• Journal of the Korean Geographical Society
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• v.43 no.3
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• pp.276-295
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• 2008

Recent disputes on mountain ranges in Korea have partially been derived from the discordance of the spatial distribution and the extent of mountain ranges presented by different researchers and school textbooks. The lack of consensus on the definition and genesis of mountain ranges adds further confusion. In order to overcome these problems, it is necessary to provide genetically classified mountain range maps for different usages, map scales and educational purposes. This paper first argues that mountain ranges and mountain ridges should separately be used as different conceptual frameworks to explain complex spatial distribution of mountains in Korea. The new mountain range map (sanmaekdo) proposed in this research puts strong emphasis on tectonic movement and denudational processes to explain the spatial distribution of mountains. The new mountain range map has 15 mountain ranges (sanmaek: in total, which are further divided into 7 primary and 8 secondary mountain ranges. The new mountain range map eliminates Jeogyuryeongsanmaek, Myohyangsanmaek, Myeoraksanmaek, and Masingnyeongsanmaek from the existing map, since these have a vague definition and obscure spatial distribution. On the contrary, few new primary mountain ranges (Gilju-Myeongcheonsanmaek, Yangsansanmaek, Jirisanmaek) and secondary mountain ranges (Wolchulsanmaek and Buksubaeksanmaek) are added to the new mountain range map. Other mountain ranges also show a large difference both in their spatial distribution and the extent of mountain ranges, compared with the previous map. This is especially the case for Nangnimsanmaek, Hamgyeongsanmaek, Taebaeksanmaek, and Sobaeksanmaek. A few new names are also assigned to Macheollyeongsanmaek (Baekdusanmaek), Gwangjusanmaek (Hwaaksanmaek), Charyeongsanmaek (Chiaksanmaek), and Horyeongsanmaek (Naejangsanmaek), even though they show similar spatial distribution patterns with the ones in the existing map.

• The Korean Journal of Ecology
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• v.21 no.1
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• pp.105-112
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• 1998

Characteristics of species distribution in the Baekdoo Great Mountain Chain of Kangwon Province were discussed. Resulting from Detrending Correspondence Analysis based on the floristic composition of 48 mountains, the mountains of the Baekdoo chain tended to aggregate on DCA axis. it represented that there was the peculiar floristic composition of the Baekdoo chain separated from the other mountains. High altitude, longitude near the East Sea and large number of vascular species were main factors for the distribution pattern. And exponential relationships between endemic rare species and number of species were clarified. Even though the regions of the Baekdoo Great Mountain Chain had been conserved relatively well, many regions have been faced to be disturbed for tourism, agriculture, forestry, livestock industry and mining since the local autonomy. Thusm, the necessity for the establishment of large area network through the connection of scattered protected areas in the Baekdoo Great Mountain Chain was suggested. it would play a role as a core of nature conservation to sustain species diversity in Korea.

• Journal of The Geomorphological Association of Korea
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• v.28 no.2
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• pp.15-30
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• 2021

This study tried to reveal distribution of incision rate and the factors from fluvial terrace deposits on the western and eastern slopes in the Middle Sobaek Mountain Range, using OSL age dating and topographical analysis. An average incision rate of 0.220 m/ka was estimated in the western slope streams, while the streams on the eastern slope showed a lower average incision rate of 0.121 m/ka. These results seem to indicate that the study area experienced an asymmetric uplift. Patterns of incision rate in the study area were different from those in the Northern Sobaek Mountain Range, probably suggesting that the Sobaek Mountain Range experienced spatially different uplift patterns. Among the factors, which were considered to influence on distribution of incision rate in the study area (e.g., altitude of sampling point, distance from divide, distance from axis, channel width, and bedrock type), distance from axis showed the strongest relationship with incision rate. Therefore, uplift is thought to be the most significant factor in distribution of incision rate in the Middle Sobaek Mountain Range.

