• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.24 no.11
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• pp.1514-1524
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• 2011

A total of 4,752 monthly lactation records of Friesian cows during the period from 2000 to 2005 were used to estimate genetic parameters and to determine the effect of udder health on milk production traits. Three milk production traits were studied: 305-day milk yield (305-dMY), 305-day fat yield (305-dFY) and 305-day protein yield (305-dPY). Four udder health traits were studied: somatic cell count (SCC), mastitis (MAST), udder health status (UDHS) with 10 categories and udder quarter infection (UDQI) with 7 categories. Mixed model least square analysis was used to estimate the fixed effects of month and year of calving and parity (P) on different studied traits. Sire and dam within sire were included in the model as random effects. Data were analyzed using Multi-trait Derivative Free Restricted Maximum Likelihood methodology (MTDFREML) to estimate genetic parameters. Unadjusted means of 305-dMY, 305-dFY, 305-dPY and SCC were 3,936, 121, 90 kg and 453,000 cells/ml, respectively. Increasing SCC from 300,000 to 2,000,000 cells/ml increased UDQI from 5.51 to 23.2%. Losses in monthly and lactationally milk yields per cow ranged from 17 to 93 and from 135 to 991 kg, respectively. The corresponding losses in monthly and lactationally milk yields return per cow at the same level of SCC ranged from 29.8 to 163 and from 236 to 1,734 Egyptian pounds, respectively. Heritability estimates of 305-dMY, 305-dFY, 305-dPY, SCC, MAST, UDHS, UDQI were 0.31${\pm}$0.4, 0.33${\pm}$0.03, 0.35${\pm}$0.05, 0.23${\pm}$0.02, 0.14${\pm}$0.02, 0.13${\pm}$0.03, and 0.09${\pm}$0.01, respectively. All milk production traits showed slightly unfavorable negative phenotypic and genetic correlations with SCC, MAST, UDHS and UDQI. There were positive and high genetic correlations between SCC and each of MAST (0.85${\pm}$0.7), UDHS (0.87${\pm}$0.10) and UDQI (0.77${\pm}$0.06) and between MAST and each of UDHS (0.91${\pm}$0.11) and UDQI (0.83${\pm}$0.07). It could be concluded that the economic losses from mastitis and high SCC are considerable. The high genetic correlation between SCC and clinical mastitis (CM) suggest that the selection for lower SCC would help to reduce or eliminate the undesirable correlated responses of clinical mastitis associated with selection for increasing milk yield. Additionally, it is recommended also that if direct information on under health traits is not available, measures of SCC can be inclusion in a selection criteria to improve the income from dairy cows.

• The Journal of Korean Institute of Communications and Information Sciences
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• v.40 no.12
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• pp.2539-2548
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• 2015

Overcoming inter-cell interference and spectrum scarcity are major issues in heterogeneous cellular networks. Static Frequency reuse schemes have been proposed as an effective way to manage the spectrum and reduce ICI(Inter cell Interference) in cellular networks. In a kind of static frequency reuse scheme, the allocations of transmission power and subcarriers in each cell are fixed prior to system deployment. This limits the potential performance of the static frequency reuse scheme. Also, most of dynamic frequency reuse schemes did not consider small cell and the network environment when the traffic load of each cell is heavy and non-uniform. In this paper, we propose an inter-cell resource allocation algorithm that dynamically optimizes subcarrier allocations for the multi-cell heterogeneous networks. The proposed dynamic frequency reuse scheme first finds the subcarrier usage in each cell-edge by using the exhaustive search and allocates subcarrier for all the cells except small cells. After that it allocates subcarrier for the small cell and then iteratively repeats the process. Proposed dynamic frequency reuse scheme performs better than previous frequency reuse schemes in terms of the throughput by improving the spectral efficiency due to it is able to adapt the network environment immediately when the traffic load of each cell is heavy and non-uniform.

• Journal of the Korean Ceramic Society
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• v.41 no.6
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• pp.456-463
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• 2004

To enhance the performance of anode-supported SOFC, single cell fabrication procedure was changed for better and resulting power generating characteristics of single cell were investigated. Liquid condensation process was employed for the granulation of NiO/YSZ powder mixture and the produced powder granules were compacted into anode green substrate by uni-axial pressing. YSZ electrolyte was printed on green substrate via screen-printing method and co-fired at 1400$^{\circ}C$ for 3 h. LSM/YSZ composite cathode of which the composition and heat treatment condition was adjusted to minimize the polarization#resistance with AC-impedance spectroscopy, was screen printed. The final single cell size from this multi-step procedure was 5${\times}$5 $\textrm{cm}^2$ and 10${\times}$10 $\textrm{cm}^2$. The maximum power densities of 5${\times}$5 and 10${\times}$10 single cells were about 0.45 W/$\textrm{cm}^2$ and 0.22 W/$\textrm{cm}^2$ at 800$^{\circ}C$, which are two times superior than those from single cells fabricated by the conventional process in previous our work.

