• Korean Journal of Health Education and Promotion
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• v.23 no.5
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• pp.13-27
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• 2006

This study was performed to formulate the most recent traits of physical growth of youth, and to identify the need of youth for health promotion planning in modern Korea. Study participants were 171 boys and 400 girls in two senior high schools in Seoul, Korea. Health records were collected from the individual students in May 2005. Longitudinal data on stature and body weight from 6 to 16 years old were analysed. Significance tests on some measures were performed by t-test and ANOVA. Major conclusions were as follows: 1. Girls were taller than boys during the specific time of adolescence. However, this phenomenon was not found in the growth process investigated by peak age and in over-all mean growth process of body weight. 2. Peak age came later in boys than in girls in both stature and body weight. This meant that boys matured later in stature and body weight than girls. However, boys were larger in peak velocity than girls. 3. Peak ages distributed more widely in girls than in boys both for stature and body weight. 4. Even in such short growth process from 6 through 16 years old, growth spurt tended to appear in several times. 5. Growth spurt tended to appear more often in boys than in girls.

• Journal of the Korean Home Economics Association
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• v.49 no.9
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• pp.99-109
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• 2011

The purpose of this study was to characterize the new women, modern girls and modern boys from the 1920's to the 1930's as a modern new generation, the primary consumer of modern consumption culture, and to examine their values, lifestyles, consumption culture and clothing attitudes. The data were obtained from the magazines and newspapers published from 1920's to 1930's and previous literatures, and analyzed by qualitative content analysis. The results were as follows: A modern new generation meant the new women, modern girls, and modern boys seeking for the western looks and cultural tastes. The values of a new generation people were individualism, materialism, and modernism which was the same as Americanism. They enjoyed western lifestyles and sports and consumed new mass media and popular culture. Their clothing attitudes were fashion orientation, conformity, symbolism, conspicuous consumption, aesthetic value, individuality, and practicality.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Clothing and Textiles
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• v.25 no.1
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• pp.50-60
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• 2001

This study is to clarify the concept of \"Americanization\" among korean modern clothing culture by investigating magazines from 1920s to 1930s. The Americanization of modern clothing culture can be divided to New fashion, Sports-wear, and Cloth improvement. 1. New fashion, Western culture was the main stream of new fashion, and modern boys and girls could bear cultural privileged consciousness. And the spread of modern culture was so fast that exaggerated fashional preference provoked extravagancy and loss of individuality. 2. Sports-wear. Under the rule of Japanese imperialism, initial sports activity was encouraged to regulate colony by principle and order. Through the sports-wear, practicality of clothing, exposure of female body, and the concept of T.P.O.(Time, place, occasion) were introduced. 3. Cloth improvement. The capitalism and modern concept of \"time\" were introduced and promoted maximum productivity. And to increase productivity, imperialist educated conveniency of western clothes and inconveniency of traditional Korean clothes. These could affect Koreans to think themselves a sense of inferiority(uncivilized complex).ncivilized complex).

• Fashion & Textile Research Journal
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• v.17 no.5
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• pp.793-799
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• 2015

Hanboks have evolved throughout time; for example, the curved Barae has changed into a more modern and sophisticated straight one. The development of staining techniques has increased color selections with more luxurious designs. I suggested a design of Dolbok that considers functionality, practicality and economic feasibility through a comparison of past and present designs. I suggested a fusion Hanbok based on a traditional Dolbok for baby boys and girls. An abundance of cheap resources has decreased the tradition of hand down clothes; therefore, I created functional and economic methods to adjust a Hanbok for kids to wear a long time. First, I made it possible to adjust the length of a skirt by a slip stitch (or catch) stitch with a Seurandan (ornate lower band) and placed the button on shoulder part of the skirt for baby girls. The width of skirt is designed for a 4 year old instead of 1 year old to adjust the size and compensate for growing kids; however, the clothes still look stylish despite the overlapped area. Second, I made a baby boy's vest with a belt that follows traditional methods that were comfortable for width variation. Third, I made Geodeulji (sleeve-ends trimmed with wide bias) that enabled long or short sleeves. Geodeulji made with a variety of fabric colors will enhance the decorative effect. Fourth, I made the width of clothes adjustable by putting Korum (tie) ON Jeogori for baby boys and girls. There are many studies on Hanboks but few reports on modern Dolbok. I believe that designers should further study fusion Hanboks within framework of traditional Hanbok designs to increase comfort and appeal.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Costume
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• v.63 no.3
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• pp.110-123
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• 2013

