• Economic and Environmental Geology
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• v.40 no.1 s.182
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• pp.67-85
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• 2007

We have performed the CSAMT survey to examine the geoelectrical structure and groundwater distribution for two survey lines across the south-eastern region of Jeju Island. Three kinds of 1-D inversion techniques were employed taking account of the geological situation around the observation sites, and their inversion results were concurrently compared and analyzed to improve the reliability of interpretation. The resultant inverted resistivity structures reveals the three-layered structure, which is composed of the layers with a high-low-lower resistivity from the surface downward. Through the comparison of the inverted resistivity model and core log of deep borehole nearby observation sites, the lithology of each inverted layer was inferred. The first layer and second layer corresponded to the basaltic layer with a thickness of $100{\sim}250m$, and the third layer to the Seoguipo Formation and the U Formation; the thickness of the Seoguipo Formation could not be estimated due to the limitation of investigation depth and little resistivity difference between both Formations. Nevertheless, the Seoguipo Formation, which is strongly associated with the groundwater system in the south-eastern region of Jeju Island, showed the conspicuous spatial continuity from the middle mountain area to coastal area.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Soil and Groundwater Environment Conference
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• 2004.09a
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• pp.37-47
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• 2004

In Korea, over three hundreds of the coal mines were closed or abandoned due to the depression of the mining industry since the late 1980s. Many of them locate in the steep mountain valleys and the coal mine wastes had been disposed without a proper treatment From these mines, enormous amounts of coal mine overburdens have been abandoned in the slopes and the ample amounts of acid mine drainage (AMD) from either portal or overburdens have been discharging directly to the streams, causing the detrimental effects on soil and water qualities. Objectives of this research were to reclaim the coal mine overburdens using the lime waste cake from the soda ash production by stabilizing the overburden slopes, introducing the vegetation alleviate the environmental problems caused by the closed coal mines. The percentages of the grass distribution ratio (%) and the surface coverage ($\textrm{cm}^2$) in each treatment plot were determined during June to August after seed spraying grasses such as orchard grass (Dactylis glomerata L), Kentucky Bluegrass (Poa pratensis L.) and Eulalia (Miscanthus sinensis Anderss) at the end of May. The grasses covered only 15.5 % of the coal overburden plot at the early stage but the coverage was increased with time to 33% in August. Growth of such grasses was enhanced with the combined treatments of lime waste and topsoil resulting in the increased surface coverage by the grasses. The Increment of the surface coverage from June to August was higher with lime waste treatments. The distribution percentages and surface coverage were highest when the lime wastes were treated at 25 % of the lime requirement. This might be related with the high salt contents in the hire wastes. Results demonstrated that the amounts of lime wastes at 25% of the lime requirement were sufficient for neutralizing the acidic coal overburden and introducing the re-vegetation. Either layering between the coal waste and topsoil or mixing with coal overburdens could be adopted as the lime waste treatment method. The combined treatment of lime wastes and topsoil was recommended for re-vegetation in the coal overburden slopes. The lime wastes from the soda ash production might have a potential to be recycled for the reclamation of the abandoned coal mines to alleviate the environmental problems associated with coal mine waste.

• Journal of Korea Water Resources Association
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• v.49 no.2
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• pp.83-94
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• 2016

Geomorphological, bed material and hydraulic characteristics are basis informations for the planning, design and management of the river in the aspect of flood control and environmental conservation, and it is very important to use these informations for the design of stable channel. In this study, dominant discharge was selected, geomorphological and hydraulic characteristics were analyzed using that discharge and also the characteristics of bed materials distribution were analyzed and bed materials-flow resistance relationship was evaluated, for the upstream section of Namgang dam. The dominant discharge was estimated a return period of approximately 1.5 year and stream type were classified Segment 1 and Segment 2 in this stream. Also, the frequency of riffle-pool showed 4.4 because this study area has the characteristics of natural channel that have not channel-crossing structures. In dominant discharge, according to the results that analyzed relationship between $h/d_{50}$ and $V/u_*$ to calculate flow resistance by bed materials, Julian's formula showed to appropriate in channel where is relatively close to natural river and is predominantly consisted of gravel, cobble, boulder and rock in mountain, and it was confirmed that the image processing methodology will be easily applied to the analysis of bed materials distribution in future.

