• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
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• 제26권4호
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• pp.43-49
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• 1998

The availability of large quantities of waste woods provides an impetus for investigating woody biomass potential uses. Polyurethane (PU) foams are prepared with reacting isocyanates and polyols, and are used. in various industry fields. Thus, lignocellulosic waste raw-materials are proposed as replacement for synthetic polyol to PU foam formulation. In this study PU foams were manufactured from liquefied woods, methanediisocyanate(MDI), catalyst, foaming stabilizer, and viscosity aids. The polyol content, isocyanate.hydroxyl group (NCO/OH) ratio, and water content were varied to evaluate their effects on the foaming and water absorption of the PU foams. Less than 400 Molecular weight. of polyethylene glycol(PEG) and 1 to 3 solvent to woody raw-material ratio were desirable for liquefying woody materials. Liquefying rate was increased with more than 3 % addition of inorganic and organic catalysts and raising reaction temperature more than $150^{\circ}C$. Addition of starch enhanced liquefying of woody materials. Fourty percents of starch resulted in about 90% liquefying rates. Foaming rates were increased with increasing moisture contents of liquefied wood. Moisture contents of 0.6% resulted in 5 time-foaming rates, and seven percents of moisture contents more than 30 time-foaming rates. But, an increase in water content may result in a decrease in cross-links between wood polyol and isocyanate, because the NCO/OH ratio is constant. Increasing moisture contents have significantly decreased density of PU foams. The optimum water content should be about 2.5% or less in this adopted condition.

• 대한임상검사과학회지
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• 제46권3호
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• pp.91-98
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• 2014

Primary gastric lymphoma (PGL) is derived from mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT) and it differs from nodal lymphoma in histologic features and biologic behavior. Recent studies have showed that Helicobacter pylori (H.pylori ) infection is closely related to the development of low grade gastric lymphoma, and eradication of the infection induces regression of the tumor. H. pylori infection is known to be important to the development of gastric MALT lymphoma. The aim of this study was to elucidate the histopathological behavior of PGL according to the concept of MALT and to compare the predictive value of tests frequently used for diagnosis of H. pylori. The histological features of gastric lymphoma arising from MALT are the replacement of glands by uniform dense infiltration of centrocyte-like cells in the lamina propria and lymphoidepithelial lesion. H. pylori-associated histologic changes of neutrophilic infiltration, lymphoid follicle or aggregates formation and intestinal metaplasia, and H. pylori immunoreactivity were analyzed. Detection of H. pylori in chronic active gastritis and peptic ulcer suggests a possible role of H. pylori in the pathogenesis. Giemsa, Toluidine blue and Long H&E stains were used in H. pylori detection. Histopathological examination of gastric biopsy specimens revealed lymphoepithelial lesions pathognomonic of MALT lymphoma, and immunohistochemical staining for CD20 was diffusely positive. CD3 was positive in reactive T cells. PAX-5 was negative except the follicle. Bcl-2, cytokeratin, Ki-67, and c-myc were positive. The findings may indicate a predictable transition of low grade to high grade, and c-myc may be used as a valuable marker before molecular pathology diagnosis.

• Animal Bioscience
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• 제34권9호
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• pp.1479-1490
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• 2021