The purpose of this study is to analyze the first birthday Hanboks on Internet shopping malls and to find the reason why the costume has various types. From April to May 2012, first birthday costumes were sold on 154 Internet shopping mall sites. On 48 of the shopping malls, traditional Hanboks were sold, on 33 of the shopping malls, fusion Hanboks were sold, and on 73 of the shopping malls, Western formal wear was sold. The percentage of the Hanboks and Western costumes for the first birthday was almost the same. Boys costumes in the traditional Hanbok consisted of 'Magoja, Joggi, Jeogori, and Baji" or 'Baeja, Jeogori, and Baji" with Jeonbok or Sagyusam. Boys' headgear consisted of Bokgun and Hogun. Girls' costumes in the traditional Hanbok consisted of 'Jeogori, Chima' or 'Dangui, Chima or Seuranchima'. Girls' headgear was Gulle, Jobawui, and Baessidaenggi. Boys' costumes in the fusion Hanbok consisted of 'Jeogori, Baji, and Wanggunmo' which is different from the traditional Hanbok in materials, colors, and parts of construction. Girls' costumes in the fusion Hanbok could be divided into 3 different types; a modified traditional skirt, Chima, 'Chima and Jeogori" with new materials and colors, and Western dress with traditional materials. The first birthday Hanboks on the Internet shopping malls are simple and convenient compared to the traditional ones. Furthermore, parts of the costumes are influenced by some popular historical dramas. One of the reasons why the costumes have changed is because the customers have few experiences about traditional Korean costumes and their interests have been affected by the modern media.

• Journal of the Korean Home Economics Association
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• v.45 no.1
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• pp.63-73
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• 2007

Korean children's clothes have unique aesthetic characteristics distinguished from other countries'. Our folk beliefs handed down from ancient times always contained fortune - seeking thoughts and particularly mothers' earnest wishes for the happiness of their children were sublimated into the symbolic beauty of their children's clothes. The present study examined children's clothes in the royal family and among the people for 50 years of the transitional period from the late Joseon Dynasty to modern times, by classifying them into ritual dress for new-born babies, festival dress and everyday dress. Male children's clothes included caps such as Bokgeon(복건), Hogeon(호건) and Gulle(굴레) topcoats such as Durumagi(두루마기), Sagyusam(사규삼) Koija(쾌자) and Jeonbok(전복) and others such as Magoja(마고자), Baeja(배자), Joggi(조끼) and Bajijeogori(바지저고리), Female children's clothes included caps and head ornaments such as Gulle, Jobawi(조바위) and Daenggi(댕기) and others such as Durumagi, Jegori and Chima(치마). What is interesting is that old clothes handed down to the present are mostly boys' and few of them are girls'. This is probably because of the strong preference for boys rather than girls that continued until the end of the 20th century. Ordinary people dressed their new - born babies with simple white clothes until Samchilil (the 21st day) or Baekil (the 100thday) but, for these occasions, the royal family prepared clothes as formal as those for the $1^{st}$ birthday among the public. Rainbow-striped garments were more popular among the public than in the royal family. As rainbow colors were known to Korean people to dispel evil power and bring in fortunes, rainbow - striped garments were essential for the $1^{st}$ birthday and festive days. However, they were seldom used in ordinarytimes, and most boys and girls wore plain jackets and plain topcoats. When children's clothes in noble families were compared with royal family's ones, either handed down to the present or found in old literature, no significant difference was observed in the basic composition of everyday dress. In particular, it was found that Andong Kim's family had dressed their children with very formal dress such as Dopo and Sagyusam. Among children's clothes, the most gorgeous one was that worn on the $1^{st}$ birthday, and those for other occasions or festive days were similar or simpler. Colors, patterns and designs used in decorating children's clothes mostly had the meanings of seeking fortunes for children such as long life, wealth and prosperity.

• Korean Journal of Human Ecology
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• v.21 no.5
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• pp.947-956
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• 2012

This study aims to investigate both general dietary behaviors and clinical symptoms of diet related effects among fifth grade students at an elementary school in Ulsan Metropolitan City, and to categorize those relationships in terms of their comparative differences. The findings of this study are as follows. 1. Out of 694 students polled, 53.7% were of boys and 46.2% were girls with average age of $11.9{\pm}0.3$, average height of $145.1{\pm}6.8cm$, and average weight of $39.7{\pm}9.7kg$. Obesity in boys (5.5%) exceeded girls (3.9%) whereas children categorized as underweight showed girls (14.6%) slightly exceeded boys (10.4%). 2. Dietary behaviors were largely the result of four factors - unbalanced diet, balanced diet, protein and fruits and healthy dietary habits. Of these factors, protein and fruits ($4.04{\pm}1.03$) ranked first, balanced diet ($3.38{\pm}1.04$) second, healthy dietary habits ($3.04{\pm}1.01$) third and unbalanced diet ($2.23{\pm}0.6$) ranked last. 3. When Dietary behaviors were classified with four low ranking factors, they were divided into four types such as convenience (22.4%), good diet (24.7%), busy contemporary modern man (24.3%) and healthy dietary habits (26%). 4. Clinical symptoms include colds ($2.27{\pm}1.15$) followed by headaches ($2.17{\pm}1.19$), stomachaches ($2.16{\pm}1.15$), dizziness ($2.02{\pm}1.15$), atopic allergy ($1.95{\pm}1.30$), prevalence for cold sores ($1.86{\pm}1.07$), allergy ($1.65{\pm}1.05$), and constipation ($1.54{\pm}0.87$). 5. According to the results, clinical symptoms were divided into two groups - unhealthy (40.1%) and healthy (59.9%). 6. By analyzing the relationship between dietary behavior types and clinical symptom types, the convenience factor included slightly more of the unhealthy group (56.3%), whereas the good diet (71.1%), busy contemporary modern person (55.8%) and healthy dietary habits (69.7%) included more of healthy group (p<.001). Since the majority of students belonging to the unhealthy group had convenience dietary behavior, education about desirable dietary activities is needed for these students. In addition, nutrition information and information on possible clinical symptoms caused by nutritional imbalance should be provided for students and their households.

