• Computers and Concrete
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• 제17권1호
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• pp.53-66
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• 2016

Currently, most of the investigations on chloride diffusion were based on the experiments and simulations concerning single cation type chlorides. Chloride diffusion associated with dual or multi cation types was rarely studied. In this paper, several groups of diffusion experiments are conducted using chloride solutions containing single, dual and multi cation types. A multi-ionic model is also proposed to simulate the chloride diffusion behavior in the experimental tests. The MATLAB software is used to numerically solve the nonlinear PDEs in the multi-ionic model. The experimental and simulated results show that the chloride diffusion behavior associated with different cation types is significantly different. When the single cation type chlorides are adopted, it is found that the bound rates of chloride ions combined with divalent cations are greater than those combined with monovalent cations. When the dual/multi cation type chlorides are adopted, the chloride bound rates increase with the $Ca^{2+}/Mg^{2+}$ percentage in the source solutions. This evidence indicates that the divalent cations would markedly enhance the chloride binding capacity and reduce the chloride diffusivity. Moreover, on the basis of the analysis, it is also found that the complicated cation types in source solutions are beneficial to reducing the chloride diffusivity.

• Computers and Concrete
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• 제13권2호
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• pp.149-171
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• 2014

This study presents the mathematical model for predicting chloride penetration into saturated concrete under non-isothermal condition. The model considers not only diffusion mechanism but also migration process of chloride ions and other chemical species in concrete pore solution such as sodium, potassium, and hydroxyl ions. The coupled multi-ionic transport in concrete is described by the Nernst-Planck equation associated with electro-neutrality condition. The coupling parameter taken into account the effect of temperature on ion diffusion obtained from available test data is proposed and explicitly incorporated in the governing equations. The coupled transport equations are solved using the finite element method. The numerical results are validated with available experimental data and the comparison shows a good agreement.

• Membrane and Water Treatment
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• 제1권2호
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• pp.139-158
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• 2010

This work focuses on the application of nanofiltration (NF) to the concentration of a pharmaceutical product, Clavulanate ($CA^-$), from clarified fermentation broths, which show a complex composition with six main identified ions ($K^+$, $Cl^-$, ${NH_4}^+$, $H_2{PO_4}^-$, ${SO_4}^{2-}$ and $CA^-$), glucose and glycerol. The solutes transport through the NF membrane pores was investigated using the SEDE (Steric, Electric and Dielectric Exclusion) model. This model was applied to predict the rejection rates of the initial feed solution and the final concentrated solution (10-fold concentrated solution). The best results were achieved with a single fitted parameter, ${\varepsilon}_p$ (the dielectric constant of the solution inside pores) and considering that the membrane selectivity is governed by steric, electric (Donnan) and Born dielectric exclusion mechanisms. While the predicted intrinsic rejections of solutions comprising up to six ions and uncharged solutes were in good agreement with the experimental values, the deviations were much larger for the 10-fold concentrated solution.

• Asian Journal of Atmospheric Environment
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• 제4권2호
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• pp.72-79
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• 2010

In this study, the ionic composition of volcanogenically derived particles and their temporal and spatial distributions have been investigated to evaluate the impact of the volcanic eruption on the local ecosystem and residents. To this end, an intensive field study was conducted to measure the size-segregated particulate matters at the east part of Sakurajima in Japan. Fractionated sampling of particles into > $PM_{10}$, $PM_{10-2.5}$, and $PM_{2.5}$ was made by a multi nozzle cascade impactor (MCI). The concentration of various ions present in the size-resolved particles was determined by Ion chromatography. The time dependent 3-dimensional Volcanic Ash Forecast Transport And Dispersion (VAFTAD) model developed by the NOAA Air Resources Laboratory (ARL) indicated that the sampling site of this work was affected by the volcanic aerosol particles plume. The temporal distributions of sulfate and $PM_{2.5}$ during the field campaign were significantly variable with important contributions to particle mass concentration. The chlorine loss, suspected to be caused by acidic components of volcanic gases, occurred predominantly in fine particles smaller than $10\;{\mu}m$.

