• Journal of Wetlands Research
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• v.6 no.4
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• pp.59-69
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• 2004

Constructed wetlands are regarded as an important water treatment system for agricultural water quality improvement and management. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the application of subsurface flow wetland(SFW), using the Pharagmites australis as macrophytes, and to clarify the basic and essential factors to be considered in the construction and management of constructed wetlands. This study was carried out relatively short hydraulic residence time(HRT), 6hr ~ 72hr (3days), using eutrophic reservoir water with relatively low concentrations of influent and large quantity to be treated. The effluent satisfied the criteria of agricultural water quality. Removal efficiencies of Biochemical oxygen demand(BOD), Chemical oxygen demand(COD), Suspended solids(SS) and Chlorophyll a(Chl-a) were high in HRT 24hr, not any more significant increasement of removal efficiencies in HRT 48hr and 72hr. However, removal efficiencies of nitrogen and phosphorus increased as HRT increased, showing the highest efficiency at the 72hr of HRT in nitrogen, and 48hr in phosphorous. The SFW was very effective system for reservoir water quality improvement, and had the advantages of the reduction of purchasing cost to land required, lack of odors, and harmful insects, especially mosquito, the improvement of the scenic beauty and minimal risk of public exposure. Therefore, it was evaluated that the SFW was very available water treatment system for the water quality improvement of agricultural reservoir. However, it was need to consider with application of the SFW in high cost of construction and troublesome of management.

• Korean journal of applied entomology
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• v.28 no.3
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• pp.167-174
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• 1989

A confined field assessment on the integrated control of vector mosquitoes (Anopheles sinen- sis and Culex tritaent'orhynchus) was conducted by timely treatment of Bacillus thuringiensis(H-14) formulation in the presence of larvivorous fish (Aplocheilus lalipes) in natural rice fields of $30,000M^2$ at Yongam, South Korea Cholla Province from July through October in 1988. In presence of larvivorous fish (Aplocheilus) at lower density of 0.6 fish per $M^2$ water surface, mosquito vector control rates ranged 55. 0~57. 6% from July through August, and when the mosquio density started to increase with over 10 larvae on the average per sample, B.t.(H-14) formulation treatment at the rate of 1. 0 Kg/ha made 100% vectors reduc¬tion in 24 hours, the control sustained above 98% until the test was terminated on October 11th. In the fish introduced rice paddies with Aphyocypris chinensis at the density of above 1. 5 fish per $M^2$, a satisfactory degree of vector control was obtained by 88. 2~96. 7% in 2 week period until September 21st. In the absence of larvivorous fishes, B.t. (H-14) treatment made 100% control in 24 hours, however, vector population rebound appeared in day 7, required to make additional treatment to suppress population down.

• The Journal of the Convergence on Culture Technology
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• v.6 no.2
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• pp.437-447
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• 2020

The purpose of this study is to research the countermeasures and expected effects through the use of drones in the field of disaster prevention as a drone-based smart quarantine performance method. The environmental, market, and technological approaches to the review of the current quarantine performance task and its countermeasures are as follows. First, in terms of the environment, the effectiveness of the quarantine performance business using drone-based control is to broaden the utilization of forest, bird flu, livestock, facility areas, mosquito larvae, pests, and to simplify and provide various effective prevention systems such as AI and cholera. Second, in terms of market, the standardization of livestock and livestock quarantine laws and regulations according to the use of disinfection and quarantine missions using domestic standardized drones through the introduction of new technologies in the quarantine method, shared growth of related industries and discovery of new markets, and animal disease prevention It brings about the effect of annual budget savings. Third, the technical aspects are (1) on-site application of disinfection and prevention using multi-drone, a new form of animal disease prevention, (2) innovation in the drone industry software field, and (3) diversification of the industry with an integrated drone control / control system applicable to various markets. (4) Big data drone moving path 3D spatial information analysis precise drone traffic information ensures high flight safety, (5) Multiple drones can simultaneously auto-operate and fly, enabling low-cost, high-efficiency system deployment, (6) High precision that this was considered due to the increase in drone users by sector due to the necessity of airplane technology. This study was prepared based on literature surveys and expert opinions, and the future research field needs to prove its effectiveness based on empirical data on drone-based services. The expected effect of this study is to contribute to the active use of drones for disaster prevention work and to establish policies related to them.

