• Korean Journal of Ecology and Environment
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• v.48 no.2
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• pp.129-138
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• 2015

Forest vegetation of Geumsusan (1,016.0 m) and Doraksan (964.4 m) in Woraksan National Park is classified into mountain forest vegetation. Mountain forest vegetation is subdivided into deciduous broad-leaved forest, mountain valley forest, coniferous forest, riparian forest, afforestation and other vegetation. Including 77 communities of mountain forest vegetation and 5 communities of other vegetation, the total of 82 communities were researched; mountain forest vegetation classified by physiognomy classification are 37 communities deciduous broad-leaved forest, 16 communities of mountain valley forest, 8 communities of coniferous forests, 1 community of riparian forest, 15 afforestation and 5 other vegetation. As for the distribution rate for surveyed main communities, Quercus variabilis and Quercus mongolica communities account for 33.031 percent of deciduous broadleaved forest, Cornus controversa community takes up 29.142 percent of mountain valley forest, Pinus densiflora community holds 64.477 percent of mountain coniferous forest holds. In conclusion, minority species consisting of Quercus variabilis, Quercus mongolica, Pinus densiflora, Quercus serrata and Cornus controversa are distributed as dominant species of the uppermost part in a forest vegetation region in Woraksan National Park. In addition, because of vegetation succession and climate factors, numerous colonies formed by the two species are expected to be replaced by Quercus variabilis, Quercus mongolica, Cornus controversa and Fraxinus mandshurica which are climax species in the area.

• Korean Journal of Ecology and Environment
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• v.46 no.4
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• pp.570-580
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• 2013

The forest vegetation of the Deogyusan National Park is classified into mountain forest vegetation and riparian forest vegetation. Mountain forest vegetation in the forest vegetation is subdivided into deciduous broad-leaved forest, valley forest, coniferous forest, subalpine coniferous forest, shrub forest, afforestation and other vegetation. Including 192 communities of mountain forest vegetation and 3 communities of other vegetation, the total of 195 communities were researched; the distributed colonies classified by physiognomy classification are 61 communities deciduous broad-leaved forest, 55 communities of valley forest, 17 communities of coniferous forests, 6 communities of subalpine coniferous forest, 3 communities of shrub forest, 50 afforestation and 3 other vegetation. As for the distribution rate for surveyed main communities, Quercus mongolica, Quercus serrata, Quercus variabilis communities account for 66.00 percent of deciduous broad-leaved forest, Fraxinus mandshurica, Cornus controversa community takes up 64.40 percent of mountain valley forest, Pinus densiflora community holds 70.40 percent of mountain coniferous forest holds. In conclusion, minority species consisting of Quercus mongolica, Quercus serrata, Quercus variabilis, Fraxinus mandshurica, Cornus controversa, Pinus densiflora are distributed as dominant species of the uppermost part in a forest vegetation of Geochilbong in Deogyusan National Park. In addition, because of vegetation succession and climate factors, numerous colonies formed by the two species are expected to be replaced by Quercus mongolica, Carpinus laxiflora and Fraxinus mandshurica which are climax species in the area. However, the distribution rate of deciduous broad-leaved forest seems to increase gradually due to global warming and artificial disturbance.

• Steel and Composite Structures
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• v.21 no.5
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• pp.981-997
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• 2016

To avoid the cracks of cast-in-place concrete in shear pockets and seams in the traditional composite beam with precast decks, this paper proposed a new type of prefabricated steel truss-concrete composite beam (ab. PSTC beam) with pre-embedded shear studs (ab. PSS connector). To study the initial cracking load of concrete deck, the development and distribution laws of the cracks, 3 PSTC beams were tested under hogging moment. And the crack behavior of the deck was compared with traditional precast composite beam, which was assembled by shear pockets and cast-in-place joints. Results show that: (i) the initial crack appears on the deck, thus avoid the appearance of the cracks in the traditional shear pockets; (ii) the crack of the seam appears later than that of the deck, which verifies the reliability of epoxy cement mortar seam, thus solves the complex structure and easily crack behavior of the traditional cast-in-place joints; (iii) the development and the distribution laws of the cracks in PSTC beam are different from the conventional composite beam. Therefore, in the deduction of crack calculation theory, all the above factors should be considered.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.21 no.2
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• pp.176-185
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• 2007

This study investigated native Rubus coreanus community in Korea(Ulleung island and Jeju island excepted). The quadrates were located in the middle of the native Rubus coreanus habitats. As the result of the research, the patter of native habitats were found to be divided into mountain roadsides, second-transition rents, severely damaged rents in the mountain, strictly protected regions, and environmentally harsh regions. The research revealed 218 taxa in total, in which 71 families, 165 genera, 18 varieties,1 forma and 199 species were checked in the flora of the native Rubu coreanus habitats. In this flora, the perennial plants appeared in as much as 80.74% proportion and appearance-frequency of the compositae was highest, accounting for 7.80%.