• Journal of the Korean Home Economics Association
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• v.11 no.4
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• pp.414-423
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• 1973

Before the modern education was introduced in Korea men had the opportunity to be educated. Women's education was limited to a small number of girls belonging to ruling class. It was the men who got a job to earn the money for the family. The customary law prohibited women from being employed. They were to stay at home engaged in household affairs. This phenomenon has undergone a change when modern education was adopted which gave women the equal opportunity in education. The modernization of the country required a lot of educated and skilled labour. Since 1945 when Korea was liberated from the Japanese colonial administration the modernization programme has been worked out in every field such as industry, education, culture and politics, etc. The traditional grand family was transformed to nuclear family. The migration took place from country to town. With the adoption of compulsory education in the primary school the schoolgirls are increased in great number. The number of girls has been increased every year in Middle Schools, High schools and Universities. Even if boys still outnumber girls in all education institutions, the rate of increase of girl students are higher than that of boy students. Accordingly women are given more opportunity than ever for the employment vis-a-vis men. The number of employed women has been increasing greatly in recent years inproportion to the acceleration of industrialization. The type of their job is also various and colorful ranging from factory worker to doctor and lawyer. There are some problems to be solved with respect to the improvement of women's education. The improved women's education should be reviewed light of the fact that inequality still exists between men and women in occupation and wages, and that women is required of good education contributable to the better Korean society.

• Journal of Gifted/Talented Education
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• v.19 no.3
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• pp.503-527
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• 2009

The purpose of this research is to compare and analyze differences in modern 'Hyo' concepts and behaviors between the gifted and the general students of the elementary school. In this study, two groups(the gifted and the general students of the elementary school) were compared, in grade, birth-order, family members, education and religion factors in family, to seek for a better way to teach the Korean gifted students. The results are, as follows. First, the gifted had higher 'Hyo' concepts than the general students, because developments of the gifted in the field of intellect, emotion and will are faster than the general. The gifted had many interests in values and moral decisions. There are no meaningful differences between boys and girls in the gifted group. But in the general group, girls have higher 'Hyo' concepts than boys. This is because girls emotional developments are faster than boys. Second, in the gifted group, 5th graders have higher 'Hyo' concepts than 6th graders. On the other hand, in the general group, there are no meaningful differences between 5th graders and 6th graders. Third, there were no differences between the groups(gifted/general) by birth-order, family members and having religions or not. However, the comparison between nuclear families and large families shows that Korean traditional ethics - 'Hyo' is still in existence as a basic concept in the family, in spite of the changing family size and unit. In addition, in the family with a religion, the' Hyo' concept is revealed stronger than the other group. This is caused by the power of commanding love and affection which are emphasized through religions. From the results of this research, the gifted students of the elementary school have high consciousness concerning 'Hyo' concepts and behaviors. It is very essential for them to improve their 'Hyo' concepts until adulthood. Therefore, teachers and parents should pay more attention to help them improve their senses of Korean traditional morality - 'Hyo'.

• Journal of the Korea Fashion and Costume Design Association
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• v.17 no.1
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• pp.83-92
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• 2015

The knots have been used practically and functionally in close relation to people's daily life, and it shows the beauty of its ornamental purpose. This study was to discover a new formativeness, such as the natural and symbolic beauty of knots, based on the interpretation of knots' basic image, recreating Korean beauty and characteristics within a modern sense. A bowknot is one of the beautiful Korean traditional knots and it is considered as a symbol of transformation. In this study, the formativeness of bowknots was shown and used, resulting in developing textile patterns that symbolize peace, love, joy, and hope. It was believed that the symbolism of bowknots could be suitable for a pattern of kindergarten uniforms which the children would experience for the first time. Considering the functional characteristics without discomfort while the children participate in various activities and movements, we made two pairs of boys' uniforms and two for girls.