• Proceedings of the Korean Institute of Information and Commucation Sciences Conference
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• 2014.10a
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• pp.628-631
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• 2014

Recently, the proliferation of new applications, e.g., mobile TV, Internet gaming, large file transfer, and the various of user terminals, e.g., smart phones and notebooks, has dramatically increased user traffic and network load. In order to meet this traffic growth, vendors and cellular operators are working on the development of new technologies and cellular standards. Within them, small cell deployment has been heralded as one of most promising way to increase both coverage and capacity of future cellular network. Small cell technology enables to improve capacity of cellular radio network by tight cooperation between small cell and macro cell in multi-tier network where small cells are densely deployed within macro cell coverage. In this paper, we describe the deployment scenarios for cooperation between macro cell and small cells and state-of-the-art technologies related to dense small cell deployment. Then, we also provide design principles and standardization trends for small cell enhancement in 3GPP.

• Development and Reproduction
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• v.23 no.3
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• pp.255-262
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• 2019

Previously, we reported negative effects of low-dose nonylphenol (NP) exposure on the reproductive organs of F1 male mice. In the present study was further investigated the endocrine disrupting effect of NP exposure to F2 generation male mice. Mice were divided into 2 groups; (1) CON, control animals and (2) NP-50 ($50{\mu}g/L$), animals were treated with NP via drinking water. NP exposures were continuously conducted from parental pre-mating period until the postnatal day (PND) 55 of F2 offsprings. Mice were sacrificed on PND 55 and the reproductive tissue weights were measured. The initial (at PND 21) and terminal (PND 55) body weights of the NP-50 group animals were not significantly different from those of control group animals. NP exposure fail to induce a significant weight change of the testes, seminal vesicle and prostate except absolute epididymal weight (p<0.05). However, pathohistological studies revealed that NP-treated F2 animals showed evident decrease in seminiferous tubule diameters, reduced luminal area and number of germ cells. Also, sloughing morphologies in the tubules were notable. In the caudal epididymis, fewer mature sperms and swollen epithelial cells were found in the NP-treated group. The present study demonstrated that the subchronic low-dose NP exposure induced pathohistological abnormalities in testis and epididymis of F2 mice, and we assumed that these 'qualitative' changes in reproductive tissues could be derived from the epigenetic modifications such as DNA methylation, histone modification, altered DNA accessibility and chromatin structure. Further studies are needed to achieve a better understanding on the multi- or trans-generational effects of NP on the reproductive health and a human application.

• Journal of Korean Neurosurgical Society
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• v.65 no.2
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• pp.186-195
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• 2022

Objective : To explore the histological feature of the cervical disc degeneration in patients with degenerative ossification (DO) and its potential mechanisms. Methods : A total of 96 surgical segments, from cervical disc degenerative disease patients with surgical treatment, were divided into ossification group (group O, n=46) and non-ossification group (group NO, n=50) based on preoperative radiological exams. Samples of disc tissues and osteophytes were harvested during the decompression operation. The hematoxylin-eosin staining, Masson trichrome staining and Safranin O-fast green staining were used to compare the histological differences between the two groups. And the distribution and content of transforming growth factor (TGF)-β1, p-Smad2 and p-Smad3 between the two groups were compared by a semi-quantitative immunohistochemistry (IHC) method. Results : For all the disc tissues, the content of disc cells and collagen fibers decreased gradually from the outer annulus fibrosus (OAF) to the central nucleus pulposus (NP). Compared with group NO, the number of disc cells in group O increased significantly. But for proteoglycan in the inner annulus fibrosus (IAF) and NP, the content in group O decreased significantly. IHC analysis showed that TGF-β1, p-Smad2, and p-Smad3 were detected in all tissues. For group O, the content of TGF-β1 in the OAF and NP was significantly higher than that in group NO. For p-Smad2 in IAF and p-Smad3 in OAF, the content in group O were significantly higher than group NO. Conclusion : Histologically, cervical disc degeneration in patients with DO is more severe than that without DO. Local higher content of TGF-β1, p-Smad2, and p-Smad3 are involved in the disc degeneration with DO. Further studies with multi-approach analyses are needed to better understand the role of TGF-β/Smads signaling pathway in the disc degeneration with DO.