• Korean journal of applied entomology
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• v.41 no.4
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• pp.263-267
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• 2002

A faunistic survey was conducted to find Osmia bees to be used as an effective pollinator in apple orchards. Collections were carried out from more than 50 selected sites in mountainous areas throughout Korea for 3 years (1996-98) with providing bundle of bamboo traps (6-8 mm of inner diameter) as Osmia nesting site. Five species of Osmia ：O. cornifrons (Radoszkowsky), O. pedicornis Cockerell, O. taurus Smith, O. satoi Yasumatsu et Hirashima and O. jacotti Cockerell, were collected at the rates of 39.9-51.7, 28.3-53.7, 5.5-19.1, 0.8-0.9 and 0.0-0.1%, respectively. And O. cornifrons and O. pedicornis were the dominants with over 80% of total Osmia collected through the collections. Out of those bees collected, rates of female were 29-43% for O. cornifrons. 10-12% for O. pedicornis and 22-43% for O. taurus. When the collection sites of the dominant 3 species were grouped in relation to altitudes above the sea level, about 50% or more bees were collected form the higher sites (500m or higher) while 20% or less were from the lower sites (200m or lower). When the bamboo traps were placed at the same sites continuously for 3 years, number of O. cornrfrons and O. taurus collected was slightly increased while that of O. pedicornis was drastically decreased year after year. Nesting by Osmia bees seems to have started at around early April, peaked at early May and ended by Mid June, while nest competing species of Sphecidae and Eumenidae started nesting at around early June, peaked at early July and ended by the Mid August.

• Korean journal of applied entomology
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• v.15 no.2 s.27
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• pp.95-100
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• 1976

A distribution status of host plants for fruit-piercing moths was surveyed in Kocksung fruit growing area of Chonnam province during June to October, 1975. The results were summarized as follows; Main host plants of fruit·piercing larvae Smilax china L., Allizzia zulibrissim Dura, Cocculus trilobus Dc., Thalictrum aquilegifolium L., and Pterocarya rhoifolia Sieb & Zucc. Pterocarya rhoifolia Sieb & Zucc. were found to be distributed at mountain regions over 500m above sea level, while the other host plants were found to be distributed with in loom to 300m above sea level The moths was found from June 25th to Oct. 4th. Maximum emergence of the moths on plum an8 peach were about July 18th and on the grapes tree about August 31th. The moths collected from June 25th to Oct.4th were 17 spcies. Dermaleipa zuno Dalman $(35.7\%)$, Oraesia emaginata Fabriciul$(17.7\%)$, Oraesia excavata Butler $(12.9\%)$, Adrias tyramus amurensis Staduinger$(9.1\%)$, were collected much more than any other species; They accounted for approximately$70\%$ of total moths collected. In regards to the sugar contents of peach and plum, it was observed that the more the sugar concentrated, the more the fruits damaged. but the acid value of fruits had not shown any significant relationship with their attractants.

• Journal of architectural history
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• v.16 no.2
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• pp.137-152
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• 2007

The purpose of this article is making investigation of the principal composition of the twin-pagodas in Buddhist temple through ornaments of a case preserving relics of Buddha in the east and west pagodas of Gameunsa temple. This research has an important meaning in clarifying that the concept of placement two Buddhas together with lotus sutra, which was only applied to Bulkuksa temple, has been extended to Gameunsa temple. And this observation gave us a clear explanation for the principal composition at the twin-pagodas in Buddhist temple plans. The author obtained the following conclusion from this article : The cases preserving relics of the Buddha for the west and east pagodas are globally in similar form as the type of a royal palace. But the different points between eastern and western can be seen on the existence of Buddhist statues on the base floor, set-up of the gate at railings, and 4 lion statues at a coner of the base floor. In the western pagoda, there are Buddha statues above the base-floor of the cases preserving relics. These Buddha statues are composed of a boy monks and angels with playing music for the praise of the Sakyamuni Buddha lecturing the Lotus sutra at YoungChui Mountain. On the other hand, in the eastern pagoda, Buddha statues on the cases preserving relics are composed of a the Four Devas and monks as a defending God of the nation of Buddha. In the eastern pagoda, one can see something that does not exist in the western pagoda, which is a gate located in railing of a case preserving the relics. This gate described the scene of the Sakyamuni Buddha entering into the pagoda of 7 treasures. In a corner of the case preserving relics in the eastern pagoda, there is another thing which does not exist in the western pagoda. This is a sculpture of a lion which symbols the seat of Lion supporting the Buddha in the Dabotap(the pagoda of 7 treasures). When we observe the form and structure, the descriptions at the railings, the gate, the shrine, the statue of a lion, and the accessories in jewelries, at the cases preserving the relics in the eastern pagoda, one can realize that they have the same combination structures between the ones at Dabotaps in Bulguksa temple and those in China as well as in Japan, all of which represent the Gyun-Bo-Tap-Pum of Lotus Sutra. Among the distribution rules in the twin-pagodas in Buddhist temple, the application of the ideal of lotus was known to be effected only to Bulguksa temple. But from the result of the present article, it is more clearly proved by applying the Gameunsa temple that the distribution theory in the twin-pagodas in Buddhist temple was in fact based on the ideal of lotus.