• Journal of Sericultural and Entomological Science
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• v.54 no.1_2
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• pp.17-22
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• 2016

Rearing environment direct effects on oviposition preference of black soldier fly(Hermetia illucens). In this study, the number of egg-filled flutes was surveyed according to the size of adult rearing cages and oviposition media of black soldier fly (BSF). The height of the adult rearing cages were fixed at 2 m and provided different sizes of width and length and released 20,000 BSF adults in the rearing cages. The mean number of BSF egg-filled flutes was 895.4 at $4{\times}4m$ cage, 876.3 at $2{\times}1m$ cage and 62.3 at $1{\times}1m$ cage. Comparison of egg-filled flutes was according to cages material of adult BSF. The mean number of egg-filled flutes were 820.7 and 604.3 at different cage materials such as mosquito net and green house film. The mean numbers of egg-filled flutes were 326.6 in green floral form, 135.2 in green corrugated cardboard and 41.0 in brown corrugated cardboard. And the mean number of egg-filled flutes were similar floral form with the corrugated cardboard was overlapped by floral form such as 57.7 and 64.7. The mean number of egg-filled flutes was 29.0 and 48.2 in 6 mm and 4 mm diameter of oviposition hole.

• Parasites, Hosts and Diseases
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• v.29 no.1
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• pp.67-86
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• 1991

In order to determine the seasonal prevalence and population dynamics of Culex tritaeniorhynchus in relation to the epidemics of Japanese encephalitis, and ecology of these vector mosquito in Kyungpook Province, Korea, studies were con- ducted during the Period of 7 years from 1984 to 1990. Cx. tritaeniorhynchus first collected in June between 4th and 28th, and trapped in large numbers during the period from mid-August to early September, showed a simple sharply pointed one-peaked curve. There was a gradual decrease from mid-September, with a very small number of them collected until early October in every year. The average number of Cx. tritaeniorhynchus rapidly decreased after 1985, and the number became particularly low in 1989. The highest population density, which was observed in August during the initial three years, was found to be delayed in the following years, accompanied by a decrease in the number of mosquitoes. In the trend of nocturnal activity of Cx. tritaeniorhynchus, with oncoming darkness they become very active, gradually decreasing in activity toward mid night, but slightly increasing toward dawn. The immature stages of Cx. tritaeniorhynchus were first found in rice fields contributing to peak adult densities in mid-July. The highest average densities of Cx. trisaeniorhynchus was 14,900 per m2 on mid-August 19th. The larval Cx. tritaeniorhynchus showed high resistance levels and resistance ratios against 5 organophosphorus compounds. In the adult horisontal life table characteristics of Kyungsan colonies of Cx. tritaeniorhynchus under insectary condi- tions, life expectancy was 28.3 days for males and 59.8 days for females. The net reproductive rate was 7.8 and generation time was 25.6 days.

• Pediatric Infection and Vaccine
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• v.16 no.1
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• pp.54-60
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• 2009

Purpose : Yellow fever, a mosquito-borne viral hemorrhagic fever, is one of the most lethal diseases. Recently there have been an increasing number of Korean children who have travelled to yellow fever endemic zones and were administered yellow fever vaccine (YFV). Therefore, we carried out this study to provide child travelers with safety information of YFV. Methods : This study was conducted at the International Clinic of National Medical Center in Seoul between April 2007 and June 2008 for the evaluation of adverse events of YFV. One hundred twenty-five children received YFV (17-DD) and were prospectively monitored for adverse events through telephone interviews on day 3, 6, 9, 16, 23 and 30 after vaccination. Results : Adverse events were observed in 31 (24.8%) of 125 child travelers who received the YFV. The mean age was 12.5${\pm}$5.0 years. Sixty-six of the child travelers (52.8%) were males. The common adverse events were pain in 11 (8.8%), swelling in 8 (6.4%) and redness in 7 children (5.6%) at the injection site. The systemic adverse events included mild fever in 5 (4.0%), headache in 5 (4.0%), cough in 4 (3.2%), abdominal pain in 3 (2.4%), and vomiting in 2 children (1.6%). Most of the adverse events were detected within 7 days of administration and there were no differences in adverse events by gender or age. All travelers who had complained of symptoms improved spontaneously or following symptomatic treatment. Conclusion : This study showed that YFV is well-tolerated and there were no reports of severe adverse events. Studies are ongoing to clarify the cause and risk factors for rare adverse events.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• v.29 no.10
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• pp.1665-1674
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• 2019

Zika virus (ZIKV) is a mosquito-transmitted, emerging Flavivirus that causes Guillain-$Barr{\acute{e}}$ syndrome and microcephaly in adults and fetuses, respectively. Since ZIKV was first isolated in 1947, severe outbreaks have occurred at various places worldwide, including Yap Island in 2007, French Polynesia in 2013, and Brazil in 2015. Although incidences of ZIKV infection and dissemination have drastically increased, the mechanisms underlying the pathogenesis of ZIKV have not been sufficiently studied. In addition, despite extensive research, the exact roles of individual ZIKV genes in the viral evasion of the host innate immune responses remain elusive. Besides, it is still possible that more than one ZIKV-encoded protein may negatively affect type I interferon (IFN) induction. Hence, in this study, we aimed to determine the modulations of the IFN promoter activity, induced by the MDA5/RIG-I signaling pathway, by over-expressing individual ZIKV genes. Our results show that two nonstructural proteins, NS2A and NS4A, significantly down-regulated the promoter activity of IFN-${\beta}$ by inhibiting multiple signaling molecules involved in the activation of IFN-${\beta}$. Interestingly, while NS2A suppressed both full-length and constitutively active RIG-I, NS4A had inhibitory activity only on full-length RIG-I. In addition, while NS2A inhibited all forms of IRF3 (full-length, regulatory domain-deficient, and constitutively active), NS4A could not inhibit constitutively active IRF3-5D. Taken together, our results showed that NS2A and NS4A play major roles as antagonists of MDA5/RIG-I-mediated IFN-${\beta}$ induction and more importantly, these two viral proteins seem to inhibit induction of the type I IFN responses in differential mechanisms. We believe this study expands our understanding regarding the mechanisms via which ZIKV controls the innate immune responses in cells and may pave the way to development of ZIKV-specific therapeutics.

