• 제목/요약/키워드: modified $A^2/O$ process

검색결과 197건 처리시간 0.028초

2R++: Warm Page 식별을 통한 2R FTL 개선 (2R++: Enhancing 2R FTL to Identify Warm Pages)

  • 안효준;이상원
    • 정보처리학회논문지:컴퓨터 및 통신 시스템
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    • 제11권12호
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    • pp.419-428
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    • 2022
  • 플래시 메모리는 in-place 수정이 불가능한 특성을 가지기 때문에 out-of-place 방식으로 쓰기 작업을 수행한다. 덮어쓰기가 발생한 오래된 페이지는 유효하지 않은 페이지로 전환된다. 유효하지 않은 페이지들은 높은 오버헤드를 가진 가비지 컬렉션 과정을 유발한다. 가비지 컬렉션은 많은 읽기, 쓰기 작업을 유발하기 때문에 플래시 메모리의 주요 성능 이슈 중 하나이다. 2R에서는 OLTP(On-Line Transaction Process) 워크로드의 I/O 특성을 가비지 컬렉션 알고리즘에 적용하여 WAF(Write Amplification Factor)를 개선하였다. 본 논문에서는 접근 간격이 긴 페이지들을 추가로 분리하는 2R++를 통해 2R에서 발생하는 지역 오염 문제를 해결했다. 2R++는 블록 당 추가 bit를 도입해 second chance mechanism 기반으로 warm 페이지를 분리해서 warm 페이지가 cold 페이지로 오인 식별되는 것을 방지한다. TPC-C와 Linkbench에 대해 알고리즘 별 성능 비교 실험을 진행하였고, 그 결과 2R++의 WAF는 2R대비 각각 57.8%, 13.8%의 개선을 이루어냈음을 확인했다.

고부피분율 SiC분말 예비성형체의 제조공정과 기계적특성 (Fabrication Process and Mechanical Properties of High Volume Fraction SiC Particle Preform)

  • 전경윤
    • 한국분말재료학회지
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    • 제7권1호
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    • pp.27-34
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    • 2000
  • The fabrication process and mechanical properties of SiC particle prefrrms with high volume fraction ranged 50∼71% were investigated to make metal matrix composites for possible applications as heat sinks in electronic packares. The SiC particle preforms with 50∼71vol% of reinforcement were fabricated by a new modified process named ball milling and pressing method. The SiC particle performs were fabricated by ball milling of SiC particles with single sized of 48${\mu}$m in diameter or two different size of 8${\mu}$m and 48${\mu}$min diameter, with collodal SiO2 as inorgnic binder in distilled water, and the mixed slurries were cold pressed for consolidation into final prefom. The compressive strengths og calcined SiC particle prefoms increased from 20MPa to 155MPa with increasing the content of inorganis binder, temperature and time for calcination. The increase of compressive strength of SiC particle bridge the interfaces of two neighboring SiC particles.

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하수처리장 Retrofit 공정의 현장적용성 평가 및 세균 군집 분포 연구 (Evaluation of Field Application for the Developed Retrofitting Process and Analysis of Bacterial Community Structure in Pilot Plant)

  • 김미경;홍준혁;김연권;안태석;신응배
    • 대한환경공학회지
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    • 제28권3호
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    • pp.240-248
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    • 2006
  • 본 연구에서는 선행연구를 통하여 개발된 고도처리 공정의 현장적용을 용이하게 하기 위하여 이를 개조한 retrofitting 공정을 제안하였으며, 제안된 공정을 $50m^3$/일 규모의 pilot plant 운전을 통하여 현장 평가하였다. 또한 pilot plant 내에서 미생물의 배양 상태를 확인하기 위하여 FISH 법을 이용하여 세균 군집구조를 조사하였다. 제안된 retrofitting 공정은 배양조를 별도로 건설하지 않음으로써 16%($60,000m^3$/일 규모 고도처리시설 도입 기준)의 초기건설비를 절감할 수 있는 것으로 평가되었으며, 동절기를 포함한 장기간의 pilot plant 운전을 통하여 수처리 효율과 유지관리 측면에서 현장적용성이 우수한 것으로 사료되며 방류수질 기준을 만족하는 것으로 평가되었다. 또한 pilot plant와 대조군(A2/O 공정, B 하수처리장)에서 총세균수는 큰 차이가 없으나, pilot plant의 bioreactor에 의해서 세균 군집 변화가 다르게 나타났다. 우점종은 주로 하수처리에서 중요한 역할을 하는 토양 미생물이 속한 ${\beta}$-proteobacteria group이고, bioreactor 유출수에서 유입수 대비 $25{\sim}607%$ 증가하는 것으로 확인되었으며, 이렇게 증가된 ${\beta}$-group의 미생물은 시스템 내에서 일정 농도를 유지하는 것으로 확인되었다.

