• Journal of the Korean Home Economics Association
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• v.34 no.3
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• pp.157-171
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• 1996

The purposes of this research were to investigate the general trends and differences of family members' satisfaction and attitudes related to mother's employment condition, to examine the correlations between every members' employment condition, to examine the correlations between every members' interactions, and to analyze the effects of related variables. To study these objectives, three kinds of questionnaire were used and the data were obtained through 780 parents and adolescents. The jmajor findings were as follows: 1) The general trends of family member's interactions showed that the score of relationship satisfaction between mother and adolescent was higher than father and adolescent. Nonemployed mothers and their children were more traditional in attitudes. 2) The correlations of family member's interactions were significant in satisfaction. Husband's occupational attitudes were related with wife's interactions were significant in satisfaction. Husband's occupational attitudes were related with wife's satisfaction, and parentadolescent attitudes were related each other in dual earner family. 3) Mother's marital satisfaction was affected by employment condition, communication satisfaction, husband's aid, support, satisfaction for employment condition, and father's was affected by communication satisfaction and wife's marital satisfaction. Adolescent's satisfaction with father was influenced by satisfaction with mother and mother's employment condition, and sex-role attitudes were influenced by employment condition and father's support.

• Journal of Families and Better Life
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• v.27 no.2
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• pp.111-122
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• 2009

The relations of mothers' attitudes regarding maternal employment to mothers' psychological well-being, mothers' parenting sensitivity and children's social competence were examined for mothers who worked full-time (extensively) from age 6 months of their children on, mothers who were not employed, and mothers who worked part-time or inconsistently during their children's early years. Longitudinal observations of 1,034 mothers and children in the NICHD Study of Early Child Care from age one month to first grade were analyzed using structural equation models. As predicted, mothers and children benefited when maternal attitudes were consistent with mother's actual employment status. Among extensively employed mothers, those with positive attitudes about employment had better psychological well-being; among mothers who were not employed, those who believed that maternal employment would have negative consequences for children's development reported better psychological well-being. The findings suggested that whether the mother's status of employment is congruent with their beliefs, not whether the mother is working or not, predicted the mother's well-being and their child's social development.

• Journal of the Korean Home Economics Association
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• v.41 no.7
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• pp.121-143
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• 2003

The purpose of this study was to show general trends in the psychological environment of family and problem behaviors perceived by adolescents and examine possible changes in such trends in accordance with the individual variables of adolescent, and then find out the effect of these variables on adolescents' problem behavior. The subject were 1374 adolescents of middle school in Busan(male 698, female 676). The main results were as follows : (1) General trends in the degree of parental monitoring showed that girls had more high than boys, and in the degree of family discord, boys showed more high than girls. In the degree of openness of parent-adolescent communication perceived by adolescents showed that girls had more open communication with mother than boys. Such trends in problem behaviors indicated that adolescents had the attention problem most. According to gender, girls had more problems in withdrawal, somatic complain, anxiety/depression, thought problems, attention problems, destructivity/identity, internalizing problems, total behavior problems in comparison to boys. Boys did delinquent behaviors more than girls. (2) For boys, the monthly income of their family, family discord, and the mother-adolescent communication have a significant direct effect on internalizing problems, externalizing problems and total behavior problems. Besides mother's employment and the type of family have a significant indirect effect on behavior problem. For girls, mother's employment, parental monitoring, family discord, and father-adolescent communication have a significant direct effect on internalizing problems. Mother's employment, family discord, mother-adolescent communication have a significant indirect effect on externalizing problems and total behavior problems. Bisides mother's employment, grade, the type of family, dating have a significant indirect effect on behavior problem. (3) The variables to have a significant influence on the parental monitoring showed as the monthly income of their family, dating, mother's employment, the type of family, the family discord showed as mother's employment on the parent-adolescent communication showed as the type of family. (4) Family discord was the most powerful predicator of problem behaviors of middle school students.

• Journal of the Korean Home Economics Association
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• v.30 no.3
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• pp.307-324
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• 1992

The purpose of this study was to examine the relationships among maternal behavior, their children's social competence and the variables related to maternal employment. The subjects were 245 4th-6th grade elementary school children and their working-mother. Park, and Lee(1990)'s KMBI and Pease et al.(1979)'s ISCS were used to measure maternal child-rearing behavior and children's social competence respectively. The major findings were as follows : 1. The significant differences in children's social competence were found according to mother's satisfaction with job and preference to job, the degree of father's support, birth order, income level, and father's educational level. 2. The significant differences in mother's child-rearing behavior were found according to mother's preference to job and the motivation of employment, the degree of father's practical support, and parental educational level. 3. Through the path analysis, maternal employment variables related directly or indirectly to each factor of social competence were identified.