• The Journal of the Korea Contents Association
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• v.19 no.2
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• pp.259-268
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• 2019

Dengue virus is a typical mosquito-borne virus, and the half of the world's population is exposed to infection. Dengue virus causes relatively mild symptoms such as dengue fever. However, when not treated properly, it is known to cause severe symptoms such as dengue hemorrhagic fever and dengue shock syndrome with a mortality rate of over 20%. Development of dengue virus detection technology is very important because it is reported that early diagnosis of dengue fever can lower the mortality rate to less than 1%. In this study, patent search related to dengue virus detection technology was conducted in Korea, USA, Europe, Japan, and China. The quantitative analysis of 69 validated patents from the searched patents was conducted by country, year, and patent holder. In addition, in-depth analysis was carried out by classifying into three categories: molecular diagnostics, immuno-diagnostics, and cell culture-based diagnostics from all validated patents. From these results, we analyzed the patent trend related to dengue virus detection and dengue fever diagnosis technology and discussed the features and limitations of molecular diagnostics and immuno-diagnostics at present level. Furthermore, we discussed the direction of technology development and future prospects to overcome limitations.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.45 no.4
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• pp.1-10
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• 2017

This study investigated indoor temperature and humidity control and PM1 and PM10 mitigation effects of a single green wall (Case 1), two green walls (Case 2), and two green walls plus a waterfall (Case 3) in comparison with a control without either a green wall or waterfall. Experiments were conducted in the office of Chungbuk National University from August to September, 2015. Experiments were carried out sequentially in the order of control, Case 1, Case 2, and Case 3. Data collected from August 17 to August 20, 2015 (Experiment 1), and from August 31 to September 3, 2015 (Experiment 2), when outdoor temperature was relatively constant, were analyzed. Plant volume ratios by indoor landscaping of the control, Case 1, Case 2 and Case 3 were 0.0, 0.6, 1.2, and 1.4%, respectively. Compared to the control, average temperatures of Case 1, Case 2 and Case 3 were decreased by 0.3~0.7, 0.7~0.9 and $1.0^{\circ}C$, respectively, and relative humidity was increased by 1.8~8.7, 9.2~14.6 and 14.8~21.9%, respectively. Three hundred minutes after exposure to mosquito repellent incense particles, the ratio of the remaining PM1 of the control, Case 1, Case 2 and Case 3 were 25.0, 22.0%, 21.2%, 17.3%, respectively, in Experiment 1 and 42.3, 28.9, 23.1, and 30.9%, respectively, in Experiment 2. As indoor greening increased the effect of indoor temperature, PM1 and PM10 mitigation were greater, and temperature and humidity were lower. The greater the relative humidity was, the faster PM1 and PM10 mitigation tended to be.

• The Korean Journal of Pesticide Science
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• v.15 no.3
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• pp.254-268
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• 2011

Fenoxycarb, pyriproxyfen and methoprene are juvenile hormone mimic insecticide. These insecticides have been widely used for mosquito, fly, scale insects, and Lepidoptera. The purpose of this study was to develop a simultaneous determination procedure of fenoxycarb, pyriproxyfen and methoprene residues in crops using HPLC-UVD/MS. These insecticide residues were extracted with acetone from representative samples of four raw products which comprised brown rice, apple, green pepper, and Chinese cabbage. The extract was diluted with saline water, and then n-hexane/dichloromethane partition was followed to recover these insecticides from the aqueous phase. Florisil column chromatography was additionally employed for final clean up of the extract. The analytes were quantitated by HPLC-UVD/MS, using a $C_{18}$ column. The crops were fortified with each insecticide at 3 levels per crop. Mean recovery ratios were ranged from 80.0 to 104.3% in four representative agricultural commodities. The coefficients of variation were less than 4.8%. Quantitative limit of fenoxycarb, pyriproxyfen, and methoprene was 0.04 mg/kg in crop samples. A HPLC-UVD/MS with selected-ion monitoring was also provided to confirm the suspected residues. The proposed simultaneous analysis method was reproducible and sensitive enough to determine the residues of fenoxycarb, pyriproxyfen and methoprene in the agricultural commodities.