• Journal of the Korean earth science society
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• v.41 no.6
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• pp.575-587
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• 2020

Meteorological phenomena are observed by the Korea Meteorological Administration in a variety of ways (e.g., surface, upper-air, marine, ocean, and aviation). However, there are limits to the meteorological observation of the planetary boundary layer (PBL) that greatly affects human life. In particular, observations using a sonde or aircraft require significant observational costs in economic terms. Therefore, the goal of this study was to measure and analyze the meteorological factors of the vertical distribution of the see-land breeze among local meteorological phenomena using meteorological drones. To investigate the spatial distribution of the see-land breeze, a same integrated meteorological sensor was mounted on each drone at three different points (seaside, bottom of mountain, and mountainside), including the Boseong tall tower (BTT) at the Boseong Standard Weather Observatory (BSWO) in the Boseong region. Vertical profile observations for air temperature, relative humidity, wind direction, wind speed, and air pressure were conducted up to 400 m every 30 minutes from 1100 LST to 1800 LST on August 4, 2018. The spatial characteristics of meteorological phenomena for temperature, relative humidity, and atmospheric pressure were not shown at the four points. Strong winds (~8 m s-1) were observed from the midpoint (~100 m) at strong solar radiation hour, and in the afternoon the wind direction changed from the upper layer at the inland area to the west wind. It is expected that the analysis results of the lower atmospheric layer observed using the meteorological drone may help to improve the weather forecast more accurately.

• Korean Journal of Remote Sensing
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• v.39 no.6_1
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• pp.1427-1435
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• 2023

Vegetation indices based on selected wavelength reflectance measurements are used to represent crop growth and physiological conditions. However, the anisotropic properties of the crop canopy surface can govern spectral reflectance and vegetation indices. In this study, we applied an ensemble of bidirectional reflectance distribution function (BRDF) models to high-resolution Sentinel-2 satellite imagery and compared the differences between correction results before and after reflectance. In the red and near-infrared (NIR) band reflectance images, BRDF-corrected outlier values appeared in certain urban and paddy fields of farmland areas and forest shadow areas. These effects were equally observed when calculating the normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) and 2-band enhanced vegetation index (EVI2). Furthermore, the outlier values in corrected NIR band were shown in pixels shadowed by mountain terrain. These results are expected to contribute to the development and improvement of BRDF models in high-resolution satellite images.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.28 no.5
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• pp.574-587
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• 2014

In this study, vertical distribution patterns of Quercus mongolica Fisch. ex Ledeb. and Q. serrata Murray in Korea were recognized and possibility of introgressive hybridization and gene flow between Q. mongolica and Q. serrata in Mt. Jiri was inferred by flavonoid analyses. The most critical factor on distribution patterns was the altitude in accordance with temperature condition. A zonal distribution was recognized: Quercus mongolica zone in the upper area and Q. serrata zone in the lower area. In Central Korea, the range of vertical distribution of Q. mongolica was above alt. 100m, almost everywhere, whereas that of Q. serrata was from alt. 0 m to alt. 500(-700) m, and the species is rare above that altitude. But in Southern Korea, Q. serrata is found up to above alt. 1,000 m, whereas frequency of Q. mongolica reduces as elevation in decline and the species is rare below alt. 300 m, even though pure stands being formed on higher mountain slope. Altitudinal distribution of the two species, however, overlaps, where the two species occur together. Thirty-seven individuals of Q. mongolica and Q. serrata in Mt. Jiri and other area were examined for leaf flavonoid constituents. Twenty-three flavonoid compounds were isolated and identified; they were glycosylated derivatives of the flavonols kaempferol, quercetin, isorhamnetin, myricetin, and four compounds among the flavonoid compounds were acylated. Kaempferol 3-O-glucoside, quercetin 3-O-glucoside, quercetin 3-O-galactoside and its acylated compounds were major constituents and present in all individuals. Quercus mongolica is distinguished from Q. serrata by the presence of quercetin 3-O-arabinosylglucoside and by high concentration of three acylated compounds, acylated kaempferol 3-O-glucoside, quercetin 3-O-glucoside, quercetin 3-O-galactoside, and by relatively low concentration or lacking of rhamnosyl flavonol compounds. There are intraspecific variations in flavonoid profiles for Q. mongolica and Q. serrata, the flavonoid profiles for individuals of two species in hybrid zone (sympatric zone) tend to be similar to each other, qualitatively and quantitatively. These findings strongly suggest that gene exchange or gene flow occurs through the introgressive hybridization between Q. mongolica and Q. serrata in Mt. Jiri. Therefore, Quercus crispula, occupying morphologically intermediate position between Q. mongolica and Q. serrata, is suspected of being a hybrid taxon of two putative parental species.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Traditional Landscape Architecture
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• v.38 no.1
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• pp.115-131
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• 2020

