• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.94 no.4 s.161
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• pp.214-225
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• 2005

The mountain village development program in Korea started in the mountain villages, the 45.9% of total land and one of the typical marginal region, from 1995 to achieve the equilibrium development of national land and the sustainable mountain development in Chapter 13 in Agenda 21, and it has been accelerated to increase the happiness and the quality of life of mountain community residents through the expansion by province and the improvement of related laws and regulations. This study has been aimed to analyze the response of main stakeholder's -mountain village residents and local government officials - on mountain villages development, and to provide the future plan as community development. The survey and interview data were collected from the mountain villages which already developed 59 villages and developing 15 villages in 2003. The mountain village development program has achieved the positive aspects as community development plan in the several fields, - the voluntary participation of residents, the establishment of self-support spirit as the democratic civilians, the development of base of income increasement, the creation of comfortable living environment, the equilibrium development with the other regions. Especially the mountain residents and local government officials both highly satisfy with the development of base of income increasement and the creation of comfortable living environment which are the main concerns to both stakeholder. However through the mountain development program, it is not satisfied to increase the maintenance of local community and the strengthening of traditional value of mountain villages. Also to improve the sustainable income improvement effects, it is necessary to develop the income items and technical extension which good for the each region. In the decentralization era, it is necessary for local government should have the more active and multilateral activities for these. With this, the introduction of methods which the mountain community people and the local government officials could co-participate in the mountain villages' development from the initial stages and the renovation of related local government organizations and the cooperatives will be much helpful to the substantiality of mountain development program. Also it is essential for the assistance of central government to establish the complex plan and the mountain villages network for all mountain area and the exchange of information, the education and training of mountain villages leader who are the core factor for the developed mountain villages maintenance, the composition of national mountain villages representatives. In case the development proposals which based on the interests of the main stakeholder's on mountain community could be positively accepted, then the possibility of the mountain village development as one of community development will be successfully improved in future.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Environmental Restoration Technology
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• v.10 no.5
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• pp.51-57
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• 2007

In order to study the characteristics of vegetation structure in Gundal mountain, we investigated forest community using belt transect method at 30 sites in Gundal mountain. As the result of important value' calculation on over DBH 2cm, Pinus densiflora (56.8), Quercus mongolica (48.5), Pinus rigida(41.4), Castanea crenata (22.3), Quercus variabilis (22.3), Carpinus laxiflora (16.9), Quercus aliena (11.3), Sorbus alnifolia (8.6), and Quercus acutissima (8.5) were in the order of important value. According to the ordination analysis of Gundal mountain forest, Quercus mongolica was found in north face and high of mountain. Carpinus laxiflora was found in north face steep slope and middle of mountain. As DBH analysis, the study community will be dominated by Quercus species. The correlation between the forest community and environment factor could be thought as distinction by soil nutrition etc., but we need more study about environment factors.

• Journal of Ecology and Environment
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• v.41 no.8
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• pp.213-222
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• 2017

Background: This study was conducted to assess the physicochemical water quality and the altitudinal distribution of low-temperature and mountain epilithic diatom (LTMD) community in Buk and Hangae streams that are located in Seorak Mountain with the height of 1708 m in Korea. And the community characteristics of LTMD found in the Buk and Hangae streams were compared to that of LTMD from the Han River system. Results: The physicochemical water qualities of Buk and Hangae streams were determined to be very clean. As a result of analyzing the community composition, 135 taxa of epilithic diatoms were determined, and 22 taxa appeared including Hannaea arcus var. subarcus which are known to have low-temperature and mountain ecological characteristics in the literatures. The relative frequencies of LTMD were 37.0~0.9% range from the upper to lower regions. Although Diatoma tenuis, Eunotia minor, and Gomphonema affine are known to be ubiquitous in streams and lakes, in this research, the three taxa were added into low-temperature and mountain epilithic diatom, since D. tenuis and E. minor appeared only in altitudes above 600 m, and G. affine had the highest relative frequency during spring and fall in altitudes above 700 m, when water temperature was around $10^{\circ}C$. Conclusions: Among the 24 taxa of low-temperature and mountain epilithic diatom (LTMD) (including the 3 taxa added in this study), 14 taxa (Diatoma hyemalis, D. mesodon, D. tenuis, Hannaea arcus, H. arcus var. subarcus, Ulnaria inaequalis, Eunotia bilunaris, E. implicata, E. minor, E. muscicola, E. silvahercynia, E. septena, Delicata delicatula, and Gomphonema affine) represented the characteristics of LTMD very well; they grow best in water temperatures below $15^{\circ}C$ in Buk and Hangae streams and Han River system.