• Journal of the Speleological Society of Korea
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• no.68
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• pp.75-98
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• 2005

Korea physiographic province is divided into two provinces which is northern Chugaryung graben zone and southern Chugraryung graben zone. Northern Chugraryung is also divided in to Gema block and Kohan block, and southern Chugraryung dividedinto Han block, Yongnam basin and Honam plain. The above mentioned macro geomorophic units is divided, mainly on the geotectonics. The meso geomorphic units is divided, based upon the regional distribution of topographic characteristic that is plateaus, mountains, mountain range, basins and great plain etc. Micro geomorphic units id into a mountain, a hill, a plain, and a lowland, and then it is formed by selfreliant topographic unit. And micro topographic (fan, peneplain, delta, etc) dealt with a characteristics unit. In this article has a disregarded amallest scale that is included flood plait natural levee, back marsh and oxbow lake etc. Accordingly, it shows macro units are meso units are 5, meso units are 53, micro units are 299. A study method of physiographic provincs prefered to aufsteigende and abstergands methoy. How to organically combine topographic factors can be seen in regional distribution of the peculiar topographic characteristics, for charage teristic of topographic makes a study on the topographic of micro unit such understanding as aufsteigende method. At the same time, since it can be studied systematically from marco unit to micro unit like the absteigende methods, I used both methods. And this establishment of physiographic province based on the scientific method depend on the base map of climate classification. Geology, Soil, Biology. I feel confident that it will be used the basic map for land use map, land classification map, study of geomorphology of Korea. And will be used for study of a topographic standard data.

• Journal of the Korean Geographical Society
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• v.49 no.2
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• pp.221-244
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• 2014

We suggested several implications by examining geochemical properties of sediments in Simjeok, Jangdo, and Hwaeomneup mountain wetlands which are natural preservation areas. Geochemical properties of wetland sediments show that all wetlands were included in the type of fens, but their distribution patterns were different from one another. We classified three sub-groups of sediments using the two step cluster analysis on the ratio of exchangeable cations. Wetland sediments can be grouped into Ca-dominated, Mg-dominated, and K-dominated types. Simjeok wetland have Ca-dominated sediments, while the sediments of Jangdo wetland indicate the Mg-dominated and Ca-dominated characteristics. Hwaeomneup wetland is composed of K-dominated sediment mainly. Different properties in the ratio are affected by various environmental factors such as geological, pedological, and vegetational settings. Because these geochemical properties will be affected by climate change and human impacts, these will be environmental indicator in mountain wetlands and be used in wetland management. This scheme can be used for classification of mountain wetlands. Therefore, we should work on geochemical properties of wetland sediments and classification schemes based on geochemical properties not only to widen understanding in geomorphic system or ecosystem of mountain wetlands but to conserve mountain wetlands properly.

• Korean Journal of Heritage: History & Science
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• v.52 no.1
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• pp.90-119
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• 2019

The purpose of this study is to investigate the significance of Buddhist stone art in the cultural zone of Mt. Bukhan. Mt. Bukhan witnessed the prevalence of Buddhist culture in and around it since the introduction of Korean Buddhism and served as the center of Buddhist culture in the nation, where new Buddhist temples continued to be built from the Three Kingdoms Period to the Joseon Period. Of the characteristics of its Buddhist culture, it is very noteworthy that the construction of military temples in and around it in the latter half of Joseon supported the function of Buddhist temples as basic places of worship. These military temples were closely related to the mountain's geopolitical location, traffic routes, and position in the national defense system-- its mountain fortress was an important defense facility. The stone art works of Mt. Bukhan can be categorized into various types, including stone stupas, stone pagodas, rock-carved Buddhas, stone Buddhas, towers and monuments (stone monuments), stone lanterns, flagpole supports, and rock-carved sarira pagodas. There are diverse types of stone art left on the mountain. As for its period characteristics, it is clear that the Buddhist art of Silla spread even to the Gyeonggi region, and that most of the works of stone art were created during the first half of Goryeo and the latter half of Joseon. Starting in Goryeo, the Buddhist temples of the mountain maintained close relations with the royal court by operating as the royal buddhist shrine for the royal family. In the latter part of Joseon, the construction of the Bukhan mountain fortress became the most important opportunity to produce stone art. As for the distribution of the stone artwork, it was usually created in the west part of the mountain from Unified Silla to the first half of Goryeo and in the southern and eastern parts of the mountain from the latter half of Goryeo to the latter half of Joseon. It is estimated that central Buddhist temples of the mountain changed due to Silla's military goal of advancing toward the west coast along the Han River in its early days and the construction of the Bukhan mountain fortress in the latter half of Joseon to protect the capital city. Finally, the stone art of Mt. Bukhan holds very high significance in art history because various types of stone art continued to be created on and around the mountain, the stone artwork of the mountain reflected representative styles for each period, and e rare and ofthe works produced on the mountain exemplified rare and unique styles.