• Korean Journal of Child Studies
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• v.11 no.2
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• pp.98-113
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• 1990

The purpose of this study was to examine how children perceive their mothers' employment. The subjects were 471 elementary school children(4th. 5th. and 6th graders) of working mothers. The instrument used in the present study was a questionnaire consisting of sociodemographic variables and 5 indices. The data were analyzed with multiple regression and stepwise multiple regression. It was found that the child's knowledge about mothers employment, the child's perception of how he/she is affected by having a working mother, the child s perception of mothers feelings about her employment. and the child's perception of mother's interest in him/her predicted the child's attitude toward his/her mother's employment.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Culture
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• v.33 no.3
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• pp.236-242
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• 2018

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the nutritional knowledge and dietary behaviors of middle school students according to their mother's employment status. Of all 453 subjects, 52.1% were boys, and 67.5% of the mothers were employed. The total score of nutritional knowledge was 8.0 out of 10 for students with a non-working mom and 7.7 for those with a working mom, showing no significant difference. Among the 20 nutritional knowledge questions, correct answer rates for "lots of fruits may be eaten because of not gaining weight" (72.6% vs. 81.6%, p<0.05) and "eating raw carrots is better than eating fried ones with oil" (34.6% vs. 44.9%, p<0.05) were significantly higher in students with a working mom. The regularity of meals showed a significant difference according to the mother's employment, indicating that responses of "very regular" (62.4% vs. 72.1%) were high among students with a non-working mom and responses of "skipping breakfast" (31.4% vs. 19.7%) were higher in students with a working mom (p<0.05). The number of snacks a day was also significantly different according to the mother's employment, showing that 12.8% of the students with a working mom and only 3.4% of them with a non-working mom did not eat snacks at all (p<0.05). These results reveal no significant difference in middle school students' nutritional knowledge according to their mother's employment status; however, the students whose mother had a job were more likely to have more undesirable dietary behaviors such as irregular meals and snacking.

• Journal of Labour Economics
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• v.31 no.1
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• pp.135-162
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• 2008

This paper analyzes the impact of the mother's employment on her time investment in children's career decisions. Parental conversations with high school children and the parents' effects on children's career decisions are used as the proxies for the quantity and quality of time investment, respectively. For the empirical analysis, IV ordered-probit regressions are fitted to the KLIPS data. Other things being equal, the mother's employment does not cast any statistically significant impact on the quantity and quality of time input for children in high school. The effect of mother's employment on her time investment in children is positive for professional jobs while negative for nonprofessional jobs, but both lack the weight of statistical significance.

• International Journal of Human Ecology
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• v.13 no.2
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• pp.15-25
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• 2012

This study examined the parenting beliefs and the achievement pressure of Korean mothers with five to seven year old children. The maternal parenting beliefs criterion (Ahn, 2001) and achievement pressure criterion (Hong, 2001) have been applied to 212 mothers living in Seoul or Kyonggi-Do area and analyzed. The results showed that the maternal parenting beliefs were influenced by the child's gender, while the maternal achievement pressure was not. And significant difference was seen only in between the educational background and the maternal parenting beliefs, and the employment status and interaction effects were not shown.

• Korean Journal of Human Ecology
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• v.5 no.2
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• pp.73-86
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• 1996

The purpose of this study was to examine the stressors of students in high school. Demographic data such as educational level of parents, mother's employment, family type, level of living, and students' growing place and their sex. The data were analyzed by t-test, one-way ANOVA, and Ducan Multiple Range Test. Students' stressors showed partial sex differences in each sub-category. Females feel more stress greater physical and mental health, sibiling relationship, whereas males feel more stress greater girl and boy friends. Students' stressors showed partially significant differences in only home environment and family stressors according to demographic variables. That is, home environment stressors differed in educational level of parents, mother's employment, family type, level of living, and students' growing place except mother's employment. Family stressors showed partially significant differnces in only family type and level of living.

• Journal of the Korean Home Economics Association
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• v.44 no.9
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• pp.89-101
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• 2006

The purpose of this study was to provide better understanding of longitudinal effects of early maternal employment on mother-child relationship using 1364 families participating the NICHD Study of Early Child Care in the U.S. Based on the information on maternal employment from 6 months after the child's birth, three employment groups were created: mothers who had always worked more than 30 hours per week, mother who had worked part-time or had been inconsistently employed, and mothers who had never worked. At 36 months, mothers who had extensively employed for the first 36 months showed significantly lower level of supportive presence compared to mothers who had never worked. Mothers who had partly employed for the first year of child's life displayed higher level of supportive presence at 36 months compared to mothers in the other two 12 month employment groups. No other significant employment group differences were found in the mothers' respect for child's autonomy and hostility at 36 months. At first grade, mothers in three employment groups were not different in their relationship with their child. The findings suggested that maternal employment, specifically early extensive maternal employment, does not consistently predict lower quality of mother-child interaction in two or three years later.