• The Korean Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology
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• v.9 no.5
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• pp.275-282
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• 2005

By using differential display, we identified one of the genes encoding the multi-subunit complex protein V-ATPase, c subunit gene (ATP6L), and showed alterations of the gene expression by oxidative stresses. Expression of the ATP6L gene in Neuro-2A cells was increased by the treatment with $H_2O_2$ and incubation in hypoxic chamber, implying that the expression of the ATP6L gene is regulated by oxidative stresses. To examine mechanisms involved in the regulation of the gene expression by oxidative stresses, the transcriptional activity of the rat ATP6L promoter was studied. Transcription initiation site was determined by primer extension analysis and DNA sequencing, and promoter of the rat ATP6L and its deletion clones were constructed in reporter assay vector. Significant changes of the promoter activities in Neuro-2A cells were observed in two regions within the proximal 1 kbp promoter, and one containing a suppressor was in -195 to -220, which contains GC box that is activated by binding of Sp1 protein. The suppression of promoter activity was lost in mutants of the GC box. We confirmed by electrophoretic mobility shift and supershift assays that Sp1 protein specifically binds to the GC box. The promoter activity was not changed by the $H_2O_2$ treatment and incubation in hypoxic chamber, however, $H_2O_2$ increased the stability of ATP6L mRNA. These data suggest that the expression of the ATP6L gene by oxidative stresses is regulated at posttranscriptional level, whereas the GC box is important in basal activities of the promoter.

• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• v.67 no.1
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• pp.37-41
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• 2009

Lymphocytic interstitial pneumonia (LIP) is a rare disorder characterized by a diffuse infiltration of the alveolar space, interstitium by lymphocytes, plasma cells, and reticuloendothelial cells. Although its etiology is unknown, LIP has been associated with autoimmune disorders and with viral infections. Because it's clinical and radiographic features are nonspecific, a confirmatory diagnosis is performed by open lung biopsy. A 59-year-old female presented dry cough, which had been present for 1 month. On initial findings of multifocal consolidation at the right middle lobe on both lower lobes in chest radiography, the first diagnosis of cryptogenic organizing pneumonia was suggested. On open lung biopsy, LIP was diagnosed. The patient had no autoimmune disease, viral infection or monoclonal gammopathy. After 3 months of corticosteroid treatment, the patient experienced improved symptoms, reduced abnormalities on chest radiography, and improved pulmonary function testing.

• Journal of Korean Ophthalmic Optics Society
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• v.20 no.1
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• pp.51-60
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• 2015

Purpose: To determine the effect of marketed multipurpose contact lens solutions (MPSs) on human corneal epithelial cells (HCEpiCs) toxicity by using image analysis. Methods: HCEpiCs were exposed six MPSs (product A-F) at 0.05~50% for 2h, 12h, 24h, and 48h respectively. HCEpiCs were fixed and stained with Draq5 after exposure with MPSs, and the cell viability and apoptosis were evaluated by using confocal microscope and ImageXpress UltraTM. Results: Viabilities of HCEpiCs exposed to MPS A-F for a 2h were not affected, while reductions (52~75%) in cell viability over a 12h exposure of MPS B, MPS C, MPS D and MPS F, and significant more reductions (29~73%) over a 24h and 48h-exposure. Apoptosis of HCEpiC was not affect over a 12h MPS exposure, however was significantly increased (199~526%) over 24h and 48h MPS exposure. Among the products MPS D, E and F reduced viability of HCEpiCs and apoptosis increased more than MPS A (p<0.05). Conclusions: Lower concentration of MPSs have not an cytotoxic effect on HCEpiCs, however higher concentration of MPSs induce apoptosis and reduce viability of HCEpiCs. Therefore, it need to develop MPS having antimicrobial effectiveness with low cytotoxicity.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.15 no.1 s.68
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• pp.124-131
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• 2005

The regulation of gene expression plays an important rolet in cell cycle controls. In this study, a novel $mas3^+$ (mitosis associated protein) gene, a homolog of human SMARCADl, was isolated and characterized from a fission yeast Schizosaccharomyces pombe. The overall homology between the helicase proteins of the two species is $87\%$. This DEAD/H box-containing molecule has seven highly conserved sequence regions that allow us to place it in the SNF2 family of the helicase superfamily. Knock-out cell of $mas3^+$ gene was constructed using kanMX6 as a selection marker. Survival of mas3 null mutant exposed to UV or MMS was similar to those of wild type cells. $mas3^+$ expression was lowest at $G_2$ and gradually increased. Cytokinesis of mas3 null mutant was abnormal at $26^{\circ}C\;and\;35^{\circ}C$ and a large number of multi-septate cells were produced. These results indicate that the $mas3^+$ is involved in cytokinesis and cell shape control.

