• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
• /
• v.26 no.1
• /
• pp.115-120
• /
• 1981

Effect of soil water on the growth of Panax ginseng(2 years old) was investigated through pot experiment. the results were as follows. 1. Optimum soil moisture content for root yield appeared to be 65.5% of field capacity(22.1% fresh weight basis) and at 31.5%(10.7% fresh weight basis) relative growth rate was nil. 2. Under suboptimum condition of soil moisture, emergence of shoot and leaf unfolding was delayed. The rate of emergence of shoot and leaf area was also decreased while missing shoot rate was increased. 3. Root yield was positively correlated with leaf area per plant(r=0.91 **), stem diameter (r=0.73**), stem length(r=0.71 **) fresh top yield(r=0.93**) and negatively with missing shoot rate(r=-0.77**). 4. Fresh root weight showed negative correlation(r=-0.80**) with water content of root indicating that tissue is more compact when grown at sufficient water.

• Food Science of Animal Resources
• /
• v.33 no.6
• /
• pp.723-729
• /
• 2013

In this study, the quality characteristics due to the influence of various thawing methods on electro-magnetic and air blast frozen beef were examined. The loin and round of second grade Hanwoo were sliced into 5-7 cm thickness and packed with aerobic packaging. The packaged beef samples, which were frozen by air blast freezing at $-45^{\circ}C$ and electro-magnetic freezing at $-55^{\circ}C$, were thawed by 4 thawing methods with refrigeration ($4{\pm}1^{\circ}C$), room temperature (RT, $25^{\circ}C$), cold water ($15^{\circ}C$), and microwave (2450 MHz). These samples were thawed to the point, which were core temperature reached $0^{\circ}C$. Analyses were carried out to determine drip and cooking loss, water holding capacity (WHC), moisture contents and sensory evaluation. Frozen beef thawed by microwave indicated a lower drip loss (0.66-2.01%) than the other thawing methods (0.80-2.50%). Cooking loss after electro-magnetic freezing indicated 52.0% by microwave thawing for round compared with 41.8% by refrigeration, 50.1% by RT, and 50.8% by cold water. WHC thawing by microwave with electro-magnetic freezing didn't showed any difference depending on the thawing methods, while moisture contents was higher thawing by microwave with electro-magnetic freezing than refrigeration (71.9%), RT (75.0%), and cold water (74.9%) for round. The texture of sensory evaluation for round thawed by microwave result was the highest than refrigeration (4.7 point), RT (6.4 point) and cold water (6.6 point), while sensory evaluation was no significant difference. Therefore, it was shown that microwave thawing is an appropriate way to reduce the deterioration of meat quality due to freezing.

• Korean Journal of Weed Science
• /
• v.4 no.2
• /
• pp.154-162
• /
• 1984

The persistence of butachlor and nitrofen in different soil conditions applied organic matter, lime, and other pesticides was studied under submerged and field moisture capacity. Degradation of the herbicides in soil was significantly retarded by autoclaving the soil and half-life of nitrofen was much longer than that of butachlor under this condition. Submerging the soil enhanced degradation of the herbicides, in particular that of nitrofen. On the other hand, half-life of nitrofen under field moisture capacity was twice longer than that of butachlor. Increased amendment of rice straw to the soil shortened the half-life of nitrofen under submerged soil, however it prolonged that of butachlor when the amendment was exceeded 1000kg/10a level. Liming the soil stimulated herbicide decomposition in the soil, which appears to be pH independent. Butachlor degradation in submerged soil was slightly stimulated by simultaneous application of fungicides and insecticides, but nitrofen persistence was not influenced.

• Journal of Korea Water Resources Association
• /
• v.50 no.12
• /
• pp.837-847
• /
• 2017

Land Surface Model (LSM) was developed for the Soyang river basin located in Korean Peninsula to clarify the spatio-temporal variability of hydrological weather parameters. Variable Infiltration Capacity (VIC) model was used as a LSM. The spatial resolution of the model was 10 km and the time resolution was 1 day. Based on the daily flow data from 2007 to 2010, the 7 parameters of the model were calibrated using the Isolated Particle Swarm Optimization algorithm and the model was verified using the daily flow data from 2011 to 2014. The model showed a Nash-Sutcliffe Coefficient of 0.90 and a correlation coefficient of 0.95 for both calibration and validation periods. The hydrometeorological variables estimated for the Soyang river basin reflected well the seasonal characteristics of summer rainfall concentration, the change of short and shortwave radiation due to temperature change, the change of surface temperature, the evaporation and vegetation increase in the cover layer, and the corresponding change in total evapotranspiration. The model soil moisture data was compared with in-situ soil moisture data. The slope of the trend line relating the two data was 1.087 and correlation coefficient was 0.723 for the Spring, Summer and Fall season. The result of this study suggests that the LSM can be used as a powerful tool in developing precise and efficient water resources plans by providing accurate understanding on the spatio-temporal variation of hydrometeorological variables.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
• /
• v.17 no.9
• /
• pp.206-211
• /
• 2016