• Smart Structures and Systems
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• 제20권1호
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• pp.1-10
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• 2017

Ionic Polymer Metal Composite (IPMC) is an electroactive polymer (EAP) and a promising candidate actuator for various potential applications mainly due to its flexible, low voltage/power requirements, small and compact design, and lack of moving parts. Although widely used in industry, this material requires accurate numerical models and knowledge of optimal control methods. This paper presents State-Dependent Riccati Equation (SDRE) approach as one of rapidly emerging methodologies for designing nonlinear controllers. Additionally, the present paper describes a novel method of Multi HGO Observer design. In the proposed design, the calculated position of the IPMC strip accurately tracks the target position, which is illustrated by the experiments. Numerical results and comparison with experimental data are presented and the effectiveness of the proposed control strategy is verified in experiments.

• Computers and Concrete
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• 제11권3호
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• pp.201-222
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• 2013

A comprehensive simulation model for the transport process of fully coupled moisture and multi-species in non-saturated concrete structures is proposed. The governing equations of moisture and ion diffusion are formulated based on Fick's law and the Nernst-Planck equation, respectively. The governing equations are modified by explicitly including the coupling terms corresponding to the coupled mechanisms. The ionic interaction-induced electrostatic potential is described by electroneutrality condition. The model takes into account the two-way coupled effect of moisture diffusion and ion transport in concrete. The coupling parameters are evaluated based on the available experimental data and incorporated in the governing equations. Differing from previous researches, the material parameters related to moisture diffusion and ion transport in concrete are considered not to be constant numbers and characterized by the material models that account for the concrete mix design parameters and age of concrete. Then, the material models are included in the numerical analysis and the governing equations are solved by using finite element method. The numerical results obtained from the present model agree very well with available test data. Thus, the model can predict satisfactorily the ingress of deicing salts into non-saturated concrete.

• Journal of Ecology and Environment
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• 제40권1호
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• pp.34-44
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• 2016

Background: Little is known about how chemical water quality is associated with ecological stream health in relation to landuse patterns in a watershed. We evaluated spatial characteristics of water quality characteristics and the ecological health of Dongjin-River basin, Korea in relation to regional landuse pattern. The ecological health was assessed by the multi-metric model of Index of Biological Integrity (IBI), and the water chemistry data were compared with values obtained from the health model. Results: Nutrient and organic matter pollution in Dongjin-River basin, Korea was influenced by land use pattern and the major point sources, so nutrients of TN and TP increased abruptly in Site 4 (Jeongeup Stream), which is directly influenced by wastewater treatment plants along with values of electric conductivity (EC), bacterial number, and sestonic chlorophyll-a. Similar results are shown in the downstream (S7) of Dongjin River. The degradation of chemical water quality in the downstream resulted in greater impairment of the ecological health, and these were also closely associated with the landuse pattern. Forest region had low nutrients (N, P), organic matter, and ionic content (as the EC), whereas urban and agricultural regions had opposite in the parameters. Linear regression analysis of the landuse (arable land; $A_L$) on chemicals indicated that values of $A_L$ had positive linear relations with TP ($R^2=0.643$, p < 0.01), TN ($R^2=0.502$, p < 0.05), BOD ($R^2=0.739$, p < 0.01), and suspended solids (SS; ($R^2=0.866$, p < 0.01), and a negative relation with TDN:TDP ratios ($R^2=0.719$, p < 0.01). Conclusions: Chemical factors were closely associated with land use pattern in the watershed, and these factors influenced the ecological health, based on the multimetric fish IBI model. Overall, the impairments of water chemistry and the ecological health in Dongjin-River basin were mainly attributes to point-sources and land-use patterns.

• Computers and Concrete
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• 제32권1호
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• pp.45-60
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• 2023

Concrete in water environment is easily subjected to the attack of leaching, which causes its mechanical reduction and durability deterioration, and the key to improving the leaching resistance of concrete is to increase the compaction of its microstructure formed by the curing. This paper performs a numerical investigation on the intrinsic relationship between microstructures formed by the hydration of cement and slag and leaching resistance of concrete in water environment. Firstly, a shrinking-core hydration model of blended cement and slag is presented, in which the interaction of hydration process of cement and slag is considered and the microstructure composition is characterized by the hydration products, solution composition and pore structure. Secondly, based on Fick's law and mass conservation law, a leaching model of hardened paste is proposed, in which the multi-species ionic diffusion equation and modified Gérard model are established, and the model is numerically solved by applying the finite difference method. Finally, two models are combined by microstructure composition to form an integrated curing-leaching model, and it is used to investigate the relationship between microstructure composition and leaching resistance of slag-blended cement pastes.

