs and was shown to be suitable for pharmacokinetic studies. In a single dose study, the plasma half-life (t$_{1}$2/) increased and the total body clearance (Cl$_{t}$) decreased with the dose (i.e., 0.017 to 0.75 gHb/kg as PEG-hemoglobin SB1) in both sexes. The volume of distribution at steady-state (Vd$_{ss}$ ) showed no difference with the dose. In contrast, the values of t$_{1}$2/, CL$_{t}$ and the area under the plasma concentration-time curve (AUC) after the multiple dose were significantly different from those of the single dose administration. The values of t$_{1}$2/ in the multiple administration were about two times higher-than that of the single dose. As a result, t$_{1}$2/ of hemoglobin after the administration of PEG-hemoglobin SB1 was about 15-30 h, indicating the PEG modification of the hemoglobin lead to a prolongation of plasma concentration of the protein. Therefore, these observations suggested that the PEG modification of hemoglobin is potentially applicable in the hemoglobin-based therapeutics.tics.

• Food Quality and Culture
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• v.3 no.1
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• pp.6-10
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• 2009

This study examined the effects of adding Pleurotus ostreatus, Agaricus bisporus and Flammulina velutipes on the quality characteristics of cookies and multiple purposes of wheat powders. The water content, crude protein content, mineral content, color value and sensory evaluation of mushroom cookies and multiple purposes of wheat powders were measured. In the case of cookies, the water content was 1.10-1.24% and crude protein content was 8.20-9.80%. General preferences, such as appearance, color, taste and texture, increased when mushroom was added to the cookies, especially flavor, which showed a much higher preference. In the studies where mushroom was added to wheat powders, the water content was 0.57-0.92% and crude protein content was 11.90-12.80%. The addition of mushroom to both of the cookies and multiple purposes of wheat powders resulted in a remarkable increase in the mineral content, especially Fe, K. In addition, an increase in the amount of added mushrooms resulted in an increase in the hunter L and a values; however, this also resulted in a decrease in the b value.

• Biomolecules & Therapeutics
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• v.27 no.2
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• pp.152-159
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• 2019

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an autoimmune disease characterized by progressive neuronal loss, neuroinflammation, axonal degeneration, and demyelination. Previous studies have reported that 6-shogaol, a major constituent of ginger (Zingiber officinale rhizome), and its biological metabolite, 6-paradol, have anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidative properties in the central nervous system (CNS). In the present study, we investigated whether 6-shogaol and 6-paradol could ameliorate against experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), a mouse model of MS elicited by myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein ($MOG_{35-55}$) peptide immunization with injection of pertussis toxin. Once-daily administration of 6-shogaol and 6-paradol (5 mg/kg/day, p.o.) to symptomatic EAE mice significantly alleviated clinical signs of the disease along with remyelination and reduced cell accumulation in the white matter of spinal cord. Administration of 6-shogaol and 6-paradol into EAE mice markedly reduced astrogliosis and microglial activation as key features of immune responses inside the CNS. Furthermore, administration of these two molecules significantly suppressed expression level of tumor necrosis $factor-{\alpha}$, a major proinflammatory cytokine, in EAE spinal cord. Collectively, these results demonstrate therapeutic efficacy of 6-shogaol or 6-paradol for EAE by reducing neuroinflammatory responses, further indicating the therapeutic potential of these two active ingredients of ginger for MS.