• Structural Engineering and Mechanics
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• 제90권6호
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• pp.611-633
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• 2024

This study intends to investigate the response of multi-cell (MC) beams to flexural loads in which the primary reinforcement is composed of both metallic and non-metallic materials. "Multi-cell" describes beam sections with multiple longitudinal voids separated by thin webs. Seven reinforced concrete MC beams measuring 300×200×1800 mm were tested under flexural loadings until failure. Two series of beams are formed, depending on the type of main reinforcement that is being used. A control RC beam with no openings and six MC beams are found in these two series. Series one and two are reinforced with metallic and non-metallic main reinforcement, respectively, in order to maintain a constant reinforcement ratio. The first crack, ultimate load, deflection, ductility index, energy absorption, strain characteristics, crack pattern, and failure mode were among the structural parameters of the beams under investigation that were documented. The primary variables that vary are the kind of reinforcing materials that are utilized, as well as the kind and quantity of mesh layers. The outcomes of this study that looked at the experimental and numerical performance of ferrocement reinforced concrete MC beams are presented in this article. Nonlinear finite element analysis (NLFEA) was performed with ANSYS-16.0 software to demonstrate the behavior of composite MC beams with holes. A parametric study is also carried out to investigate the factors, such as opening size, that can most strongly affect the mechanical behavior of the suggested model. The experimental and numerical results obtained demonstrate that the FE simulations generated an acceptable degree of experimental value estimation. It's also important to demonstrate that, when compared to the control beam, the MC beam reinforced with geogrid mesh (MCGB) decreases its strength capacity by a maximum of 73.33%. In contrast, the minimum strength reduction value of 16.71% is observed in the MC beams reinforced with carbon reinforcing bars (MCCR). The findings of the experiments on MC beams with openings demonstrate that the presence of openings has a significant impact on the behavior of the beams, as there is a decrease in both the ultimate load and maximum deflection.

• Applied Microscopy
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• 제51권
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• pp.4.1-4.12
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• 2021

Fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) is a technique to visualize specific DNA/RNA sequences within the cell nuclei and provide the presence, location and structural integrity of genes on chromosomes. A confocal Whole Slide Imaging (WSI) scanner technology has superior depth resolution compared to wide-field fluorescence imaging. Confocal WSI has the ability to perform serial optical sections with specimen imaging, which is critical for 3D tissue reconstruction for volumetric spatial analysis. The standard clinical manual scoring for FISH is labor-intensive, time-consuming and subjective. Application of multi-gene FISH analysis alongside 3D imaging, significantly increase the level of complexity required for an accurate 3D analysis. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to establish automated 3D FISH scoring for z-stack images from confocal WSI scanner. The algorithm and the application we developed, SHIMARIS PAFQ, successfully employs 3D calculations for clear individual cell nuclei segmentation, gene signals detection and distribution of break-apart probes signal patterns, including standard break-apart, and variant patterns due to truncation, and deletion, etc. The analysis was accurate and precise when compared with ground truth clinical manual counting and scoring reported in ten lymphoma and solid tumors cases. The algorithm and the application we developed, SHIMARIS PAFQ, is objective and more efficient than the conventional procedure. It enables the automated counting of more nuclei, precisely detecting additional abnormal signal variations in nuclei patterns and analyzes gigabyte multi-layer stacking imaging data of tissue samples from patients. Currently, we are developing a deep learning algorithm for automated tumor area detection to be integrated with SHIMARIS PAFQ.

• 한국전산구조공학회논문집
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• 제30권2호
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• pp.111-117
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• 2017

본 논문에서는 유한요소 자유진동해석을 수행하여 박판 보에서의 국소변형효과를 조사하였다. 자유진동해석은 단일셀 및 다중셀 박스보에 대해 수행하였으며, 풍력발전 블레이드를 가장 단순하게 모사할 수 있는 단일셀 박스보를 먼저 해석하였다. 쉘요소 해석결과를 보요소 해석결과와 비교하여 보았을 때 박스 보의 박판 두께가 정확도에 매우 중요한 역할을 함을 확인하였다. 두께가 얇은 경우에는 쉘의 국소변형(또는 쉘 모드)가 주요하게 나타난 반면에 두꺼울 경우에는 전단변형의 효과가 크게 나타남을 알 수 있었다. 목이 있는 단일셀 박스보에서의 국소변형은 목 주위에 집중되어 나타남을 확인하였다. 마지막으로 실제 블레이드와 유사한 다중셀 테이퍼 보의 주파수 및 모드형상을 분석하였다. 보 요소 해석결과는 쉘 요소 결과와 비교하여 약 5~7% 주파수 차이를 보였으며, 이는 보요소가 국소변형을 제대로 모사하지 못하기 때문이다. 특히 래그모드(lagwise mode)의 경우에는 단면의 분할 정도의 영향보다 국소변형의 효과가 매우 크다는 것을 알 수 있었다.

