• Phonetics and Speech Sciences
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• v.14 no.2
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• pp.67-76
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• 2022

This study aimed to examine Korean listeners' mode of perceiving sound duration as prolongation, whether dichotomous or continuous. Thirty-five Korean participants (17 men and 18 women) listened to the Korean segment /s/, which was lengthened by 0-980ms in 20-ms increments. Then, the participants were asked to rate each version of the sound based on a rating of one to 100 (the closer to 100, the more disfluent). To examine whether listeners perceived durational variations for the fricative segment dichotomously or continuously, a curve was estimated using the best-fitting regression model for the observed data with the highest adjusted R-squared value. The mode of perceiving durational variations for the segment was continuous (or gradient) rather than discontinuous (or dichotomous). No gender difference was found in the mode of perceiving prolongation. However, there was a significant gender difference in that men rated the most disfluent sounds higher than women. The findings of this study were further discussed in relation to the existing literature, and clinical implications for the assessment of stuttering were presented.

• Journal of the Korean GEO-environmental Society
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• v.23 no.8
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• pp.29-36
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• 2022

The importance of subsurface information is becoming crucial in urban area due to increase of underground construction. The position of underground facilities should be identified precisely before excavation work. Geophyiscal exporation method such as ground penetration radar (GPR) can be useful to investigate the subsurface facilities. GPR transmits electromagnetic waves to the ground and analyzes the reflected signals to determine the location and depth of subsurface facilities. Unfortunately, the readability of GPR signal is not favorable. To overcome this deficiency and automate the GPR signal processing, deep learning technique has been introduced recently. The accuracy of deep learning model can be improved with abundant training data. The ground is inherently heteorogeneous and the spacially variable ground properties can affact on the GPR signal. However, the effect of ground heterogeneity on the GPR signal has yet to be fully investigated. In this study, ground heterogeneity is simulated based on the fractal theory and GPR simulation is carried out by using gprMax. It is found that as the fractal dimension increases exceed 2.0, the error of fitting parameter reduces significantly. And the range of water content should be less than 0.14 to secure the validity of analysis.

• Journal of The Korean Association For Science Education
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• v.27 no.7
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• pp.570-582
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• 2007

The purpose of this study was to analyze the causal relationship among students' science-related career choice and its factors. The causal relationship was analyzed using structural equation modeling. According to the most fitting model, science career aspiration had a direct and total effect of 0.95 (standardized coefficient) on the science career choice, and personal factor had an indirect and total effect of 0.75 on the science career choice, educational factor, 0.46, and social factor, 0.11. Personal factor had a direct and total effect of 0.79 on the science career aspiration, educational factor with total effect of 0.48 (direct effect -0.21, indirect effect 0.69), and social factor with direct and total effect of 0.12. On the other hand, educational factor had a direct and total effect of 0.72 on the social factor, and a direct and total effect of 0.77 on the personal factor. The difference in the causal effect among grades and between gender was analyzed. The difference was only in the magnitude of influence among grades, showing the same tendency with the total number of students, but the difference between gender was contrastive. For the boys, social factor had the biggest effect on the science career choice, next was personal factor, and the educational factor had the smallest effect. The girls' science career choice influenced mostly from personal factor, and the other two factors' effects were not high. The social effect was negative for the girls' science career choice. The implications of proper science career education were discussed from these results, considering the causal relationship among factors of science career choice and its factors.

• Nuclear Engineering and Technology
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• v.55 no.11
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• pp.4274-4281
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• 2023

Blanket is of vital importance for engineering application of the fusion reactor. Nuclear heat deposition in materials is the main heat source in blanket structure. In this paper, the three-dimensional method for thermal-hydraulics/neutronics coupling analysis is developed and applied for the full-scale module of the helium-cooled ceramic breeder tritium breeding blanket (HCCB TBB) designed for China Fusion Engineering Test Reactor (CFETR). The explicit coupling scheme is used to support data transfer for coupling analysis based on cell-to-cell mapping method. The coupling algorithm is realized by the user-defined function compiled in Fluent. The three-dimensional model is established, and then the coupling analysis is performed using the paralleled Coupling Analysis of Thermal-hydraulics and Neutronics Interface Code (CATNIC). The results reveal the relatively small influence of the coupling analysis compared to the traditional method using the radial fitting function of internal heat source. However, the coupling analysis method is quite important considering the nonuniform distribution of the neutron wall loading (NWL) along the poloidal direction. Finally, the structure optimization of the blanket is carried out using the coupling method to satisfy the thermal requirement of all materials. The nonlinear effect between thermal-hydraulics and neutronics is found during the blanket structure optimization, and the tritium production performance is slightly reduced after optimization. Such an adverse effect should be thoroughly evaluated in the future work.