Objective: Our recent findings confirmed the effectiveness of sodium metabisulfite (SMB) in controlling the growth of undesirable microorganisms in fruit and vegetable discards (FVD); however, lactic acid bacteria (LAB) are susceptible to its antibacterial effects. Two series of experiments were conducted to enable the survivability of LAB during silage fermentation of a total mixed ration (TMR) containing SMB-treated FVD. Methods: In Exp. 1, the objective was to isolate a strain of LAB tolerable to the toxic effect of SMB. In Exp. 2, the SMB load was minimized through its partial replacement with a chemical mixture (CM) based on sodium benzoate (57%), potassium sorbate (29%), and sodium nitrite (14%). FVD was treated with SMB + CM (2 g each/kg biomass) and added to the TMR at varying levels (0%, 10%, or 20%), with or without KU18 inoculation. Results: The KU18 was screened as a presumptive LAB strain showing superior tolerance to SMB in broth medium, and was identified at the molecular level using 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis as Lactobacillus plantarum. Inoculation of KU18 in TMR containing SMB was not successful for the LAB development, biomass acidification, and organoleptic properties of the resultant silage. In Exp. 2, based on the effectiveness and economic considerations, an equal proportion of SMB and CM (2 g each/kg FVD) was selected as the optimal loads for the subsequent silage fermentation experiment. Slight differences were determined in LAB development, biomass acidification, and sensorial characteristics among the experimental silages, suggesting the low toxicity of the preservatives on LAB growth. Conclusion: Although KU18 strain was not able to efficiently develop in silage mass containing SMB-treated FVD, the partial substitution of SMB load with the CM effectively alleviated the toxic effect of SMB and allowed LAB development during the fermentation of SMB + CM-treated FVD in TMR.

• 식물분류학회지
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• 제49권3호
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• pp.261-264
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• 2019

서양등골나물은 우리나라에서 생태계 교란 생물로 지정된 외래 침입종이다. 북아메리카 동부지역이 원산지인 이 외래 식물에 대해 각각 2개의 학명(Eupatorium rugosum Houtt., Ageratina altissima (L.) R. M. King & H. Rob.)과 국명(서양등골나물 및 미국등골나물)이 혼용되고 있어 분류학적 혼란을 초래하고 있다. 이 논문에서는 이들의 분류학적 실체와 내력을 밝혀 분류학적 혼란을 해결하고자 하였다. 조사 결과, 미국등골나물과 서양등골나물은 동일한 분류군으로서 린네가 Species Plantarum에 Ageratum altissimum으로 처음 기재한 종이다. 이 종은 Eupatorium속으로 전이되어 대체명이 공표되고 이후 Ageratina속으로 전이되었다. 즉, Eupatorium속에서는 전혀 다른 기준표본에 근거해 이미 존재하였던 E. altissimum L. 때문에 대체명으로 E. rugosum이 공표되었고, Ageratina속에서는 종소명 'altissima'를 사용하고 있던 종이 없었기 때문에 원명에 근거해 A. altissima의 학명이 공표되었다. 이러한 과정에서 발표된 이름들이 국내에서는 서로 다른 분류군으로 인식되면서 분류학적 혼란이 야기된 것으로 사료된다. 형태 및 분자 형질을 분석한 연구 결과에 근거해 서양등골나물의 정명은 A. altissima이다.

• Molecules and Cells
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• 제42권9호
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• pp.637-645
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• 2019

Effector-triggered immunity (ETI) is an effective layer of plant defense initiated upon recognition of avirulence (Avr) effectors from pathogens by cognate plant disease resistance (R) proteins. In rice, a large number of R genes have been characterized from various cultivars and have greatly contributed to breeding programs to improve resistance against the rice blast pathogen Magnaporthe oryzae. The extreme diversity of R gene repertoires is thought to be a result of co-evolutionary history between rice and its pathogens including M. oryzae. Here we show that Pii is an allele of Pi5 by DNA sequence characterization and complementation analysis. Pii-1 and Pii-2 cDNAs were cloned by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction from the Pii-carrying cultivar Fujisaka5. The complementation test in susceptible rice cultivar Dongjin demonstrated that the rice blast resistance mediated by Pii, similar to Pi5, requires the presence of two nucleotide-binding leucine-rich repeat genes, Pii-1 and Pii-2. Consistent with our hypothesis that Pi5 and Pii are functionally indistinguishable, the replacement of Pii-1 by Pi5-1 and Pii-2 by Pi5-2, respectively, does not change the level of disease resistance to M. oryzae carrying AVR-Pii. Surprisingly, Exo70F3, required for Pii-mediated resistance, is dispensable for Pi5-mediated resistance. Based on our results, despite similarities observed between Pi5 and Pii, we hypothesize that Pi5 and Pii pairs require partially distinct mechanisms to function.