• Steel and Composite Structures
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• 제24권5호
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• pp.549-559
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• 2017

As few multi-tower single-box multi-cell cable-stayed bridges with corrugated steel webs have been built, analysis is mostly achieved by combining single-girder model, beam grillage model and solid model in support of the design. However, such analysis methods usually suffer from major limitations in terms of the engineering applications: single-girder model fails to account for spatial effect such as shear lag effect of the box girder and the relevant effective girder width and eccentric load coefficient; owing to the approximation in the principle equivalence, the plane grillage model cannot accurately capture shear stress distribution and local stress state in both top and bottom flange of composite box girder; and solid model is difficult to be practically combined with the overall calculation. The usual effective width method fails to provide a uniform and accurate "effective length" (and the codes fail to provide a unified design approach at those circumstance) considering different shear lag effects resulting from dead load, prestress and cable tension in the construction. Therefore, a novel spatial grid model has been developed to account for shear lag effect. The theoretical principle of the proposed spatial grid model has been elaborated along with the relevant illustrations of modeling parameters of composite box girder with corrugated steel webs. Then typical transverse and longitudinal shear lag coefficient distribution pattern at the side-span and mid-span key cross sections have been analyzed and summarized to provide reference for similar bridges. The effectiveness and accuracy of spatial grid analysis methods has been finally validated through a practical cable-stayed bridge.

• 대한약침학회지
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• 제17권1호
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• pp.27-34
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• 2014

Objectives: This experiment was conducted to examine the toxicity of Water soluble Carthmi-Flos herbal acupuncture (WCF) by administering a single intramuscular dose of WCF in 6-week-old, male and female Sprague-Dawley rats and to find the lethality dose for WCF. Methods: The experiment was conducted at Biotoxtech according to Good Laboratory Practices under a request by the Korean Pharmacopuncture Institute. This experiment was performed based on the testing standards of "Toxicity Test Standards for Drugs" by the Ministry of Food and Drug Safety. Subjects were divided into 4 groups: 1 control group in which normal saline was administered and 3 test groups in which 0.1, 0.5 or 1.0 mL of WCF was administered; a single intramuscular dose was injected into 5 males and 5 females in each group. General symptoms and body weights were observed/measured for 14 days after injection. At the end of the observation period, hematological and clinical chemistry tests were performed, followed by necropsy and histopathological examinations of the injected sections. Results: No mortalities were observed in any group. Also, symptoms, body weight, hematology, clinical chemistry and necropsy were not affected. However, histopathological examination of the injected part in one female in the 1.0-mL group showed infiltration of mononuclear cells and a multi-nucleated giant cell around eosinophilic material. Conclusion: Administration of single intramuscular doses of WCF in 3 groups of rats showed that the approximate lethal dose of WCF for all rats was in excess of 1.0 mL, as no mortalities were observed for injections up to and including 1.0 mL.

• 농약과학회지
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• 제6권2호
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• pp.96-104
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• 2002

Paraquat의 세포독성을 알아보기 위하여 NIH 3T3 섬유모세포에 적용한 후 MTT와 NR 분석법을 이용하여 세포독성을 측정하고, paraquat의 세포독성에 대한 3-MC의 독성경감효과를 알아보기 위하여 Spraque Dawley계 수컷 랫드에 paraquat 단독 및 paraquat와 3-MC 병용투여 후 랫드의 폐를 경시적으로 채취하여 관찰하였다. Paraquat의 NIH 3T3 섬유모세포에 대한 $MTT_{50}$은 $1668.97{\mu}M$, $NR_{50}$은 $1030.25{\mu}M$로 산출되어 Borefreund와 Puemer(1984)의 독성판정기준에 의하면 저독성 물질이었다. Paraquat 단독 투여 군은 H&E 염색에서 3시간째부터 폐 모세혈관 내에 적혈구 수가 증가하기 시작하여 24시간째에는 충혈상태에 이르렀으며, 폐포사이 중격에서는 큰폐포상피수가 증가하였다. 또한 폐 조직을 둘러싸고 있는 결합조직 내에는 임파구, 대식세포 및 다형핵 백혈구 등이 다수 관찰되었고, 48시간째부터 폐포사이 중격과 폐포내에 폐포큰포식세포가 증가하기 시작하여 96시간째에는 다수의 폐포큰포식세포가 관찰되었다. Verhoeff의 iron hematoxylin 염색에서도 paraquat 단독 투여 후 24시간째에 조직변화가 가장 심하였고, 교원섬유량의 급격한 증가, 폐포의 넓이와 폐포 구멍(alveolar pore) 간격의 확장 등이 관찰되었다. 한편, paraquat와 3-MC 병용투여군은 paraquat 단독 투여 군에 비하여 조직변화가 약하게 관찰되었는데, 병용투여 후 3시간째에는 단독투여 3시간째의 소견과 유사하였으나 점차 회복되어 폐 모세혈관 내에 적혈구 수가 증가하여 24시간째에는 대조군의 구조와 거의 유사하였다. 또한 폐 조직을 둘러싸고 있는 결합조직과 임파소절에서도 paraquat 단독 투여 군에서 보였던 변화가 거의 관찰되지 않았다. Verhoeff의 iron hematoxylin 염색에서도 병용투여 후 24시간째에는 교원섬유량이 단독 투여 군에 비하여 크게 감소하였고 폐포와 폐포 구멍의 넓이도 대조군과 유사하였다.