• Journal of fish pathology
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• v.23 no.1
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• pp.57-67
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• 2010

Effects of temperature ($13{\pm}1.5^{\circ}C$, $23{\pm}1.5^{\circ}C$) on the pharmacokinetic properties of nalidixic acid (NA), piromidic acid (PA) and oxolinic acid (OA) were studied after oral administration to cultured olive flounder, Paralichthys olivaceus. Serum concentrations of these antimicrobials were determined after oral administration of a single dosage of 60 mg/kg body weight (average 700 g). At $23{\pm}1.5^{\circ}C$, the peak serum concentrations of NA, PA and OA, which attained at 10 h, 24 h and 30 h post-dose, were 11.55, 3.79 and $1.12{\mu}g/m\ell$, respectively. At $13{\pm}1.5^{\circ}C$, the peak serum concentrations of NA, PA and OA, which attained at 10 h, 15 h and 30 h post-dose, were 6.36, 1.4 and $1.01{\mu}g/m\ell$, respectively. Better absorption of NA and PA was noted at $23{\pm}1.5^{\circ}C$ compared to $23{\pm}13^{\circ}C$. The elimination of NA from serum of olive flounder was considerably faster at $23{\pm}1.5^{\circ}C$ than at $13{\pm}1.5^{\circ}C$. However, both absorption and elimination of OA were not affected significantly by temperature. The kinetic profile of absorption, distribution and elimination of these antimicrobials in serum were analyzed by fitting to a one- and two compartment model, with WinNonlin program. In the one compartment model for NA, AUC, Tmax and Cmax at $23{\pm}1.5^{\circ}C$ were $258.26{\mu}g{\cdot}h/m\ell$, 10.67 h and $8.91{\mu}g/m\ell$, respectively. The AUC, $T_{max}$ and $C_{max}$ at $13{\pm}1.5^{\circ}C$ were $341.45 {\mu}g{\cdot}h/m\ell$, 7.72 h and $6.23{\mu}g/m\ell$, respectively. In the one compartment model for PA, AUC, $T_{max}$ and $C_{max}$ at $23{\pm}1.5^{\circ}C$ were $248.12{\mu}g{\cdot}h/m\ell$, 21.15 h and $3.09{\mu}g/m\ell$, respectively. The AUC, $T_{max}$ and $C_{max}$ at $13{\pm}1.5^{\circ}C$ were $103.89{\mu}g{\cdot}h/m\ell$, 12.89 h and $1.22{\mu}g/m\ell$, respectively. In the two compartment model for OA, AUC, $T_{max}$ and $C_{max}$ at $23{\pm}1.5^{\circ}C$ were $138.20{\mu}g{\cdot}h/m\ell$, 23.95 h and $1.06{\mu}g/m\ell$, respectively. The AUC, $T_{max}$ and $T_{max}$ at $13{\pm}1.5^{\circ}C$ were $159.10{\mu}g{\cdot}h/m\ell$, 28.03 h and $1.02{\mu}g/m\ell$, respectively.

• Asia Marketing Journal
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• v.12 no.2
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• pp.83-110
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• 2010