• Atmosphere
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• v.18 no.3
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• pp.171-182
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• 2008

In this study, we analyzed the spatial and temporal distribution of wind resources over Korea based on hourly observational data recorded over a period of 5 years from 457 stations belonging to Korea Meteorological Administration (KMA). The surface and 850 hPa wind data obtained from the Korea Local Analysis and Prediction System (KLAPS) and the Regional Data Assimilation and Prediction System (RDAPS) over a period of 1 year are used as supplementary data sources. Wind speed is generally high over seashores, mountains, and islands. In 62 (13.5%) stations, mean wind speeds for 5 years are greater than $3ms^{-1}$. The effects of seasonal wind, land-sea breeze, and mountain-valley winds on wind resources over Korea are evaluated as follows: First, wind is weak during summer, particularly over the Sobaek Mountains. However, over the coastal region of the Gyeongnam-province, strong southwesterly winds are observed during summer owing to monsoon currents. Second, the wind speed decreases during night-time, particularly over the west coast, where the direction of the land breeze is opposite to that of the large-scale westerlies. Third, winds are not always strong over seashores and highly elevated areas. The wind speed is weaker over the seashore of the Gyeonggi-province than over the other seashores. High wind speed has been observed only at 5 stations out of the 22 high-altitude stations. Detailed information on the wind resources conditions at the 21 stations (15 inland stations and 6 island stations) with high wind speed in Korea, such as the mean wind speed, frequency of wind speed available (WSA) for electricity generation, shape and scale parameters of Weibull distribution, constancy of wind direction, and wind power density (WPD), have also been provided. Among total stations in Korea, the best possible wind resources for electricity generation are available at Gosan in Jeju Island (mean wind speed: $7.77ms^{-1}$, WSA: 92.6%, WPD: $683.9Wm^{-2}$) and at Mt. Gudeok in Busan (mean wind speed: $5.66ms^{-1}$, WSA: 91.0%, WPD: $215.7Wm^{-2}$).

• Journal of the Korean Geographical Society
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• v.51 no.5
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• pp.577-612
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• 2016

The distribution of boundary markers, set up during the Yimjin(1712) Boundary Making and Demarcation(YBMD), has less been addressed so far, although it is key material evidence on which we can reconstruct the whole processes of YBMD, together with the correction of widespread myths around YBMD. This paper aims to clarify the questions on the distribution of boundary markers associated with YBMD, built during August 1712 to September 1713, by reinterpreting the key documents of Actual Survey on them: Huh Ryang and Park Dosang(1913), Kim Woosik(1883), Lee Joongha(1885), Wu Luzhen(1907), Osone Seiji(1907), and Liu Jianfeng(1908), together with topographic maps by Japanese Imperial Army(1933), the report of expedition to Mt. Baekdu by Chungjin Teachers' College(1948), and the report of field survey by Jilin province's expedition(1957). As a result, the distribution of boundary markers built in 1712~1713 is successfully reconstructed, and summarized in the format of table and maps.

• Plant Resources
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• v.3 no.2
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• pp.152-162
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• 2000

This study was performed to investigate the resources flora of Mt. ManRoi(611.7m; 37$^{\circ}$51'N, 127$^{\circ}$ 20'E), during April 1995 to September 1998. The vascular plants, which were collected from the mountain were composed of all 382 taxa including cultivated species, and classified into 1 phylum, 4 classes, 34 orders, 87 families, 254 genera, 323 species, 1 subspecies,55 varieties and 4 forms. There were not rare and endangered species, while 7 taxa of Korean endemic plants, that is, Tricyitis dilatata, Clematis trichotoma, Deutzia coreana, Spiraea prunifolia var, simpliciflora, Forsythia koreana, Weigela subsessilis and Patrinia sanicalaefalia were distributed in this mountain. The vegetation of this investigated area is regarded as the boundary of the temperate middle part and temperate southern part in floral zone of the Korean Peninsula.