Through literature research and field investigation, this paper attempts to study the distribution, morphology and the typification of the visual and perceptual stone inscription in Wuyi-Gugok of China. The results are as follows: First, there are 350 stone inscriptions in total from the 1^st Gok to 9^th Gok in Wuyi-Gugok. Second, according to the analysis of the stone inscription distribution, 74(21.2%) stone inscriptions in the 5^th Gok, 67(19.2%) in the 6^th Gok, 65(18.6%) in the 1^st Gok, 60(17.2%) in the 2^nd Gok and 53(15.2%) in the 4^th Gok are confirmed. The above five Goks contain 319(91.1%) stone inscriptions, so they have rich cultural landscape. Third, according to the survey, the number of the stone inscriptions existed in the Sugwangseok of the 1^st Gok are 41(22.6%), in the Homagan of Cheonyubong of the 6^th Gok are 29(8.3%), in the Jesiam of the 4^th Gok are 23(6.6%), in the Nyeongam of the 2^nd Gok are 22(6.3%), in the Hyangseongam of the 6^th Gok are 21(6%), in the Unwa of the 5^th Gok are 19(5.4%), in the Bokhoam of the 5^th Gok are 18(5.1%), in the Eunbyeongbong of the 5^th Gok are 17(4.9%), in the Daejangbong of the 4^th Gok are 14(4%), in the Daewangbong of the 1^st Gok and the Geumgokam of the 4^th Gok are 12(3.4%). Thus, a total of 228 (65.1%) stone inscriptions are concentrated in these 11 sites, which represent the popularity and cultural value of these rocks. Fourth, the stone inscription of Wuyi-Gugok, praising the landform and topographical geological landscape of Mount Wuyi, mainly describe the scenic name of each Gok related to Zhu Xi's Gugok culture, appreciate Zhu Xi's tracks and the stone inscription in the sacred land of Neo-Confucianism culture, and also record the Confucian edification of mencius thoughts, Muigun(武夷君) and the myths and legends related to the site names of Wuyi mountain, which can remind people of the worldview of the celestial paradise where the gods live and the fairyland of the land of peach blossoms. In addition, it indicates that the historical and cultural landscape, which is full of colorful history and myths and legends, including allusions related to Confucian, buddhist and Taoist celebrities and the ancestor ancient things related to traditional culture of China is very diverse. Fifth, the results of the classification, based on the content of the stone inscription in Wuyi-Gugok, are classified as the scenery name inscription, the praise scene inscription, the recording travel inscription, the recording event inscription, the philosophy inscription, the expressing emotion inscription, the religion inscription, the inscription for auspiciousness, the slogan and expressing ambition inscription and the official document notice inscription, among which there are 102(29.1%) praise scene inscriptions, 93(26.6%) scenery name inscriptions and 61(17.4%) recording travel inscriptions. The stone inscriptions of Wuyi-Gugok have the characteristics of the special emphasis on scenery names, landscape praise and commemorative tours. Sixth, the analysis of the intertext between the 「Figure of Wuyi-Gugok」 and Wuyi-Gugok rock letters, in the study found that the method of propagation between media was mostly the method of propagation of quotations and maintained intermedia through extension, repetition, extension, and compression.