• 상하수도학회지
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• 제22권1호
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• pp.159-168
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• 2008

A special field experiment has been carried out from March 2001 to June 2001 at the Changhowon in Kyunggi to investigate a better methodology for the estimation of dry deposition of pollutions applicable in Korea. In this study, dry deposition plate was used to measure of total and water soluble acidic mass fluxes, and CPRI(Coarse Particle Rotary Impactor), CI(Cascade Impactor) were also used to measure ambient concentrations in various particle size ranges. Sehmel-Hodgson model was used to estimate dry depostion velocity and Weibull probability distribution function was applied to get generalized particle size distribution for the size fractioned concentration data sampled by CPRI and CI. Atmospheric dry deposition fluxes of mass and ionic matters estimated by the various techniques(one-step, multi-step, equi-concentration, subdivision for only the coarse particle range, applying Weibull distribution function, etc.) were compared to flux data sampled by DDP. It was found out that the deposition fluxes estimation methodology calculated by the each particle size range devided by particle size distribution characteristics and the rapidly changed points of deposition velocity using Weibull probability distribution function was the most applicable.

• 환경영향평가
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• 제21권3호
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• pp.483-501
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• 2012

본 연구에서는 2005 - 2006년 기간 동안 국내 인공호의 환경영향평가를 위해 LEHA 다변수 생태모형(Lentic Ecosystem Health Assessment Model)을 청평호에 적용하였고, 생태 건강도 모델값을 산정하였다. LEHA 생태 평가모형은 생물학적 변수($B_p$), 물리적 변수($P_p$), 화학적 변수($C_p$)의 11개 주요 메트릭으로 구성되었고, 이를 통합하여 생태 건강도 등급을 평가하였다. 생물학적 변수($B_p$)는 수환경의 질적 저하에 따라서 감소하는 민감종 메트릭($M_2$, NSS) 및 충식종 메트릭($M_5$, % $I_n$)이 이용되었고, 두 메트릭 모델값은 각각 1.5%, 32.4%로서 낮게 나타났다. 반면, 내성종($M_3$, % $T_s$)과 잡식종 메트릭($M_4$, % $O_m$) 값은 43%, 62%로서 높게 나타나 호수생태계의 질적 저하가 확인되었다. 물리적 서식지 변수($P_p$)는 수변 식피율($M_9$, % $V_c$)로서 1차 조사에 비해 2차 조사에 높게 나타났으며, 상류에서 하류로 갈수록 메트릭 모델 값이 감소하는 것으로 나타났다. 이는 정수역의 증가로 서식환경의 단순화와 인근 수체에서 실시되고 있는 잦은 골재 채취로 인한 서식지의 하상구조 변경이 악영향을 준 것으로 사료되었다. 한편, 화학적 수질특성 변수($C_p$)는 수체의 이온(양이온/음이온) 특성을 나타내는 전기전도도($M_{10}$, $C_I$)와 부영양 상태를 평가하는 Chl-a의 부영양화 지수($M_{11}$, $TSI_{CHL}$)로서 메트릭 모델값은 계절별 변이는 크게 나타났고, 지점 간의 공간변이는 미미한 것으로 나타나, "양호상태"로 평가되었다. LEHA 다변수 모델에 의거한 청평호의 환경영향평가에 의하면, 생태 건강도 LEHA 모델값은 1차 조사에서 30.7로 "보통-악화상태", 2차 조사에서 28로 "악화상태"를 보여 계절 변이 특성을 보였다. 지점별 LEHA 모델값은 호수의 정수대(S5)에서 28로 최소치를 보였고, 그 외 지점들도 29 - 30으로 지점 간 미미한 차이를 보였다. 청평호의 종합적인 환경영향평가에 의하면, 이 화학적인 수질기준 측면에서는 "양호상태"를 보인 반면, 생물학적 기준에서는 "악화상태"를 보였는데, 이는 빈번한 준설작업으로 인한 물리적 서식지 교란이 영향을 준 것으로 사료되었다.