Dissatisfied customers may express their dissatisfaction behaviorally. These behavioral responses may impact the firms' profitability. How do we model the impact of self regulatory orientation on emotions and subsequent customer behaviors? Obviously, the positive and negative emotions experienced in these situations will influence the overall degree of satisfaction or dissatisfaction with the service(Zeelenberg and Pieters 1999). Most likely, these specific emotions will also partly determine the subsequent behavior in relation to the service and service provider, such as the likelihood of complaining, the degree to which customers will switch or repurchase, and the extent of word of mouth communication they will engage in(Zeelenberg and Pieters 2004). This study investigates the antecedents, consequences of negative consumption emotion and the moderate effect of attribution processing in an integrated model(self regulatory mode → specific emotions → behavioral responses). We focused on the fact that regret and disappointment have effects on consumer behavior. Especially, There are essentially two approaches in this research: the valence based approach and the specific emotions approach. The authors indicate theoretically and show empirically that it matters to distinguish these approaches in services research. and The present studies examined the influence of two regulatory mode concerns(Locomotion orientation and Assessment orientation) with making comparisons on experiencing post decisional regret and disappointment(Pierro, Kruglanski, and Higgins 2006; Pierro et al. 2008). When contemplating a decision with a negative outcome, it was predicted that high (vs low) locomotion would induce more disappointment than regret, whereas high (vs low) assessment would induce more regret than disappointment. The validity of the measurement scales was also confirmed by evaluations provided by the participating respondents and an independent advisory panel; samples provided recommendations throughout the primary, exploratory phases of the study. The resulting goodness of fit statistics were RMR or RMSEA of 0.05, GFI and AGFI greater than 0.9, and a chi-square with a 175.11. The indicators of the each constructs were very good measures of variables and had high convergent validity as evidenced by the reliability with a more than 0.9. Some items were deleted leaving those that reflected the cognitive dimension of importance rather than the dimension. The indicators were very good measures and had convergent validity as evidenced by the reliability of 0.9. These results for all constructs indicate the measurement fits the sample data well and is adequate for use. The scale for each factor was set by fixing the factor loading to one of its indicator variables and then applying the maximum likelihood estimation method. The results of the analysis showed that directions of the effects in the model are ultimately supported by the theory underpinning the causal linkages of the model. This research proposed 6 hypotheses on 6 latent variables and tested through structural equation modeling. 6 alternative measurements were compared through statistical significance test of the paths of research model and the overall fitting level of structural equation model and the result was successful. Also, Locomotion orientation more positively influences disappointment when internal attribution is high than low and Assessment orientation more positively influences regret when external attribution is high than low. In sum, The results of our studies suggest that assessment and locomotion concerns, both as chronic individual predispositions and as situationally induced states, influence the amount of people's experienced regret and disappointment. These findings contribute to our understanding of regulatory mode, regret, and disappointment. In previous studies of regulatory mode, relatively little attention has been paid to the post actional evaluative phase of self regulation. The present findings indicate that assessment concerns and locomotion concerns are clearly distinct in this phase, with individuals higher in assessment delving more into possible alternatives to past actions and individuals higher in locomotion engaging less in such reflective thought. What this suggests is that, separate from decreasing the amount of counterfactual thinking per se, individuals with locomotion concerns want to move on, to get on with it. Regret is about the past and not the future. Thus, individuals with locomotion concerns are less likely to experience regret. The results supported our predictions. We discuss the implications of these findings for the nature of regret and disappointment from the perspective of their relation to regulatory mode. Also, self regulatory mode and the specific emotions(disappointment and regret) were assessed and their influence on customers' behavioral responses(inaction, word of mouth) was examined, using a sample of 275 customers. It was found that emotions have a direct impact on behavior over and above the effects of negative emotions and customer behavior. Hence, We argue against incorporating emotions such as regret and disappointment into a specific response measure and in favor of a specific emotions approach on self regulation. Implications for services marketing practice and theory are discussed.

• The Korean Journal of Nuclear Medicine
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• v.37 no.5
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• pp.288-300
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• 2003

Purpose: To obtain regional blood flow and tissue-blood partition coefficient with time-activity curves from ${H_2}^{15}O$ PET, fitting of some parameters in the Kety model is conventionally accomplished by nonlinear least squares (NLS) analysis. However, NLS requires considerable compuation time then is impractical for pixel-by-pixel analysis to generate parametric images of these parameters. In this study, we investigated several fast parameter estimation methods for the parametric image generation and compared their statistical reliability and computational efficiency. Materials and Methods: These methods included linear least squres (LLS), linear weighted least squares (LWLS), linear generalized least squares (GLS), linear generalized weighted least squares (GWLS), weighted Integration (WI), and model-based clustering method (CAKS). ${H_2}^{15}O$ dynamic brain PET with Poisson noise component was simulated using numerical Zubal brain phantom. Error and bias in the estimation of rCBF and partition coefficient, and computation time in various noise environments was estimated and compared. In audition, parametric images from ${H_2}^{15}O$ dynamic brain PET data peformed on 16 healthy volunteers under various physiological conditions was compared to examine the utility of these methods for real human data. Results: These fast algorithms produced parametric images with similar image qualify and statistical reliability. When CAKS and LLS methods were used combinedly, computation time was significantly reduced and less than 30 seconds for $128{\times}128{\times}46$ images on Pentium III processor. Conclusion: Parametric images of rCBF and partition coefficient with good statistical properties can be generated with short computation time which is acceptable in clinical situation.