• Journal of The Geomorphological Association of Korea
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• v.24 no.1
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• pp.63-76
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• 2017

This research was classified mountain areas with high ecological, environmental and resource value among the macro scaled terrain that can be checked at the space scale of less than 1:1,000,000 and analyzed the topographical characteristics. It has been confirmed that the mountains of the Korean peninsula belong to the groups IV, V, VI(classification by Kapos et al.(2000)) as a result of applying the quantitative standards for designation of mountain areas to the global mountain system. The area of mountains calculated using high resolution DEM is equivalent to 48% of the area of the Korean peninsula, and the result is quite different from the general idea of which 70% is the mountain area of the Korean peninsula. The mountain areas show the distribution of geomorphons, that is different from the plains and the hills and also, it shows the differences between the mountains of the groups IV~ VI classified according to the altitude. As a result of analyzing the relations among type pattern, slope, and relief, specific geomorphons are concentrated at $10^{\circ}$ and $20^{\circ}$ and it shows the possibility to classify the mountainous areas into two groups based on the result that the distribution of landform patterns are bimodal in the relation to the amount of relief.

• Proceedings of the Ginseng society Conference
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• 2002.10a
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• pp.456-466
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• 2002

Wild ginseng production is increasing due to forest recovery for last 30 years. Total number of Symmani (traditional mountain ginseng digger) was 558 in 2001. Provincial distribution of Symmani in 2001 was highest in Kangwon $(32\%),$ next in Choongbook $(21\%)$ and least in Jeonnam $(0.7\%)$ and Kyoungnam $(0.9\%).$ Age distribution of Symmani was $33\%\;for\;fourties,\;32\%$ for fifties and $20\%$ for sixties. There were 8 persons in eighties. Symmanies are still keeping traditional ritual for mountain god serving clothes of colored ribbons and foods. Increased production induced open market system from underground dealing of mountain ginseng. Korea Mountain Ginseng Association established mountain ginseng assessment committee with professional Symmanies in 2001. From September to November in 2001, 987 roots were requested for quality assessment to the committee and 476 roots $(48\%)$ were passed and graded and others were rejected. Highest frequency of rejection was foreign origin. Pass rate was highest $(74\%)$ in Choongnam suggesting best place for quality. Number of collected roots in each province was positively correlated (p=0.05) with number of Symmanies. There are 3 quality groups of mountain ginseng, Heaven (pure natural), Earth (from seeding of wild ginseng) and Man (from seeding or seedling of wild ginseng with slight environmental modification). The relationship between price and age was polynomial in high quality root, Heaven, Earth and seed long head of Man group, and linear in low quality group, seedling long head of Man. The best one in 2001 was 26 g, 124 years old and sold with 109 million won. Quality criteria are age, shape, weight, color and healthy outlook. Fine roots are criteria for health status of roots and taproot is criteria for efficacy and called as medicine barrel. The implication is that ginsenosides have rarely been experienced for efficacy. The quality criteria of cultivated ginseng were originated from those of mountain ginseng. It is unique for mountain ginseng that only fresh one can be on market. Since quality criteria of mountain ginseng must be based on the efficacy experience it is well expected that present criteria might almost be established at the age of Shinnong Materia Medica.

• 한국태양에너지학회:학술대회논문집
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• 2008.11a
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• pp.81-84
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• 2008

This paper discussed the validity of wind force power generation in consideration of the topographical characteristics of Korea. In order to estimate the exact generation of wind power plants, we analyzed and compared wind resources in mountain areas and plain areas by introducing not only wind velocity, the most important variable, but also wind distribution and wind standard deviation that can reflect the influence of landform sufficiently. According to the results of this study, generation was higher at wind power plants installed in southwestern coastal areas where wind velocity was low than at those installed in mountain areas in Gangwondo where wind velocity was high. This suggests that the shape parameter of wind distribution is low due to the characteristics of mountain areas. and the standard deviation of wind velocity is large due to the effect of mountain winds, and therefore, actual generation is low in mountain areas although wind velocity is high.