• Restorative Dentistry and Endodontics
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• 제24권4호
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• pp.647-656
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• 1999

The purpose of this study was to investigate the shear bond strength and marginal microleakage of composite to enamel and dentin according to different treatment methods when the applied bonding agent was contaminated by artificial saliva. For the shear bond strength test, the buccal and occlusal surfaces of one hundred twenty molar teeth were ground to expose enamel(n=60) and dentin surfaces(n=60). The specimens were randomly assigned into control and 5 experimental groups with 10 samples in each group. In control group, a bonding system(Scotchbond$^{TM}$ Multi-Purpose plus) and a composite resin(Z-100$^{TM}$) was bonded on the specimens according to manufacture's directions. Experimental groups were subdivided into 5 groups. After polymerization of an adhesive, they were contaminated with at artificial saliva on enamel and dentin surfaces: Experimental group 1 ; artificial saliva was dried with compressed air. Experimental group 2 ; artificial saliva was rinsed with air-water spray and dried. Experimental group 3 ; artificial saliva was rinsed, dried and applied an adhesive. Experimental group 4 ; artificial saliva was rinsed, dried, and then etched using phosphoric acid followed by an adhesive. Experimental group 5, artificial saliva was rinsed, dried, and then etched with phosphoric acid followed by consecutive application of both a primer and an adhesive. Composite resin(Z-100$^{TM}$) was bonded on saliva-treated enamel and dentin surfaces. The shear bond strengths were measured by universal testing machine(AGS-1000 4D, Shimaduzu Co. Japan) with a crosshead speed of 5mm/minute under 50kg load cell. Failure modes of fracture sites were examined under stereomicroscope. The data were analyzed by one-way ANOVA and Tukey's test. For the marginal microleakage test, Class V cavities were prepared on the buccal surfaces of sixty molars. The specimens were divided into control and experimental groups. Cavities in experimental group were contaminated with artificial saliva and those surfaces in each experimental groups received the same treatments as for the shear test. Cavities were filled with Z-100. Specimens were immersed in 0.5% basic fuchsin dye for 24 hours and embedded in transparent acrylic resin and sectioned buccolingually with diamond wheel saw. Four sections were obtained from the one specimen. Marginal microleakages of enamel and dentin were scored under streomicroscope and averaged from four sections. The data were analyzed by Kruskal-Wallis test and Fisher's LSD. The results of this study were as follows. 1. The shear bond strength to enamel showed lower value in experimental group 1(13.20${\pm}$2.94MPa) and experimental group 2(13.20${\pm}$2.94MPa) than in control(20.03${\pm}$4.47MPa), experimental group 4(20.96${\pm}$4.25MPa) and experimental group 5(21.25${\pm}$4.48MPa) (p<0.05). 2. The shear bond strength to dentin showed lower value in experimental group 1(9.35${\pm}$4.11MPa) and experimental group 2(9.83${\pm}$4.11MPa) than in control group(17.86${\pm}$4.03MPa), experimental group 4(15.04${\pm}$3.22MPa) and experimental group 5(14.33${\pm}$3.00MPa) (p<0.05). 3. Both on enamel and dentin surfaces, experimental group 1 and 2 showed many adhesive failures, but control and experimental group 3, 4 and 5 showed mixed and cohesive failures. 4. Enamel marginal microleakage was the highest in experimental group 1 and there was a significant difference in comparison with other groups (p<0.05). 5. Dentin marginal microleakages of experimental group 1 and 2 were higher than those of other groups (p<0.05). This result suggests that treatment methods, re-etching with 35% phosphoric acid followed by re-application of adhesive or repeating all adhesive procedures, will produce good effect on both shear bond strength and microleakage of composite to enamel and dentin if the polymerized bonding agent was contaminated by saliva.