• Journal of Korean Society on Water Environment
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• v.24 no.3
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• pp.354-364
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• 2008

The variability in the phosphorus concentrations and the decomposition rates of organic phosphorus were measured in two rivers, the Youngsan River and the Sumjin River through four surveys in June, August and December of 2006 and February of 2007. Water samples were incubated for 20 days in a dark incubator and the change of forms of phosphorus (POP, DOP, DIP) were analyzed. By fitting the change to four types of models the decomposition rates of organic phosphorus were determined. The mean total organic phosphorus (TOP) decomposition rate coefficients in the Youngsan River and the Sumjin River were $0.036day^{-1}$ and $0.035day^{-1}$, respectively. In POP$\rightarrow$DIP model, the average decomposition rate coefficients in the Youngsan River and the Sumjin River were 0.049 and $0.035day^{-1}$, respectively. The average POP decomposition rate coefficients of POP$\rightarrow$DOP$\rightarrow$DIP model were $0.042day^{-1}$ and $0.038day^{-1}$ in the Youngsan River and Sumjin River respectively while the mean DOP decomposition rate coefficients were $0.255day^{-1}$ and $0.244day^{-1}$, respectively. In the Youngsan River, the mean POP$\rightarrow$DOP decomposition rate coefficient and POP$\rightarrow$DIP decomposition rate coefficient of POP$\rightarrow$DOP$\rightarrow$DIP, POP$\rightarrow$DIP model were $0.039day^{-1}$ and $0.007day^{-1}$, respectively. And in the Sumjin River, the above decomposition rate coefficients were $0.031day^{-1}$ and $0.004day^{-1}$, respectively. The decomposition rate coefficients measured in this study might be applicable for modeling of river water quality.

• Journal of Radiation Protection and Research
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• v.40 no.1
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• pp.10-16
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• 2015

Bone changes are common sequela of irradiation in growing animal. The purpose of this study was to establish an experimental model of radiation-induced bone loss in growing mice using micro-computed tomography (${\mu}CT$). The extent of changes following 2 Gy gamma irradiation ($2Gy{\cdot}min^{-1}$) was studied at 4, 8 or 12 weeks after exposure. Mice that received 0.5, 1.0, 2.0 or 4.0 Gy of gamma-rays were examined 8 weeks after irradiation. Tibiae were analyzed using ${\mu}CT$. Serum alkaline phosphatase (ALP) and biomechanical properties were measured and the osteoclast surface was examined. A significant loss of trabecular bone in tibiae was evident 8 weeks after exposure. Measurements performed after irradiation showed a dose-related decrease in trabecular bone volume fraction (BV/TV) and bone mineral density (BMD), respectively. The best-fitting dose-response curves were linear-quadratic. Taking the controls into accounts, the lines of best fit were as follows: BV/TV (%) = $0.9584D^2-6.0168D+20.377$ ($r^2$ = 0.946, D = dose in Gy) and BMD ($mg{\cdot}cm^{-3}$) = $8.8115D^2-56.197D+194.41$ ($r^2$ = 0.999, D = dose in Gy). Body weight did not differ among the groups. No dose-dependent differences were apparent among the groups with regard to mechanical and anatomical properties of tibia, serum ALP and osteoclast activity. The findings provide the basis required for better understanding of the results that will be obtained in any further studies of radiation-induced bone responses.

• Journal of The Korean Association For Science Education
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• v.21 no.2
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• pp.357-384
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• 2001

In this paper, we described practical teaching-learning plans based on three different theoretical approaches to Integrated Science Education (ISE): a knowledge centered ISE, a social problem centered ISE, and an individual interest centered ISE. We believe that science teachers can understand integrated science education through this paper and they are able to apply simultaneously our integrated science teaching materials to their real instruction in classroom. For this we developed integrated science teaching-learning plans for the topic of energy which has a integrated feature strongly among integrated science subject contents. These modules were based upon the teaching strategies of 'Energy' following each integrated directions organized in the previous paper (Three Strategies for Integrated Science Teaching of "Energy" Applying Knowledge, Social Problem, and Individual Interest Centered Approaches) and we applied instruction models fitting each features of integrated directions to the teaching strategies of 'Energy'. There is a concrete describing on the above three integrated science teaching-learning plans as follows. 1. For the knowledge centered integration, we selected the topic, 'Journey of Energy' and we tried to integrate the knowledge of physics, chemistry, biology, and earth science applying the instruction model of 'Free Discovery Learning' which is emphasized on concepts and inquiry. 2. For the social problem centered integration, we selected the topic, 'Future of Energy' to resolve the science-related social problems and we applied the instruction model of 'Project Learning' which is emphasized on learner's cognitive process to the topic. 3. For the individual interest centered integration, we selected the topic, 'Transformation of Energy' for the integration of science and individual interest and we applied the instruction model of 'Project Learning' centering learner's interest and concern. Based upon the above direction, we developed the integrated science teaching-learning plans as following steps. First, we organized 'Integrated Teaching-Learning Contents' according to the topics. Second, based upon the above organization, we designed 'Instructional procedures' to integrate within the topics. Third, in accordance with the above 'Instructional Procedures', we created 'Instructional Coaching Plan' that can be applied in the practical world of real classrooms. These plans can be used as models for the further development of integrated science instruction for teacher preparation, textbook development, and classroom learning.