• BMB Reports
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• v.56 no.5
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• pp.314-319
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• 2023

Sepsis is a life-threatening multi-organ dysfunction with high mortality caused by the body's improper response to microbial infection. No new effective therapy has emerged that can adequately treat patients with sepsis. We previously demonstrated that interferon-β (IFN-β) protects against sepsis via sirtuin 1-(SIRT1)-mediated immunosuppression. Another study also reported its significant protective effect against acute respiratory distress syndrome, a complication of severe sepsis, in human patients. However, the IFN-β effect cannot solely be explained by SIRT1-mediated immunosuppression, since sepsis induces immunosuppression in patients. Here, we show that IFN-β, in combination with nicotinamide riboside (NR), alleviates sepsis by blocking endothelial damage via SIRT1 activation. IFN-β plus NR protected against cecal ligation puncture-(CLP)-induced sepsis in wild-type mice, but not in endothelial cell-specific Sirt1 knockout (EC-Sirt1 KO) mice. IFN-β upregulated SIRT1 protein expression in endothelial cells in a protein synthesis-independent manner. IFN-β plus NR reduced the CLP-induced increase in in vivo endothelial permeability in wild-type, but not EC-Sirt1 KO mice. IFN-β plus NR suppressed lipopolysaccharide-induced up-regulation of heparinase 1, but the effect was abolished by Sirt1 knockdown in endothelial cells. Our results suggest that IFN-β plus NR protects against endothelial damage during sepsis via activation of the SIRT1/heparinase 1 pathway.

• Asia-pacific Journal of Multimedia Services Convergent with Art, Humanities, and Sociology
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• v.7 no.3
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• pp.291-300
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• 2017

Quantum-dot cellular automata(QCA) is a computing model designed to be similar to cellular automata, and an alternative technology for next generation using high performance and low power consumption. QCA is undergoing various studies with recent experimental results, and it is one of the paradigms of transistors that can solve device density and interconnection problems as nano-unit materials. An XOR gate is a gate that operates so that the result is true when either one of the logic is true. The proposed XOR gate consists of five layers. The first layer consists of OR gates, the third and fifth layers consist of AND gates, and the second and fourth layers are designed as passages in the middle. The half adder consists of an XOR gate and an AND gate. The proposed half adder is designed by adding two cells to the proposed XOR gate. The proposed half adder consists of fewer cells, total area, and clock than the conventional half adder.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• v.47 no.4
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• pp.543-551
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• 2023

Background: Panax ginseng Meyer is a representative Chinese herbal medicine with antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activity. 20(S)-Protopanaxadiol (PPD) has been isolated from ginseng and shown to have promising pharmacological activities. However, effects of PDD on pulmonary fibrosis (PF) have not been reported. We hypothesize that PDD may reverse inflammation-induced PF and be a novel therapeutic strategy. Methods: Adult male C57BL/6 mice were used to establish a model of PF induced by bleomycin (BLM). The pulmonary index was measured, and histological and immunohistochemical examinations were made. Cell cultures of mouse alveolar epithelial cells were analyzed with Western blotting, coimmunoprecipitation, immunofluorescence, immunohistochemistry, siRNA transfection, cellular thermal shift assay and qRT-PCR. Results: The survival rate of PPD-treated mice was higher than that of untreated BLM-challenged mice. Expression of fibrotic hallmarks, including α-SMA, TGF-β1 and collagen I, was reduced by PPD treatment, indicating attenuation of PF. Mice exposed to BLM had higher STING levels in lung tissue, and this was reduced by phosphorylated AMPK after activation by PPD. The role of phosphorylated AMPK in suppressing STING was confirmed in TGF-b1-incubated cells. Both in vivo and in vitro analyses indicated that PPD treatment attenuated BLM-induced PF by modulating the AMPK/STING signaling pathway. Conclusion: PPD ameliorated BLM-induced PF by multi-target regulation. The current study may help develop new therapeutic strategies for preventing PF.

• The Korean Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology
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• v.27 no.6
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• pp.541-553
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• 2023

Retinal prostheses have shown some clinical success in restoring vision in patients with retinitis pigmentosa. However, the post-implantation visual acuity does not exceed that of legal blindness. The reason for the poor visual acuity might be that (1) degenerate retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) are less responsive to electrical stimulation than normal RGCs, and (2) electrically-evoked RGC spikes show a more widespread not focal response. The single-biphasic pulse electrical stimulation, commonly used in artificial vision, has limitations in addressing these issues. In this study, we propose the benefit of multiple consecutive-biphasic pulse stimulation. We used C57BL/6J mice and C3H/HeJ (rd1) mice for the normal retina and retinal degeneration model. An 8 × 8 multi-electrode array was used to record electrically-evoked RGC spikes. We compared RGC responses when increasing the amplitude of a single biphasic pulse versus increasing the number of consecutive biphasic pulses at the same stimulus charge. Increasing the amplitude of a single biphasic pulse induced more RGC spike firing while the spatial resolution of RGC populations decreased. For multiple consecutive-biphasic pulse stimulation, RGC firing increased as the number of pulses increased, and the spatial resolution of RGC populations was well preserved even up to 5 pulses. Multiple consecutive-biphasic pulse stimulation using two or three pulses in degenerate retinas induced as much RGC spike firing as in normal retinas. These findings suggest that the newly proposed multiple consecutive-biphasic pulse stimulation can improve the visual acuity in prosthesis-implanted patients.