• Journal of the Korean Solar Energy Society
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• v.28 no.6
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• pp.24-32
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• 2008

This paper discussed the Feasibility study of wind power generation considering the topographical characteristics of Korea. In order to estimate the exact generation of wind power plants, we analyzed and compared wind resources in mountain areas and plain areas by introducing not only wind speed, the most important variable, but also wind distribution and wind standard deviation that can reflect the influence of landform sufficiently. According to the results of this study, generation was almost the same at wind power plants installed in southwestern coastal areas where wind speed was low as at those installed in mountain areas in Gangwondo where wind speed was high. This demonstrates that the shape parameter of wind distribution is low due to the characteristics of mountain areas, and the standard deviation of wind speed is large due to the effect of mountain winds, therefore, actual generation compared to southwestern coastal areas is almost similar in mountain areas even though wind speed is high.

• Journal of The Geomorphological Association of Korea
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• v.25 no.3
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• pp.1-18
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• 2018

In Korea, 64% of the land is known as mountain area, but the definition and classification standard of mountain are not clear. Demand for utilization and development of mountain area is increasing. In this situation, the unclear definition and scope of the mountain area can lead to the destruction of the mountain and the increase of disasters due to indiscreet permission of forestland use conversion. Therefore, this study analyzed the variables and criteria that can extract the mountain boundaries through the questionnaire survey and the terrain analysis. We developed a mountain boundary extraction algorithm that can classify topographic mountain by using selected variables. As a result, 72.1% of the total land was analyzed as mountain area. For the three catchment areas with different mountain area ratio, we compared the results with the existing data such as forestland map and cadastral map. We confirmed the differences in boundary and distribution of mountain. In a catchment area with predominantly mountainous area, the algorithmbased mountain classification results were judged to be wider than the mountain or forest of the two maps. On the other hand, in the basin where the non-mountainous region predominated, algorithm-based results yielded a lower mountain area ratio than the other two maps. In the two maps, we was able to confirm the distribution of fragmented mountains. However, these areas were classified as non-mountain areas in algorithm-based results. We concluded that this result occurred because of the algorithm, so it is necessary to refine and elaborate the algorithm afterward. Nevertheless, this algorithm can analyze the topographic variables and the optimal value by watershed that can distinguish the mountain area. The results of this study are significant in that the mountain boundaries were extracted considering the characteristics of different mountain topography by region. This study will help establish policies for stable mountain management.

• Journal of Korean Society on Water Environment
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• v.27 no.5
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• pp.680-688
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• 2011

This study was performed to find out the distribution aspect of benthic macroinvertebrates according to altitude in a mountain stream (a main stream: Buk stream, a tributary: Hangye stream) of Seoraksan. The survey was conducted from August to November in 2010. All survey sites were very sound because the mountain was being maintained as a protection area of the national park. Water quality and the composition of substrata were similar in all sites. Benthic macroinvertebrates of 3 phyla, 4 classes, 9 orders and 84 species occurred in the stream. Along with the decline of altitude, shredders of the functional feeding groups (FFGs) decreased, while collector filterers increased. In particular, collector filterers increased sharply at the altitude of 600 ~ 500 m (S.E.L.). Benthic macroinvertebrates showed low similarity between the uppermost site and the lower sites. Altitude appeared to be a significant factor that influence the structure and distribution of benthic macroinvertebrate community.

• Atmosphere
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• v.19 no.4
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• pp.345-370
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• 2009

Numerical experiments using the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model were done to identify the role of the mountain ranges in the northern part of the Peninsula (referred as "the northern mountain complex"), in the occurrence of two heavy snowfall events over the Yeongdong region on 7-8 December 2002 and 20-21 January 2008. To this end, control simulations with the topography of the northern mountain complex and other simulations without the topography of the mountain complex were performed. It was revealed that the amount of snowfall over the Yeongdong region from the control simulation much more exceeded that of the simulation without the topography of the mountain complex. This increase of the snowfall amount over the Yeongdong region can be explained as follows: As the upstream flow approached the northern mountain complex, it deflected around the northern mountain complex due to the blocking effect of the mountains with a low Froude number less than ~0.16. This lead to the strengthening of northeasterly over the East Sea and over the Yeongdong region. The strong northeasterly is accompanied with much more snowfall over the Yeongdong region by intensifying air-mass modification over the sea and the orographic effect of the Taeback mountains. Thus, it was concluded that the topography of the northern mountain complex is one of the main factors in determining the distribution and amount of precipitation in the Yeongdong region when there is an expansion of the Siberian High toward the East Sea.