Ti-6Al-4V 합금 3D 날개형상의 항온단조 공정설계 (Process Design of Isothermal Forging for Three-Dimensional Ti-6Al-4V Wing-Shape)

  • 염종택;박노광;이유환;신태진;홍성석;심인옥;황상무;이종수
    • 소성∙가공
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    • 제14권2호
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    • pp.126-132
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    • 2005
  • The isothermal forging design of a Ti-6Al-4V wing shape was performed by 3D FE simulation. The design focuses on near-net shape forming by the single stage. The process variables such as the die design, pre-form shape and size, ram speed and forging temperature were investigated. The main design priorities were to minimize forging loads and to distribute strain uniformly in a given forging condition. The FE simulation results for the final process design were compared with the isothermal forging tests. The instability of deformation was evaluated using a processing map based on the dynamic materials model(DMM), including flow stability criteria. Finally, a modified process design for producing a uniform Ti-6Al-4V wing product without forming defects was suggested.

Improving Electrochemical Performance of Ni-rich Cathode Using Atomic Layer Deposition with Particle by Particle Coating Method

  • Kim, Dong Wook;Park, DaSom;Ko, Chang Hyun;Shin, Kwangsoo;Lee, Yun-Sung
    • Journal of Electrochemical Science and Technology
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    • 제12권2호
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    • pp.237-245
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    • 2021
  • Atomic layer deposition (ALD) enhances the stability of cathode materials via surface modification. Previous studies have demonstrated that an Ni-rich cathode, such as LiNi0.8Co0.1Mn0.1O2, is a promising candidate owing to its high capacity, but is limited by poor cycle stability. In this study, to enhance the stability of the Ni-rich cathode, synthesized LiNi0.8Co0.1Mn0.1O2 was coated with Al2O3 using ALD. Thus, the surface-modified cathode exhibited enhanced stability by protecting the interface from Ni-O formation during the cycling process. The coated LiNi0.8Co0.1Mn0.1O2 exhibited a capacity of 176 mAh g-1 at 1 C and retained up to 72% of the initial capacity after 100 cycles within a range of 2.8-4.3 V (vs Li/Li+. In contrast, pristine LiNi0.8Co0.1Mn0.1O2 presented only 58% of capacity retention after 100 cycles with an initial capacity of 173 mAh g-1. Improved cyclability may be a result of the ALD coating, which physically protects the electrode by modifying the interface, and prevents degradation by resisting side reactions that result in capacity decay. The electrochemical impedance spectra and structural and morphological analysis performed using electron microscopy and X-ray techniques establish the surface enhancement resulting from the aforementioned strategy.

Controlled Synthesis of Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes

  • Park, Chong-Yun
    • 한국진공학회:학술대회논문집
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    • 한국진공학회 2011년도 제40회 동계학술대회 초록집
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    • pp.2-2
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    • 2011
  • Single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWNTs) have been considered as a promising candidate for nextgeneration electronics due to its extraordinary electrical properties associated with one-dimensional structure. Since diversity in electronic structure depends on geometrical features, the major concern has been focused on obtaining the diameter, chirality, and density controlled SWNTs. Despite huge efforts, the controlled synthesis of SWNTs has not been achieved. There have been various approaches to synthesize controlled SWNTs by preparation of homogeneously sized catalyst because the SWNTs diameter highly depends on catalyst nanoparticles size. In this study, geometrically controlled SWNTs were synthesized using designed catalytic layers: (a) morphologically modified Al2O3 supporting layer (Fe/Al2O3/Si), (b) Mo capping layer (Mo/Fe/Al/Si), and (c) heat-driven diffusion and subsequent evaporation process of Fe catalytic nanoparticles (Al2O3/Fe/Al2O3/Si). These results clearly revealed that (a) the grain diameter and RMS roughness of Al2O3 supporting layer play a key role as a diffusion barrier for obtaining Fe nanoparticles with a uniform and small size, (b) a density and diameter of SWNTs can be simultaneously controlled by adjusting a thickness of Mo capping layer on Fe catalytic layer, and (c) SWNTs diameter was successfully controlled within a few A scale even with its fine distribution. This precise control results in bandgap manipulation of the semiconducting SWNTs, determined by direct comparison of Raman spectra and theory of extended tight binding Kataura plot. We suggest that these results provide a simple and possible way for the direct growth of diameter, density, and bandgap controlled SWNTs by precise controlling the formation of catalytic films, which will be in demand for future electronic applications.