Various applications require dry air at low temperature, such automation equipment, semiconductor manufacturing, chemical production lines, and coating processes for the shipbuilding industry. Four evaporators for low temperature (below $0^{\circ}C$) were installed for a dehumidification system. Moist air is cooled sequentially over three evaporators. The first evaporator has an evaporation temperature of $13^{\circ}C$, that of the second evaporator is $5^{\circ}C$, and that of the third evaporator is maintained at $-1.3^{\circ}C$. In the fourth evaporator implantation thereby the moisture contained in the moisture air. A pressure regulator (CPCE 12) is used at this point and is defrosted when the vapor pressure is below a set value. The non-implantation moisture of the air is a heating system that uses the waste heat of a condenser with high temperature. It develops the cooling type's dehumidifier, which is important equipment that prevents the destruction of protein and measures the temperature and humidity at each interval by changing the front air velocity from 1.0 m/s to 4.0 m/s. The cooling capacity was also calculated. The greatest cooling capacity was 1.77 kcal/h for a front air velocity of 2.0 m/s

• Food Science of Animal Resources
• /
• v.36 no.3
• /
• pp.412-420
• /
• 2016

The objective of this study was to investigate characteristics and functionality of yogurt applied red ginseng extract. Yogurts added with red ginseng extract (0.5, 1, 1.5, and 2%) were produced using Lactobacillus acidophilus and Streptococcus thermophilus and stored at refrigerated temperature. During fermentation, pH was decreased whereas titratable aicidity and viable cell counts of L. acidophilus and S. thermophilus were increased. The composition of yogurt samples was measured on day 1, an increase of red ginseng extract content in yogurt resulted in an increase in lactose, protein, total solids, and ash content, whereas fat and moisture content decreased. The pH value and cell counts of L. acidophilus and S. thermophilus were declined, however titratable acidity was increased during storage period. The antioxidant capacity was measured as diverse methods. During refrigerated storage time, the value of antioxidant effect was decreased, however, yogurt fortified with red ginseng extract had higher capacity than plain yogurt. The antioxidant effect was improved in proportion to concentration of red ginseng extract. These data suggests that red ginseng extract could affect to reduce fermentation time of yogurt and enhance antioxidant capacity.

• Advances in concrete construction
• /
• v.9 no.4
• /
• pp.355-365
• /
• 2020

The influence of temperature on the material of concrete filled columns (CFCs) under axial loading has been quantitatively studied in this research. CFCs have many various advantages and disadvantages. One of the important inefficiency of classic CFCs design is the practical lack of hooped compression under the operational loads because of the fewer variables of Poisson's rate of concrete compared to steel. This is the reason why the holder tends to break away from the concrete core in elastic stage. It is also suggested to produce concrete filled steel tube columns with an initial compressed concrete core to surpass their design. Elevated temperatures have essentially reduced the strengths of steel tubes and the final capacity of CFCs exposed to fire. Thus, the computation of bearing capacity of concrete filled steel tube columns is studied here. Sometimes, the structures of concrete could be exposed to the high temperatures during altered times, accordingly, outcomes have shown a decrement in compressive-strength, then an increase with the reduction of this content. In addition, the moisture content at the minimal strength is declined with temperature rising. According to Finite Element (FE), the column performance assessment is carried out according to the axial load carrying capacities and the improvement of ductility and strength because of limitations. Self-stress could significantly develop the ultimate stiffness and capacity of concrete columns. In addition, the design equations for the ultimate capacity of concrete columns have been offered and the predictions satisfactorily agree with the numerical results. The proposed based model (FE model of PEC column) 65% aligns with the concrete exposed to high temperature. Therefore, computed solutions have represented a better perception of structural and thermal responses of CFC in fire.