• Applied Microscopy
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• v.35 no.4
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• pp.24-31
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• 2005

The preservative condition and ultrastructure on the mummified hair collected from newly found female mummy in Paju, were investigated by using scanning and transmission electron microscopes. The female mummy was found in september, 2002 during the traditional reburial process for the buried ones. The hair of 16th century mummy showed very intact appearances during observation with electron microscope. And the structures of the cortex, medulla and cuticle were well preserved. The cuticle layer was easily discernable, which are composed of six to seven cuticular cells. Each cuticular cells surrounded and thus seperated from its neighbors by intercellular membrane complex. In the cortex, many macrofibrils and some melanin granules between them were observed. We observed well preserved rod form macrofibrils running parallel along the direction of hair shaft. Especially, melanin granules were aggregated in the cortex which was adjacent to the cuticlu layer. As to the cause for the well-preservation of 440 year old hair sample, the presence of surface coat on the hair, which are composed of various materials. As calcium was included in the surface coat in Electron Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy (EDS), the hardening process of the surface coat by calcium might inhibit the water or microorganism infiltration into the hair.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• v.14 no.1
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• pp.81-89
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• 2004

Tumor necrosis factor-$\alpha$ (TNF-$\alpha$) and lymphotoxin-$\alpha$ (LT-$\alpha$, TNF-$\beta$) can initiate and perpetuate human diseases such as multiple sclerosis (MS), rheumatoid arthritis (RA), and insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM). TNFs can be blocked by the use of soluble TNF receptors. However, since monomeric soluble receptors generally exhibit low affinity or function as agonists, the use of monomeric soluble receptors has been limited in the case of cytokines such as TNF-$\alpha$, TNF-$\alpha$, interleukin (IL)-1, IL-4, IL-6, and IL-13, which have adapted to a multi component receptor system. For these reasons, very high-affinity inhibitors were created for the purpose of a TNFs antagonist to bind the TNFR and trigger cellular signal by using the multistep polymerase chain reaction method. First, recombinant simple TNFR-Ig fusion proteins were constructed from the cDNA sequences encoding the extracellular domain of the human p55 TNFR (CD120a) and the human p75 TNFR (CD120b), which were linked to hinge and constant regions of human $IgG_1$ heavy chain, respectively using complementary primers (CP) encoding the complementary sequences. Then, concatameric TNFR-Ig fusion proteins were constructed using recombinant PCR and a complementary primer base of recombinant simple TNFR-Ig fusion proteins. For high level expression of recombinant fusion proteins, Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells were used with a retroviral expression system. The transfected cells produced the simple concatameric TNFR-Ig fusion proteins capable of binding TNF and inactivating it. These soluble versions of simple concantameric TNFR-Ig fusion proteins gave rise to multiple forms such as simple dimers and concatameric homodimers. Simple TNFR-1g fusion proteins were shown to have much more reduced TNF inhibitory activity than concatameric TNFR-Ig fusion proteins. Concatameric TNFR-Ig fusion proteins showed higher affinity than simple TNFR-Ig fusion proteins in a receptor inhibitor binding assay (RIBA). Additionally, concatameric TNFR-Ig fusion proteins were shown to have a progressive effect as a TNF inhibitor compared to the simple TNFR-Ig fusion proteins and conventional TNFR-Fc in cytotoxicity assays, and showed the same results for collagen induced arthritis (CIA) in mice in vivo.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.25 no.1
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• pp.75-83
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• 2015

Curcuma longa L. (CL), a traditional medicinal plant, is well known as a functional food ingredient. The major component of CL is a curcumin of anthocyanin family that has multi-functions such as antimicrobial, anticancer, and antioxidant activity. In this study, fermented milk containing CL was prepared using a mixed strain culture (Bifidobacterium bifidus, Streptococcus thermophilus, Lactobacillus acidophilus), and its physicochemical properties were characterized. In addition, inflammatory cytokine-modulating effects of the fermented milk were also investigated. As regards the properties of fermented milk, the growth rate of lactic acid bacteria in fermented milk containing CL was found to be remarkably more rapid than control. During fermentation, caseins and whey proteins were observed to be partially hydrolyzed, and lactic acid and acetic acid were produced in larger amounts than in the control. The sensory score of fermented milk containing CL was lower than control, owing to its bitter taste and strong flavor. RAW 264.7 cells treated with CL fermented milk supernatant showed no cytotoxicity. Inflammatory cytokines such as tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-${\alpha}$) and interleukin-6 (IL-6) were significantly produced by fermented milk with CL, compared to control. The secretion of nitric oxide (NO) from RAW 264.7 cells significantly increased relative to the control. Results from the present study suggested that CL could be used as a natural immunomodulating ingredient for making yogurts, beverages, and other products.