• Molecules and Cells
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• 제45권6호
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• pp.425-434
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• 2022

The post-translational modification (e.g., phosphorylation) of estrogen receptor α (ERα) plays a role in controlling the expression and subcellular localization of ERα as well as its sensitivity to hormone response. Here, we show that ERα is also modified by UFM1 and this modification (ufmylation) plays a crucial role in promoting the stability and transactivity of ERα, which in turn promotes breast cancer development. The elevation of ufmylation via the knockdown of UFSP2 (the UFM1-deconjugating enzyme in humans) dramatically increases ERα stability by inhibiting ubiquitination. In contrast, ERα stability is decreased by the prevention of ufmylation via the silencing of UBA5 (the UFM1-activating E1 enzyme). Lys171 and Lys180 of ERα were identified as the major UFM1 acceptor sites, and the replacement of both Lys residues by Arg (2KR mutation) markedly reduced ERα stability. Moreover, the 2KR mutation abrogated the 17β-estradiol-induced transactivity of ERα and the expression of its downstream target genes, including pS2, cyclin D1, and c-Myc; this indicates that ERα ufmylation is required for its transactivation function. In addition, the 2KR mutation prevented anchorage-independent colony formation by MCF7 cells. Most notably, the expression of UFM1 and its conjugating machinery (i.e., UBA5, UFC1, UFL1, and UFBP1) were dramatically upregulated in ERα-positive breast cancer cell lines and tissues. Collectively, these findings implicate a critical role attributed to ERα ufmylation in breast cancer development by ameliorating its stability and transactivity.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• 제55권2호
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• pp.250-262
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• 2022

Purpose: Elevated iodine intake is related to a higher prevalence of subclinical hypothyroidism (SCH). We investigated the short-term effect of dietary iodine restriction on thyroid function in patients with SCH with high iodine intakes. Methods: The iodine levels in 64 SCH patients with serum TSH levels from 4.0 to 10.0 mIU/L and normal serum fT4 levels (n = 64) were assessed using 24-hour urine iodine test results and iodine intake levels calculated using a semi-quantitative food frequency questionnaire. Dietary iodine restriction was not recommended for patients with an iodine intake in the normal range (group A, n = 13), but seaweed restriction was recommended for patients with high iodine intakes (group B, n = 33). Thyroid functions and iodine levels were rechecked after three months. Another eighteen patients were prescribed thyroid hormone replacement therapy according to clinical criteria. Results: Median baseline iodine intake for the 64 patients was 290.61 ㎍/day, and median 24-hour urine iodine was 33.65 µmol/g of creatinine. The major source of dietary iodine was seaweed, which accounted for 72.2% of median baseline intake. Urine iodine and calculated iodine intake levels were positively correlated with serum TSH levels (p < 0.001 and p = 0.027, respectively), and calculated iodine intakes were significantly correlated with urine iodine levels (p = 0.001). In group B, iodine restriction significantly decreased urine iodine (p = 0.042) and TSH levels (p = 0.004), and conversion to euthyroid status was achieved in 16 of the 33 patients (48.5%). Conclusion: Iodine intake and urine iodine levels are correlated with thyroid function in SCH patients, and dietary iodine restriction can aid functional thyroid recovery in patients with elevated iodine intakes.

• Journal of Genetic Medicine
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• 제19권1호
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• pp.32-37
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• 2022

