• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.36 no.12
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• pp.1523-1528
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• 2007

The feeding effects of mugwort (Artemisia vulgaris L.) extracts (ME) on the anti-oxidative actions of ICR mouse skin was investigated. To study the antioxidative effects of ME on ICR mouse skin, female ICR mice were grouped into basic diet group (control), ascorbic acid diet group (AA-2.5, AA-5.0, AA-10.0 and AA-20.0 mg/kg BW/day) as a positive control and experimental diet group (mugwort extract; ME-25, ME-50, ME-100, and ME-200 mg/kg BW/day) and fed for 10 weeks. Protein contents in ME-50, ME-100, and ME-200 feeding group were increased ($3.1%{\sim}11.1%$) and hydroxyl radical contents were significantly decreased ($10.4%{\sim}17.4%$) compared to control group. Oxidative stress signals and oxidized protein contents were significantly reduced to the range of 15.3 to 17.1% in ME-100 and ME-200 groups. Also, superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity was significantly increased to the range of 15.0% to 23.3% in ME-100 and ME-200 groups. Catalase activities were significantly increased ($14.0%{\sim}36.9%$) in all groups in a dose-dependent pattern. Antioxidative ability of ME showed similarity to that of ascorbic acid.

• Journal of Pharmaceutical Investigation
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• v.37 no.3
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• pp.149-158
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• 2007

To investigate the permeability of lidocaine, percutaneous absorption studies were performed using excised hairless mouse skin and the penetration of lidocaine via the skin was determined. To increase the skin permeation of lidocine, the effects of $Labrasol^{(R)}$, $Labrafil^{(R)}$, $Labrafac^{(R)}$ and $Transcutol^{(R)}$ were investigated. The skin permeation of lidocaine was increased when $Labrasol^{(R)}$ and $Transcutol^{(R)}$ were used as permeation enhancer. To evaluate the influence of ultrasound, various factors such as application modes (continuous mode and pulsed mode), frequency (1.0 and 3.0 MHz) and intensity (1.0, 1.5 and 2.0 w/$cm^2$) were investigated with lidocaine hydrogel. The pronounced effect of ultrasound on the skin permeation of lidocaine was observed at all ultrasound energy levels. The influence of frequency having an effect on skin permeation rate was higher in the case of using 1 MHz, 2.0 w/$cm^2$ and continuous treatment. As the intensity of ultrasound increased, the permeation of lidocaine was accelerated. The in vivo anesthetic effects were evaluated by two aspects as mechanical threshold and electrical threshold. Six healthy volunteers consented to the randomized, double-blind, and cross-over designed study in each group. In each subject, 3 groups were adapted such as K group (ultrasound with gel base only), L group (lidocaine gel) and B group (ultrasound with lidocaine gel). In conclusion, lidocaine was potent anesthetic which could be block pain threshold effectively. And ultrasound could accelerate the skin penetration of lidocaine. The phonophoretic delivery system could be a good candidate for lidocaine as a local anaesthetic to improve the skin permeation and in vivo anaesthetic effect.

• Biomolecules & Therapeutics
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• v.25 no.4
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• pp.434-440
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• 2017

S-methyl-$\small{L}$-methionine (SMM), also known as vitamin U, is commercially available as skin care cosmetic products for its wound healing and photoprotective effects. However, the low skin permeation expected of SMM due to its hydrophilic nature with a log P value of -3.3, has not been thoroughly addressed. The purpose of this study thus was to evaluate the effect of skin permeation enhancers on the skin permeation/deposition of SMM. Among the enhancers tested for the in vitro skin permeation and deposition of SMM, oleic acid showed the most significant enhancing effect. Moreover, the combination of oleic acid and ethanol further enhanced in vitro permeation and deposition of SMM through hairless mouse skin. Furthermore, the combination of oleic acid and ethanol significantly increased the in vivo deposition of SMM in the epidermis/dermis for 12 hr, which was high enough to exert a therapeutic effect. Therefore, based on the in vitro and in vivo studies, the combination of oleic acid and ethanol was shown to be effective in improving the topical skin delivery of SMM, which may be applied in the cosmetic production process for SMM.

