• Journal of Korean Society of Transportation
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• v.5 no.1
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• pp.85-99
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• 1987

The transport a administration in Korea is meeting demands of developing international multimodal transport system. In the past, as Korea transport policy has been emphasizing on the passenger traffic, the physical distribution sector is far behind international trend. Regarding the urging necessities of reducting costs in transport in order to upgrade the competitive edge of industries, Korea has to develop the most efficient transport system so called international multimodal transport system. The existing transport system is inefficient because each transport mode is separate, so this system is aiming at reducing cost and time and developing freight transport. The scope and scheme of this thesis should be as following. Chapter 2. Systems Approach of International multimodal transport 1. general systems theory 2. definition of International multimodal transport system 3. MTO (multimodal transport operator) Chapter 3. Current Situation and Problems of this System. 1. international law and practice 2.current situation A. Europe B. U.S. C. Japan D. Korea Chapter 4. Policy Goal for Improving this System Chapter 5. conclusion.

• THE INTERNATIONAL COMMERCE & LAW REVIEW
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• v.77
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• pp.145-168
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• 2018

The purpose of this paper is to introduce the limitation of liabilities of multimodal transport operators(MTO) in Korea. Also, this paper reviews the revised draft of Korean Commercial Code in 2015. This paper analyzes Korean multimodal transport systemand the limitation of liabilities of MTO by analyzing articles, regulations and practices of Korean Commercial Code and it's the draft in 2015. The paper, also, studies multimodal transport rules by comparing specifically international treaty, rules, or practices. In Korea, Article 816 of Commercial Code treats multimodal transportation adopting the network liability regime. The Article describes only the case of the multimodal transportation where the maritime carriage is engaged. Korea proposed the draft of multimodal transport regulation of Commercial Code in 2015 because present law could not apply for the multimodal transportation involved in the air or land carriage. This paper support the draft of Korean Commercial Code in 2015 because it is necessary to make a predictable legal system of multimodal transport and the limitation of liability reflecting practices or customs.

• MALSORI
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• no.67
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• pp.103-120
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• 2008

Basic components for multimodal interface, such as speech recognition, speech synthesis, gesture recognition, and multimodal fusion, have their own technological limitations. For example, the accuracy of speech recognition decreases for large vocabulary and in noisy environments. In spite of those technological limitations, there are lots of applications in which speech-oriented multimodal user interfaces are very helpful to users. However, in order to expand application areas for speech-oriented multimodal interfaces, we have to develop the interfaces focused on usability. In this paper, we introduce usability and user-centered design methodology in general. There has been much work for evaluating spoken dialogue systems. We give a summary for PARADISE (PARAdigm for Dialogue System Evaluation) and PROMISE (PROcedure for Multimodal Interactive System Evaluation) that are the generalized evaluation frameworks for voice and multimodal user interfaces. Then, we present usability components for speech-oriented multimodal user interfaces and usability testing guidelines that can be used in a user-centered multimodal interface design process.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Navigation
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• v.19 no.4
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• pp.41-61
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• 1995

The international trade is basically founded on the contract of international sale of goods and backed up by the contract of international carriage of goods and the contract of insurance in the goods carried. For the efficient development of international trade, it is essential to incorporate the above three fields closely together. Economic growth has developed international trade which has accelerated the development of international carriage of goods. As a result of rapid expansion of international carriage of goods, rationalization of transport was required, which has brought about the International Multimodal Transport System(herein after referred to as 'IMT') through containerization. International multimodal transport system has affected international trade a lot, especially the field of insurance a great deal. The aim of this paper is to analyze contents of Multimodal Transport Operator's(MTO's) liability system in the UN Convention on International Multimodal Transport of Goods, 1980 and FIATA Bill of Lading(FBL) as one of current Multimodal Transport Documents. The analysis of MTO's liability system will be a good introductory concept for the further study of insurance problems for the development of IMT.

• THE INTERNATIONAL COMMERCE & LAW REVIEW
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• v.16
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• pp.155-181
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• 2001

International Trade has led to the increase of the demand of international transport, and also the development of international transport not only incurs claims concerning transportation but also establishes various international rules to settle the claims between the shippers and carriers incurred in the course of transport. With a view to settling the claims successfully, the men who are concerned in the transport have to know the principle and scopes of carrier's liability. In this paper, I would like to find out the scopes of liability of multimodal carriers based on the principles of liability. In order to perform the purpose of this study, I classify the liability principle of the international carrier under the UNs Convention on International Multimodal Transport of Good(1980) and UNCTDAD/ICC Rules(1991) in three system-Network Liability System, Uniform Liability System and Modified Liability System. And that I show the results-the scopes of multimodal carriers' liability based on the UN's Multimodal Convention(1980) and the ICC/UNCTAD Rules(1991), and transport vehicles.