Mucopolysaccharidosis type VI (MPS VI) is an autosomal recessive lysosomal disorder caused by the deficiency of arylsulfatase B due to mutations in the ARSB gene. Here, we report the case of a Korean female with a novel variant of MPS VI. A Korean female aged 5 years and 8 months, who is the only child of a healthy non-consanguineous Korean couple, presented at our hospital for severe short stature. She had a medical history of umbilical hernia and recurrent otitis media. Her symptoms included snoring and mouth breathing. Subtle dysmorphic features, including mild coarse face, joint contracture, hepatomegaly, and limited range of joint motion, were identified. Radiography revealed deformities, suggesting skeletal dysplasia. Growth hormone (GH) provocation tests revealed complete GH deficiency. Targeted exome sequencing revealed compound heterozygous mutations in the ARSB genes c.512G>A (p.Gly171Asp; a pathogenic variant inherited from her father) and c.1157C>T (p.Ser386Phe; a novel variant inherited from her mother in familial genetic testing). Quantitative tests revealed increased urine glycosaminoglycan (GAG) levels and decreased enzyme activity of arylsulfatase B. While on enzyme replacement therapy and GH therapy, her height increased drastically; her coarse face, joint contracture, snoring, and obstructive sleep apnea improved; urine GAG decreased; and left ventricular mass index was remarkably decreased. We report a novel variant-c.1157C>T (p.Ser386Phe)-of the ARSB gene in a patient with MPS VI; these findings will expand our knowledge of its clinical spectrum and molecular mechanisms.

• 대한지역사회영양학회지
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• 제28권3호
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• pp.181-191
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• 2023

Objectives: The incidence of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is increasing globally, and excessive added sugar consumption has been identified as one of the contributing factors. In the context of IBD, it is essential to explore functional sweeteners that can improve metabolic health and minimize the risk of IBD-related symptoms. This review article aims to shed light on the effects of natural mono- and di-saccharides as alternative sweeteners, specifically focusing on potential benefits for IBD. Methods: A comprehensive literature review was performed using PubMed and Google Scholar databases with articles published after the year 2000. The search terms 'IBD', 'added sugar', 'sweeteners', 'mono-saccharide', and 'di-saccharide' were combined to retrieve relevant articles. A total of 21 manuscripts, aligning with the objectives of the study, were selected. Papers focusing on artificial or high-intensity sweeteners were excluded to ensure relevant literature selection. Results: Multiple studies have emphasized the association between the high consumption of added sugars such as simple sugars and the increased risk of developing IBD. This is suggested to be attributed to the induction of pro-inflammatory cytokine productions and dysbiosis of the gut microbiota. Consequently, there is a growing demand for safe and functional sweeteners, in particular mono- and di-saccharides, that can serve as alternatives for IBD patients. Those functional sweeteners regulate inflammation, oxidative stress, and Intestinal barrier protection, and restore microbiome profiles in various IBD models including cells, animals, and humans. Conclusions: Understanding these mechanisms resolves the link between how sugar consumption and IBD, and highlights the beneficial effects of natural alternative sweeteners on IBD when they were administered by itself or as a replacement for simple sugar. Further, exploration of this relationship leads us to recognize the necessity of natural alternative sweeteners in dietary planning. This knowledge could potentially lead to more effective dietary strategies for individuals with IBD.

• 한국작물학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국작물학회 2022년도 추계학술대회
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• pp.257-257
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• 2022

Late blight, caused by the hemibiotrophic oomycete pathogen Phytophthora infestans, has been the most important disease limiting potato production worldwide. P. infestans undergo major population shifts in agricultural systems via the successive emergence and migration of asexual lineages. The phenotypic and genotypic bases of these selective sweeps are largely unknown but management strategies need to adapt to reflect the changing pathogen population. Here, we used molecular markers to divide the 86 South Korea isolates into six clonal lineages: KR_1_A1, KR_2_A2, SIB-1, US-11, SIB-1 like, and KR-2 like. We documented the emergence of a new lineage, termed SIB-1 like, and KR-2 like, and their rapid replacement of other lineages to exceed 35% of the pathogen population across South Korea. Genome analyses of the Korean P. infestans populations revealed extensive genetic polymorphism, particularly in effector genes. Importantly, SIB-1 like isolates carry an intact Avr8 effector gene that triggers resistance in potato carrying the corresponding R immune receptor gene R8 cloned from Solarium demissum. These findings point toward a strategy for deploying genetic resistance to mitigate the impact of the SIB-1 like lineage and illustrate how pathogen population monitoring, combined with genome analysis, informs the management of devastating disease epidemics. Further study is being done on pathogenicity of the SIB-1 like isolates on cultivated potatoes and changes in expression patterns of disease effector genes within the SIB-1 like isolates