• The Journal of Korean Medicine Ophthalmology and Otolaryngology and Dermatology
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• v.20 no.2 s.33
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• pp.47-67
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• 2007

Objective : As a result of increasing amount of ultraviolet ray, skin problems including sunburn, rapid skin aging, melanoma, and even skin cancer continue to rise. In the present study, the effect of oriental herbal extract, Daehwanggo(大黃膏,DH) and Daehwanggogasnagbakpi(大黃膏加桑白皮,DS), as external application, on the skin damage, was investigated. Methods : 30 mice were equally distributed into 3 groups : control, UVB-control and UVB-irradiated and DS-treated group. Also mouse melanoma cell lines were cultured. Tyrosinase inhibition was measured to analyze the UN-protection effect. Melanogenesis in the UV-irradiated melanoma cell lines was compared in DS-treated cell line and control cell line. Sample skin from the ear tissue of the 3 groups were analyzed to observe the inflammatory response, T cell differentiation, apoptosis of keratinocytes. Results : The tyrosinase was more significantly inhibited in the DS group compared to DH group. Antioxidative effects was more prominent in DS group when superoxide dismutase was measured. Both the DS- and DH-treated cell lines showed significantly reduced melanogenesis. The reduction of external skin damage including erythematous papule, eczema, keratinocyte, pyopoiesis was observed in the DS- and DH-treated sample cells. In terms of the effect on the skin damage, sunburn cell, activated skin mast cells, secretion of IL-12, manifestation of HSP70, hyperplasia of epithelial cells, MMP-9 and destruction of the collagen were all significantly improved in the DS-treated sample cells. Melanin cells and the apoptosis in the melanoma cell line were decreased. Conclusion : DH and DS were traditionally applied externally for the scald in the oriental medicine. The present study elucidated the possibility of herbal extracts to be used as ultraviolet protectives. Further investigations are needed to assure the clinical application.

• The Journal of Korean Medicine
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• v.37 no.4
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• pp.1-9
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• 2016

Objectives: The aim of this study was to solve skin moisturizing action mechanism issues of pomegranate concentrated solution (PCS) and dried pomegranate concentrate powder (PCP), at least partially. Materials and methods: In this study, ceramide and $TGF-{\beta}1$ contents with $TGF-{\beta}1$ mRNA expressions were analysis on the skin tissue homogenate samples after 56 days of continuous oral administration of PCS 1, 2, and 4 ml/kg, and PCP 100, 200 and 400 mg/kg. Results: Noticeable and dose-dependent increases of skin $TGF-{\beta}1$ contents and mRNA expressions were demonstrated in all PCP and PCS treated mice as compared with intact vehicle control, but no significant changes on the skin ceramide contents were demonstrated in all PCP and PCS treated mice as compared with intact vehicle control, in the current study. In addition, PCP 200 mg/kg showed similar increases of the skin $TGF-{\beta}1$ contents and mRNA expressions as compared to those of PCS 4 ml/kg. Conclusions: The presented results suggested that in vivo skin moisturizing effects of PCP and PCS after oral administration through up regulation of hyaluronan synthesis demonstrated in our previous results, may be possibly mediated by modulation of $TGF-{\beta}1$ expressions at least partially, without critical influences on the skin ceramide contents.

• Journal of Environmental Science International
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• v.32 no.1
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• pp.67-76
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• 2023

Under constant environmental pollution, the incidence of Atopic Dermatitis (AD) caused by air pollutants and allergens has increased. AD is an allergy inflammatory skin disease characterized by pruritus, eczema, and skin dryness. In herbal medicine, Anemarrhena asphodeloides (Anemarrhenae Rhizoma; AR) has been utilized to treat Alzheimer's disease, osteoporosis, hypertension, and inflammation. The purpose of study evaluated the effect of AR in a mouse model of 2,4-dinitrochlorobenzene (DNCB)-induced AD-like skin lesions. After acclimatization for 5 days, the mice (6-week-old, male Balb/c) were divided into five groups (n=6/group): NC (normal control), DNCB (control), Dex (5 mg·kg-1, p.o.), AR100 (100 mg·kg-1, p.o.), and AR300 (300 mg·kg-1, p.o.). On days 1 and 3, 1% DNCB was applied to the skin and ears. After 4 days, 0.5% DNCB was applied once every 2 days for 2 weeks. Then, skin and ears eczema area and severity index (EASI); skin nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), and prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) levels; and plasma immunoglobulin E (IgE) levels were examined. The AR groups showed lower EASI, skin and ear thickness, mast cell count, and IgE levels than the control groups. Moreover, AR reduced iNOS, COX-2, and PGE2 levels. Therefore, AR possesses anti-inflammatory properties and can improve skin damage, indicating its therapeutic potential against AD.

• Korean journal of dermatology
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• v.56 no.10
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• pp.609-613
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• 2018

Background: Psoriasis is a chronic inflammatory skin disease with an incidence of 0.5~3% of the worldwide population. The pathogenesis of psoriasis is related to dysregulated keratinocyte function and immune reactions. Notably, genetic factors are considered important etiological contributors. Globally, several researchers have recently performed genome-wide association studies (GWAS) to identify the genes related with psoriasis. Objective: We aimed to investigate the expression pattern of 2 candidate genes that were identified by GWAS. These include interleukin 28 receptor alpha (IL28RA) and CUB and Sushi multiple domains 1 (CSMD1). Methods: We applied imiquimod cream to develop a psoriasis-like mouse model and obtained skin tissue. We performed immunohistochemistry to detect the expression of IL-28A and CSMD1. Results: IL28RA expression increased at an early time point such as 1 day after the topical application of 5% imiquimod cream. However, its expression returned to baseline levels 2 weeks after the topical application of imiquimod cream. CSMD1 expression also increased after the topical application of imiquimod, with increased expression particularly observed in the upper epidermal layer. Notably, CSMD1 expression decreased 7 days after imiquimod cream application. Conclusion: These results suggest that IL28RA and CSMD1 may play key roles in the pathogenesis of psoriasis.