• Journal of Agricultural Extension & Community Development
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• v.7 no.1
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• pp.209-246
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• 2000

This study were carried out to establish the directions on ecoturism development in linking $rural\;{\cdot}\;mountain\;{\cdot}\;fishing$ villages together by led community dwellers for an alternative plan in order to economic active of $rural\;{\cdot}\;mountain\;{\cdot}\;fishing$ communities and reconstruction of community's cooperative organization and improvement and development of $rural\;{\cdot}\;mountain\;{\cdot}\;fishing$ village's domiciliative envirnment of Korea. The method of this research was chiefly used literature investigations and collections by field investigation in case of a few ecoturism resort of Korea. The result of this study were as follows : Ecoturism development in linking rural mountain fishing villages together by led community dwellers for an alternative plan in order to economic active of $rural\;{\cdot}\;mountain\;{\cdot}\;fishing$ communities and to reconstruct of community's cooperative organization and to improve and develope of $rural\;{\cdot}\;mountain\;{\cdot}\;fishing$ village's domiciliative envirnment of Korea will be effective to improve tourism environment. Especially, ecotoutism development will be effective and alternative plan in order to preserve $rural\;{\cdot}\;mountain\;{\cdot}\;fishing$ regions of our country's intact from the induction of act of pollution.

• Journal of Korean Society of Rural Planning
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• v.13 no.4
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• pp.43-51
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• 2007

The propose of this paper is to study a theory on the research of mountain village region in korea of globalization age. The theory of this study is over-depopulation region study, endogenous regional development theory and resident organization, localities and new regional studies The case of over-depopulation region study, which population and land use of mountain village region due to urbanization and industrialization are changed by external factors. However, the case of some region is changed by internal factors of community residents. The endogenous regional development theory and have approached by investment policy of authorities of the mountain village region development and resident organization. The development of mountain village region have to described simultaneously both behavior strategy of community residents and investment policy of the authorities. According to localities and new regional studies, which agricultural products of mountain village region is extended to big-scale city by the progress transportation-communication and globalzation So, the research of mountain village region have to explained together intra with inter region. In the future, the research of mountain village region has to described all of case of over-depopulation region study, endogenous regional development theory, localities and new regional studies.

• Journal of Environmental Science International
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• v.13 no.5
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• pp.441-448
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• 2004

The purpose of this research was to investigate and analyse the internal structural organisation of UK's urban fringe management initiatives and its roles. Caerphilly Mountain Countryside Service and Thames Chase Community Forest Initiatives were investigated. The Caerphilly Mountain Countryside Service Initiative operates through a tiered structure consisting of the Caerphilly Mountain Joint Committee, the Officers' Working Party, and the management team. The Thames Chase Community Forest Initiative is operated through a tiered structure comprising the Thames Chase Joint Committee and the management team. Although the role of each management initiative is invested differently in certain internal organisational bodies, such as the governance body and the management body, what is common to all the urban fringe management initiatives is that the governance body within each management initiative tries to speak with one voice to bring about an effective operation process, and the management team employs a variety of devices to secure the enrolment of a variety of interest groups in its operational processes.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Rural Architecture
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• v.21 no.3
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• pp.41-48
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• 2019

The purpose of this study is to understand whether the architecture of the mountain village conforms to the geography and local landscape, and become a unique scenic element. Also, the study is to grasp the status of the village landscape design elements. The methods and contents of the study were surveyed by field research with references in Biederbach community, an isolated mountain village in Southwestern Germany. The time frame for the survey research is July 2015. The contents of the study include the analysis of the village's landscape structure, architecture, and landscape design patterns. The following conclusions were reached through the above research process. First, the village landscape structure seen in the mid-distance view is the hilly scene of the alpine region, which houses the sloping terrain of Black Forest and surrounds the residential area with the grassland covered by the Black Forest. Second, the main elements of the town's landscape building are historical culture, traditional architecture, topology and nature, and artificial environmental design. Third, the landscape design utilizing the village's resources creates a sustainable community's residential environment.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.18 no.4
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• pp.351-358
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• 2004