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졸-겔법을 이용한 투과성 TiO2 분말 및 박막의 특성 연구 (Characterization of Transparent TiO2 Power and Thin Films through Sol-Gel Process)

  • 정미원;이지영;손현진
    • 한국세라믹학회지
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    • 제39권3호
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    • pp.252-258
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    • 2002
  • Titanium(IV) isopropoxide에 킬레이팅 리간드로 Acetylacetone(Acac), Ethyl-acetoacetate(Etac) 그리고, Ethanolamine을 첨가시켜 변형된 티타늄 알콕사이드를 합성한 후 졸-겔 방법으로 투과성 티타늄 산화물 박막을 제조하였다. 박막 제조 조건이 최적의 상태일 때는 티타니아 졸 용액의 농도가 3wt% 이하이고, 리간드로는 Acetyl acetone(Acac)를 선택하고, pH가 2.5로 조절하였을 때였다. 순수한 티타늄 산화물 박막보다는 리간드가 치환된 박막들의 굴절률이 더 높았고 가시광선 영역에서 80% 이상의 투과율을 나타냄을 알 수 있었다. 티타니아 졸 상태에서는 입자 크기가 나노 크기를 나타냈으며 분말로 소성 후 마이크론 크기로 증가함을 알 수 있었다. 티타늄 박막들은 400$^{\circ}$C에서 무정형에서 anatase로 상전이가 일어나고 700$^{\circ}C$에서는 rutile로 변화됨을 XRD로 관찰하였다. 박막의 결정형태와 모양 및 크기도 SEM과 XRD로 측정하였다. 또한 분말의 물성 및 구조를 SEM, XRD, TGA 그리고 DSC로 알아보았고, 박막의 광학적 특성에 대해서는 ellipsometer로 굴절률과 막두께를 측정하여 비교하여 보았다.

Immobilization of the Thenoyltrifluoroacetone on Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate Modified Magnetite Nanoparticles for Magnetic Solid Phase Extraction of Pb (II) from Water Samples

  • Sadeghi, Meysam;Yekta, Sina;Babanezhad, Esmaeil
    • Korean Chemical Engineering Research
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    • 제54권5호
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    • pp.636-647
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    • 2016
  • Magnetite nanoparticles ($Fe_3O_4$ NPs) were synthesized by co-precipitating method under optimized condition. The $Fe_3O_4$ NPs coated with sodium dodecyl sulfate-thenoyltrifluoroacetone ($Fe_3O_4$ NPs-SDS-TTFA) were then exerted as the magnetic solid phase extraction (MSPE) adsorbent for the extraction process prior to introducing to a flame atomic adsorption spectrometry (FAAS). The synthesized $Fe_3O_4$ NPs-SDS-TTFA were applied for the extraction of Pb(II) ions from different water samples. The characterization studies of nanoparticles were performed via scanning electron microscopy-energy dispersive micro-analysis (SEM-EDAX), X-ray diffraction (XRD) and vibrating sample magnetometer (VSM) techniques. The substantial parameters affecting the extraction efficiency were surveyed and optimized. A dynamic linear range (DLR) of $10-400{\mu}g\;L^{-1}$ was obtained and the limit of detection (LOD, n=7) and relative standard deviation (RSD%, n= 6, $C=20{\mu}g\;L^{-1}$) were found to be $2.3{\mu}g\;L^{-1}$ and 1.9%, respectively. According to the results, the proposed method successfully applied for the extraction of Pb(II) ions from different environmental water samples and satisfactory results achieved.