• Korean System Dynamics Review
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• v.11 no.1
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• pp.59-83
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• 2010

The Korean Government decided to reduce 30% of carbon emissions as of 2020, tightening regulations to reduce greenhouse gas in the international society. Therefore it will burden Korean logistics industry that overland trucking freight covers 70~80% of all, to lower emissions. As known, rail and coast(feeder) transport systems can be substituted for road transport but there are many problems to solve in Korean multimodal (intermodal) transport system such as time, cost, etc. Because of this, multimodal transport system should be improved systematically. For the reason, it aims to study a conceptual model with Thinking Process of TOC(theory of constraints) and System Dynamics to help improve the existing multimodal transport system for green logistics.

• International Journal of Highway Engineering
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• v.17 no.2
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• pp.123-134
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• 2015

PURPOSES : The key point of a multimodal LOS (level-of-service) evaluation system is that all of the modes are mutually associated to determine each mode's LOS. For example, the LOS of the bicycle mode is measured based on not only bicycle volumes, but also automobile volumes. However, the Korea Highway Capacity Manual (KHCM) still focuses on the automobile mode in evaluating the LOS of the roads. Additionally, the KHCM's LOS of the other modes, except for the automobile, is not consistent with actual road conditions. The KHCM, therefore, needs to develop and introduce a multimodal LOS system in order to evaluate the service conditions more accurately. METHODS: As a preliminary step to the introduction of multimodal LOS research, in this study the current problem of the KHCM's LOS system through a close review and comparison with other HCMs (highway capacity manuals) was identified. Secondly, a field survey and investigation of the urban streets to apply the HCM's multimodal LOS system was conducted. Finally, a comparison analysis of the results of the HCM and KHCM LOS was performed. RESULTS: In the study, it was found that the results of the LOS for the automobile mode did not show a significant difference between the HCM and KHCM. However, the LOS of the bicycle and pedestrian mode tended to be worse in the multimodal LOS system, which results from considering the effects of the automobile mode. Moreover, it was found that many cases have the potential to improve the overall LOS conditions, while reducing the automobile capacity. CONCLUSIONS: With the introduction of the multimodal LOS system, road diet and complete streets can be easily applied to ans actual road improvement project. Ultimately, the multimodal LOS system should be introduced into the KHCM, which can then be applied to traffic impact studies and other road improvement projects for more accurate evaluations.

• International Journal of Fuzzy Logic and Intelligent Systems
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• v.6 no.4
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• pp.304-313
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• 2006

This paper describes a novel way of applying capacitive sensing technology to a mobile user interface. The key idea is to use grip-pattern, which is naturally produced when a user tries to use the mobile device, as a clue to determine an application to be launched. To this end, a capacitive touch sensing system is carefully designed and installed underneath the housing of the mobile device to capture the information of the user's grip-pattern. The captured data is then recognized by dedicated recognition algorithms. The feasibility of the proposed user interface system is thoroughly evaluated with various recognition tests.

• MALSORI
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• no.60
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• pp.125-144
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• 2006

W3C announced a standard software architecture for multimodal context-aware middleware that emphasizes modularity and separates structure, contents, and presentation. We implemented a distributed multimodal interface system followed the W3C architecture, based on SCXML. SCXML uses parallel states to invoke both XHTML and VoiceXML contents as well as to gather composite or sequential multimodal inputs through man-machine interactions. We also hire Delivery Context Interface(DCI) module and an external service bundle enabling middleware to support context-awareness services for real world environments. The provision of personalized user interfaces for mobile devices is expected to be used for different devices with a wide variety of capabilities and interaction modalities. We demonstrated the implemented middleware could maintain multimodal scenarios in a clear, concise and consistent manner by some experiments.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Industry Convergence
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• v.9 no.4
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• pp.263-268
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• 2006

This paper presents a real-time verification system by extracting a features of multimodal biometrics using hybrid method, which is combined the moment balance and the independent component analysis(ICA). The moment balance is applied to reduce the computation loads by extracting the validity signal due to exclude the needless backgrounds of multimodal biometrics. ICA is also applied to increase the verification performance by removing the overlapping signals due to extract the statistically independent basis of signals. Multimodal biometrics are used both the faces and the fingerprints which are acquired by Web camera and acquisition device, respectively. The proposed system has been applied to the fusion problems of 48 faces and 48 fingerprints(24 persons * 2 scenes) of 320*240 pixels, respectively. The experimental results show that the proposed system has a superior verification performances(speed, rate).