This study was achieved to investigate the distribution state and the characteristic of Ageratina altissima community in five districts(90.15$\textrm{km}^2$), north of Seoul, Korea. Total distribution area of Ageratina altissima community was 1,860,805$m^2$ and the distribution rate of Ageratina altissima community was 23.7% in Yongsan-gu, Seoul and it was 13.7% in Joong-gu, Seoul including the Namsan-mountain. As a result of correlation between Ageratina altissima community and the actual vegetation, in case of the whole sites Ageratina altissima community was distributed mainly in the Robinia pseudo-acacia forest and in case of Namsan-mountain area it was distributed mainly in the lower layer of the Pinus densiflora forest especially. In case of the whole sites, the distribution ratio of Ageratina altissima community was highest in the Pinus koraiensis forest; on the other hand, it was highest in the Robinia pseudo-acacia forest with planted area excepting the Namsan-mountain. As a result of correlation between Ageratina altissima community and Green Covered Ratio(GCR), the more the distribution ratio of Ageratina altissima community was heigher, the more GCR was higher in case of canopy and understory layer. Especially the distribution ratio of Ageratina altissima community was most high where GCR was over 50%. As a result of correlation between Ageratina altissima community and aspect, Ageratina altissima community was distributed mainly to the west, so we suppose that Ageratina altissima community was distributed mainly in the lower layer of the Robinia pseudo-acacia forest which has fine canopy in the west. We should improve the Robinia pseudo-acacia forest to multi-layer natural forest to control the flourishing Ageratina altissima community in the long term.

• Journal of Korean Society of Rural Planning
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• v.3 no.2
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• pp.36-49
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• 1997

The drastic change of mountain community, which have led existing villages to a size reduction or an extinction, makes this study concentrate on finding out the new community unit as a spatial zone of dayily life and agricultural production. The communality which has played a key role in a aura settlement consistency has been focused on the socio-economic aspect till now, neglecting the spatia] nature. The settlement-communality( SC) putting a stress on the spatial aspect can be, therefore, shapec as being multi-dimensional, composed of both a horizontally areal coverage on the surface of the residential place and a vertically hierarchial relationship between settlements, by analyzing thro( elements of communality that are the economic, socio -cultural and spatial activities. The research site is located administratively in Milan-Myoun, Pyoungchang-Gun, Gangwon-Do that ha: the characteristics as a typical mountain community. The results of field survey of which the method i: to draw the activity zone from an interview with every village's head and some residents with th( prepared questionaire can be summarized as followings. Firstly, the SC in almost all villages tended to be weakened or extincted, none the less, the spatia zone of that overally enlarged and got out of natural village unit(hamlet). However the areal coverall on which the SC has an influence reaches up to the alliant domain of a few villages generally congruen with the lowest level administrative district, Secondly, the economic and social activity pattern in village life has a tendency to be directly linked with a upper central place, so that has induced the function of a central village in the middle-low settlement hierarchy to be largely shrinked. Not only the conventional residents'access to goods service but also the recent service-delivers'access to residents has gradually formed the vertical communality with direct linkage between the upper and the bottom level settlements Lastly, the enfeeblement of the SC in the lowest settlement level tends to be supplemented by enlarging the horizontal zone of the SC or especially by strengthening the vertical direct linkage system. The very this point makes the mountain community open to the external world and also makes the spatial unit of community be multi-dimensional just like a cubic.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.3 no.1
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• pp.1-15
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• 1989

To investigate the actual vegetation and the degree of green naturality(DGN) in Gaya Mountain National Park, forest communities were classified by phytosocialogical analysis according to physiognomy and Braun-Blanquet methods. Major forest communities were as follows: 1. Pinus densiflora community 1) P. densiflora-Rhododendron mucronulatum subcommunity 2) P. densiflora-Lespedeza maximowiczii subcommunity 3) P. densiflora-Sasa borealis subcommunity 4) P. densiflora-Carex siderosticta subcommunity 2. Quercus mongolica community group. 1) Q. mongolica-Rhododendron schlippenbachii community a) Typical subcommunity b) Vaccinium koreanum subcommunity 2) Q. mongolica-Sasa borealis community 3) Q. mongolica-Lespedeza maximowiczii community 3. Quercus serrata community 4. Carpinus laxiflora-Quercus serrata community 5. Rhododendron tschonoskii community 6. Lespedeza crytobotrya-Miscanthus sinensis var. purpurascens community The map of DGN was drawn according to the actual vegetaton map. The ratio of DGN 7 and 8 was 93.9% in Gaya Mountain National Park.