• Food Science and Preservation
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• v.31 no.4
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• pp.590-600
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• 2024

Angelica keiskei, a perennial herb from Apiaceae family, has been reported to improve diabetes, inhibit thrombosis, alleviate dyslipidemia, and prevent type 2 diabetes, obesity, and atherosclerosis. In this study, the protective effects of A. keiskei extract (AKE) against tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α)-induced oxidative stress and vascular inflammation in human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) were investigated through cell viability analysis, antioxidant enzyme analysis, western blotting, and immunofluorescence staining. The results demonstrated that pretreatment of Angelica keiskei with AKE significantly inhibited the expression of key adhesion molecules such as E-selectin, ICAM-1 and VCAM-1 induced by TNF-α. AKE also showed a substantial reduction in intracellular reactive oxygen species levels and an increase in antioxidant enzyme activity, indicating potential antioxidant capabilities. This study further explained that AKE interfered with the nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) pathway by inhibiting phosphorylation of IκBα and NF-κB, thereby preventing nuclear translocation. Additionally, AKE selectively inhibited the activation of c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) within the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway, revealing a specific action mechanism. These findings collectively suggest that AKE possesses multi-faceted protective properties, making it a potential therapeutic agent for inflammatory conditions and early atherosclerosis.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.26 no.3
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• pp.282-288
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• 2016

Protein-protein interactions regulate the subcellular localization and function of receptors, enzymes, and cytoskeletal proteins. Proteins containing the postsynaptic density-95/disks large/zonula occludens-1 (PDZ) domain have potential to act as scaffolding proteins and play a pivotal role in various processes, such as synaptic plasticity, neural guidance, and development, as well as in the pathophysiology of many diseases. Multi-PDZ domain protein 1 (MUPP1), which has 13 PDZ domains, has a scaffolding function in the clustering of surface receptors, organization of signaling complexes, and coordination of cytoskeletal dynamics. However, the cellular function of MUPP1 has not been fully elucidated. In the present study, a yeast two-hybrid system was used to identify proteins that interacted with the N-terminal PDZ domain of MUPP1. The results revealed an interaction between MUPP1 and Wdpcp (formerly known as Fritz). Wdpcp was identified as a planar cell polarity (PCP) effector, which is known to have a role in collective cell migration and cilia formation. Wdpcp bound to the PDZ1 domain but not to other PDZ domains of MUPP1. The C-terminal end of Wdpcp was essential for the interaction with MUPP1 in the yeast two-hybrid assay. This interaction was further confirmed in a glutathione S-transferase (GST) pull-down assay. When coexpressed in HEK-293T cells, Wdpcp was coimmunoprecipitated with MUPP1. In addition, MUPP1 colocalized with Wdpcp at the same subcellular region in cells. Collectively, these results suggest that the MUPP1-Wdpcp interaction could modulate actin cytoskeleton dynamics and polarized cell migration.

• Applied Microscopy
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• v.36 no.3
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• pp.141-153
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• 2006

The purpose of this study is to find out how soft contact lens multi-purpose solution (MPS), often used for medical treatment, effects the inhibition on cell growth and research the result of using MPS, suspected to demage eye cells, on rabbit eye's corneal epithelium and endothelium tissue. In this treatise, $ReNu^{(R)}$ (Baush & Lomb, USA), Opti-free $express^{(R)}$ (Alcon, USA), Free-sol $plus^{(R)}$ (Hanamedicon, Korea) had been selected among the MPS. After culturing L929 roil line, cell growth inhibition rate was measured by MTT assay, and by making Hematoxylin and Eosin stain specimen. the morphology was observed by optical microscope. In the In vivo experiment,9 white rabbit eyes (18 eyes) were classified into 3 groups. The experimental group is left eyes (9 eyes) of rabbit, and MPS were dropped; however. the control group, the right eyes (9 eyes), were only used a saline solution without preservatives. After the dropping within the period, the cornea surface of rabbit eyes were stained by Rose bengal and observed. To figure out the changes of the corneal epithelium and endothelium tissue scanning electron microscopy (SEM) has been used. As the result, the rate of cell growth inhibition was 54%. 73% and 36%, respectively. Morphological changes represented that the shape has been changed into oval or round shape and those are not considered as a common formation of L929 cell line. When it comes to staining Rose bengal, each experiment group was stained red which is not shown in controls. The polygonal mosaic pattern of a corneal epithelium was disturbed in the picture taken by SEM; furthermore, the shape of the corneal endothelium was irregular. In conclusion, as we consider antimicrobial effect and the safety on living cells, it is necessary that we should improve concentration of preservatives and study continuously to develop a new preservatives without a toxic effect on the cornea surface.