• Applied Chemistry for Engineering
• /
• v.34 no.6
• /
• pp.596-602
• /
• 2023

Chromium-based metal-organic frameworks (MIL-101(Cr)) were synthesized, and their potential use as a filling material for gas masks or protective clothing was assessed through adsorption experiments using diisopropyl methyl phosphate (DIMP) as a simulant for chemical warfare agents. MIL-101(Cr) was prepared using acetic acid (MIL-101(Cr)-A) and sodium hydroxide (MIL-101(Cr)-N) as modulators. The use of acetic acid as a modulator resulted in a larger specific surface area and a higher DIMP adsorption capacity. MIL-101(Cr)-A absorbed approximately 160% of its own weight of moisture when exposed to an environment with a relative humidity of 90% for 10 days, surpassing other adsorbents such as activated carbon. The DIMP adsorption capacity of MIL-101(Cr)-A decreased to about 40% of its initial adsorption capacity after 24 hours of exposure to an environment with a relative humidity of 90%. However, this capacity is still higher compared to that of activated carbon used in commercial gas masks, suggesting a high potential for future use as a filling material for gas masks or protective clothing.

• Journal of Korean Society of Environmental Engineers
• /
• v.35 no.2
• /
• pp.115-123
• /
• 2013

Stoker type incinerator is one of the most popular one used as municipal solid waste (MSW) incineration because, in general, it is quite suitable for large capacity and need no preprocessing facility. Nowadays, however, since the combustible portion of incoming MSW increases together with the decrease of the moisture content due to prohibition of directly burying food waste in landfill, the heating value of waste is remarkably increasing in comparison with the early stage of incinerator installation. Consequently, the increased heating value in incinerator operation causes a number of serious problems such as reduction of waste amount to be burned due to the boiler heat capacity together with the significant NO generation in high temperature environment. Therefore, in this study, a series of numerical simulation have been made as parameters of waste amount and the fraction of moisture in air stream in order to investigate optimal operating condition for the resolution of the problems associated with the high heating value of waste mentioned above. In specific, a detailed turbulent reaction flow field calculation with NO model was made for the full scale incinerator of D city. To this end, the injection method of moisturized air as oxidizer was intensively reviewed by the addition of moisture water amount from 10% and 20%. The calculation result, in general, showed that the reduction of maximum flame temperature appears consistently due to the combined effects of the increased specific heat of combustion air and vaporization heat by the addition of water moisture. As a consequence, the generation of NOx concentration was substantially reduced. Further, for the case of 20% moisture amount stream, the afterburner region is quite appropriate in temperature range for the operation of SNCR. This suggests the SNCR facility can be considered for reoperation. which is not in service at all due to the increased heating value of MSW.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
• /
• v.42 no.3
• /
• pp.327-333
• /
• 2018

Background: Bioactive compounds in plant extracts are able to reduce metal ions to nanoparticles through the process of green synthesis. Panax ginseng is an oriental medicinal herb and an adaptogen which has been historically used to cure various diseases. In addition, the P. ginseng leaves-mediated gold nanoparticles are the value-added novel materials. Its potential as a cosmetic ingredient is still unexplored. The aim of this study was to evaluate the antioxidant, moisture retention and whitening properties of gold nanoparticles (PgAuNPs) in cosmetic applications. Methods: Cell-free experiments were performed to evaluate PgAuNP's antioxidant and moisture retention properties and inhibition activity on mushroom tyrosinase. Furthermore, in vitro cell cytotoxicity was evaluated using normal human dermal fibroblast and murine B16BL6 melanoma cells (B16) after treatment with increasing concentrations of PgAuNPs for 24 h, 48 h, and 72 h. Finally, in vitro cell assays on B16 cells were performed to evaluate the whitening effect of PgAuNPs through reduction of cellular melanin content and tyrosinase activity. Results: In vitro DPPH radical scavenging assay results revealed that PgAuNPs exhibited antioxidant activity in a dose-dependent manner. PgAuNPs exhibited moisture retention capacity and effectively inhibited mushroom tyrosinase. In addition, 3-(4,5-dimethyl-thiazol-2yl)-2,5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide results revealed that PgAuNPs were not toxic to human dermal fibroblast and B16 cells; in addition, they significantly reduced melanin content, tyrosinase activity, and mRNA expression of melanogenesis-associated transcription factor and tyrosinase in B16 cells. Conclusion: Our study is the first report to provide evidence supporting that P. ginseng leaves-capped gold nanoparticles could be used as multifunctional ingredients in cosmetics.