Modified Photo-Fenton Reaction을 이용한 Methyl Tert-butyl Ether (MTBE)의 분해 Kinetic 및 메커니즘 규명에 관한 연구 (Degradation Kinetic and Mechanism of Methyl Tert-butyl Ether (MTBE) by the Modified Photo-Fenton Reaction)

  • 김민경;공성호
    • 한국지하수토양환경학회지:지하수토양환경
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    • 제11권6호
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    • pp.69-75
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    • 2006
  • 지하 저장 탱크로부터의 유류 유출로 인하여 전세계적으로 넓은 지역의 토양 및 지하수가 오염되고 있다. Methyl tert-butyl ether(MTBE)는 대기 오염 감소를 위하여 널리 사용되고 있는 유류 첨가제이지만 토양 및 지하수로 유입되어 섭취 되었을 때 발암 가능성이 있는 유독 물질이다. 본 연구는 고도 산화 처리 기법 중 유기 오염물의 분해에 높은 효율을 나타내는 고전적 Fenton reaction의 최대 단점인 강한 산성(pH 2.5-3) 의존성을 극복한 새로운 산화 처리 기법을 개발하여 고농도의 MTBE를 효과적으로 분해 하는 것을 그 목적으로 하여 자연 친화적인 chelating agents를 사용하여 중성 영역에서 Fenton reaction을 가능하게 하는 기법인 Modified Fenton reaction과 Ultra Violet light(UV)를 이용하여 분해효율을 극대화 하는 Photo-assisted Fenton reaction을 응용한 Modified Photo-Fenton reaction system을 개발하여 최적 반응 조건 및 반응 차수, 반응 메커니즘을 밝혀내었다. 낮은 독성과 높은 생분해성을 나타낸 Citrate ion을 chelating agents로 선정하였으며 최적 반응 조건은 [$Fe^{3+}$] : [Citrate] = 1 mM : 4 mM, 3% $H_2O_2$, 17.4 kWh/L UV dose, 초기 pH 6.0이며 이 조건에서 1000 ppm MTBE를 분해한 결과 6시간 후 86.75%, 16시간 후 99.99%의 높은 분해율을 나타냈으며 최종 pH는 6.02로 안정적이었다. 또한 Modified Photo-Fenton reaction을 이용한 MTBE 분해 반응은 유사 1차 반응을 나타내었으며 methoxy group이 ${\cdot}OH$ radical과 주로 반응하여 tert-butyl formate(TBF)가 주요 분해 산물이 되는 분해 경로를 따른 다는 것이 밝혀졌다. 본 연구로 개발된 Modified Photo-Fenton reaction에서 발생되는 산화제인 ${\cdot}OH$ radical의 비선택적 반응성을 고려할 때 본 system은 다른 종류의 유기 오염물 분해에도 효과적일 것으로 판단된다.

Recycling of rayon industry effluent for the recovery and separation of Zn/Ca using Thiophosphinic extractant

  • Jha, M.K.;Kumar, V.;Bagchi, D.;Singh, R.J.;Lee, Jae-Chun
    • 한국자원리싸이클링학회:학술대회논문집
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    • 한국자원리싸이클링학회 2006년도 춘계임시총회 및 제27회 학술발표대회
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    • pp.78-85
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    • 2006
  • In textile industries, waste effluent containing zinc is generated during the manufacture of rayon yarn from the wood pulp or cotton linters. Due to the strict environmental regulations and the presence of toxic metallic and other constituents, the discharge of industrial effluents in the sewage or disposal of solid sludge as landfill is restricted. Before recycling of zinc as zinc sulphate solution to the spinning-bath of the rayon manufacturing plant the zinc sulphate solution must be free from calcium, which is deleterious to the process as gypsum precipitates with the increase in concentration and forms scale in the bath. In the present work an attempt has been made to develop a process following solvent extraction technique using thiophosphinic extractants, Cyanex 272 and 302 modified with isodecanol and diluted in kerosene to recover zinc from rayon effluent. Various process parameters viz. extraction of zinc from different concentration of solution, distribution ratio, selective extraction, O/A ratio on extraction and stripping from the loaded organic, complex formation in the organic phase etc. have been studied to see the feasibility of the process. The extractant Cyanex 302 has been found selective for the recovery of 99.99% of zinc from the effluent above equilibrium pH 3.4 maintaining the O/A ratio of 1/30 leaving all the calcium in the raffinate. It selectively extracted zinc in the form of complex $[R_{2}Zn.3RH]_{org}$ and retained all the calcium in the aqueous raffinate. The zinc from the loaded Cyanex 302 can be stripped with 10% sulphuric acid at even O/A ratio of 10 without affecting the stripping efficiency. The stripped solution thus obtained could be recycled in the spinning bath of the rayon plant. The raffinate obtained after the recovery of zinc could be disposed safely without affacting environment.

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