• The Journal of Korean Medicine Ophthalmology and Otolaryngology and Dermatology
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• v.21 no.3
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• pp.10-19
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• 2008

Objective : To investigate the effects of Radix Ophiopogon japonieus on atopic dermatitis, I prepared DNCB(2,4-dinitrochlorobenzen) induced atopic dermatitis NC/Nga mice and observed the mice by four ways; eye observation, the number of skin behavior times, histological changes of skin and cytokine(Total IgE, IL-4, $IFN-{\gamma}$). Methods : After prepare Radix Ophiopogon japonicus extract, DNCB induced atopic dermatitis NC/Nga mice were divided into three groups. The first is Control group which was intact group. The second is Medication group which was orally medicated Radix Ophiopogon japonicus extract one time a day for consecutive 5 days. The third group is Application group which was applied Radix Ophiopogon japonicus extract externally one time a day for consecutive 5 days. After that, the effect of Radix Ophiopogon japonicus on atopic dermatitis was observed. Statistical analysis was performed by using Kmskal-Wallis test and statistical significance was set at less than 5%. Results : 1. Radix Ophiopogon japonicus showed some in both Medication group and Application At observation of skin morphologic change, effects to prevent erythema reaction on skin group. 2. At the number of scratching behavior times, Radix Ophiopogon japonicus showed an effect to decrease scratching behavior times, but there was no statistical significance among three groups. 3. At skin tissue H-E stain, Radix Ophiopogon japonicus showed an effect to prevent skin epidermal tissue damages and also showed that it could keep the skin healthy in both Medication group and Application group. Especially in Application group, the skin of mouse showed almost normal recovery. 4. At cytokines, there was no statistical significance among three groups in IgE and IL-4. But Radix Ophiopogon japonicus showed an significant effect to suppress $IFN-{\gamma}$ in both Medication group and Application group. There was no significant difference between two groups. Conclusion : Radix Ophiopogon japonicus has some effects on atopic dermatitis in both internal medication and external application.

• Food Science and Biotechnology
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• v.17 no.1
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• pp.130-134
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• 2008

Hypoglycemic effect of onion skin extract in vitro and in vivo was investigated. A methanol extract of onion skin inhibited yeast $\alpha$-glucosidase with an $IC_{50}$ of 0.159 mg/mL. A single oral administration of the onion skin extract (500 mg/kg) significantly lowered the postprandial area under the glucose response curve to starch (1 g/kg, p<0.05). Three-week-old db/db mice were fed an AIN-93G diet or a diet supplemented with a 0.5% onion skin extract for 7 weeks after a 1-week adaptation period. Consumption of onion skin extract significantly reduced the levels of plasma glucose, insulin, and blood glycated hemoglobin as compared with the control group (p<0.05). These findings suggest that onion skin is effective in controlling hyperglycemia in animal models of type 2 diabetes mellitus, at least in part by inhibiting $\alpha$-glucosidase activity.

• YAKHAK HOEJI
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• v.40 no.2
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• pp.155-162
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• 1996

Hyperkeratinization is a dermatologic disorder, which is due to the increase of corneocyte cohesion force. Glycolic acid, an alpha hydroxy acid(AHA), has been used to breakdown the hyperkeratinization processes. However, it has a problem of skin irritation when applied topically, due to the strong acidity especially in high concentration. A molecular optimization of glycolic acid has been tried to reduce the skin irritation by the way of prodrug formation. Ethyl glycolate was synthesized by the esterification of glycolic acid with ethanol in acidic conditions in the presence of sulfuric acid, and examined under the spectroscopic trials, such as UV, IR, $^1H$-NMR, and GC-MS. The physicochemical and biopharmaceutical properties of the prodrug were also evaluated. Through the toxicological tests of both skin irritation and eye mucous irritation, it has been proved that ethyl glycolate was less irritant than glycolic acid, since the pH value of synthetic prodrug was higher than that of glycolic acid. In the penetration test through nude mouse skin by diffusion cell, ethyl glycolate was continuously hydrolyzed to glycolic acid, which was assayed form the receptor compartment. It was obtained that the penetrated amount of ethyl glycolate was five times higher than that of glycolic acid. These results suggest that ethyl glycolate might be a successful prodrug of glycolic acid to reduce the skin irritation and to increase the skin penetration as well.