• Journal of Korean Society for Geospatial Information Science
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• v.18 no.1
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• pp.129-134
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• 2010

Low-carbon Green Growth is highlighted as the main political issue from in and outof Korea. Recently Korean government announced the vision for low-carbon green growth. Considering this as a starting point the carbon emission estimation has become an important factor in the city planning. In order to realize the carbon reduction planning, this research was focused on the trend analyzes between the carbon exhaust estimation as well as the land use change for the past 40 years in Jinju. The image processing data of past aerial photography and the land suitability assessment databases were used to collect the useful information's for the land trend analysis for 40 years. As the results, the land use changes by new residential developments have led to increase the carbon emissions and population concentration rapidly. The urban management planning for low carbon and green growth should consider carbon emissions by population growth derived from land use change. Further research need to estimate the accurate carbon exhaust using relationship model with fuel consumption, carbon estimation, and land use.

• The Journal of the Korea Contents Association
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• v.11 no.3
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• pp.467-476
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• 2011

Compound noun phrase (CNP) is important factor for semantic information process because the meaning of the CNP is more disambiguous than that of single word. However, the CNP can be expressed in various types even though it expresses same meaning. It is called syntactic diversity. It makes information system difficult to grasp sense identity. In order to resolve the syntactic diversity in this research, we propose an indexing method for compound noun phrase. The main purpose is to make identical index term for various types of CNPs which has same meaning. To do so, the research follows next steps. For the first, we make rule template and utilize the template to extract CNPs from set of domestic research papers. In general, the CNP has a unique meaning. Considering the characteristic, we suggest synthesis rules of index terms and apply the rule to CNPs extracted in previous step. For the objective performance evaluation of the research, a test set, HANTEC 2.0, was utilized and the result was compared to baseline model. Through the experiment and the evaluation, we have confirmed that the indexing method suggested in this paper could positively affect retrieval precision and improve performance of the information retrieval.

• Herbal Formula Science
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• v.17 no.2
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• pp.73-83
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• 2009

Objective : In vitro proapoptotic effect of Hangbaek-Tang (HBT) has been documented by one of us. In the present study, we aimed to demonstrate in vivo effect of HBT on tumor growth. Methods : In vitro selective cytotoxicity of HBT was examined by enumeration of viable cell numbers using BC3A mouse leukemic cells and normal spleen cells. In vivo effect of HBT (25 and 50 mg/mouse) on tumor growth was assayed using BC3A cells innoculated subcutaneously in the flank. Annexin-V apoptosis assay and PI staining was performed to determine the effective serum factor in HBT-treated mice. Leukocyte recruitment into peritoneum were analyzed by microscopy with a stained cytosmear of peritoneal lavage fluid. Results : HBT exhibited in vitro selective cytotoxicity to leukemic cells and did not show any toxicity on immune organs. In vivo i.p. administration of HBT induced significant reduction in tumor growth but not complete regression. Sera obtained from HBT-treated mice strongly inhibited BC3A cell growth in vitro and were revealed to markedly enhance apoptosis and accompanying cell death, when compared to those from PBS-treated mice. Abundant extravasation of leukocytes, especially neutrophils, into peritoneum was observed in HBT-treated mice. Conclusions : HBT causes leukemic, BC3A cell death in vivo via apoptosis as well as in vitro, for which functional involvement of leukocytes is suggested.

• Herbal Formula Science
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• v.16 no.2
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• pp.171-182
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• 2008

The aqueous extract of Schisandra chinensis, Evodia rutaecarpa and meal (SEM-Ex) has been traditionally used in the Oriental countries as an astringent. However, little is known about the effects of aqueous extract of SEM-Ex on dextran-sulfate sodium (DSS)-induced colitis in mice. In this study, we investigated the protective effects of SEM-Ex on DSS-induced colitis in mice. An experimental colitis was induced by daily treatment with 5% DSS. SEM-Ex was orally administered from day 2 of DSS treatment in the different dose (10-50 mg/kg body weight). SEM-Ex reduced significantly clinical sign of DSS-induced colitis, including body weight loss, shorten colon length, increased disease activity index (DAI), and histological colon injury. Moreover, SEM-Ex suppressed significantly not only the serum haptoglobin levels and the activities of myeloperoxidase (MPO), but also the colon tissue expression levels of monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1) in DSS-induced mice. In contrast, SEM-Ex increased significantly the colon tissue expression levels of granular colony stimulating factor (G-CSF) well known as anti-inflammatory cytokine. These results suggest that SEM-Ex administration could reduce significantly the clinical signs and regulate of chemokine and anti-inflammatory cytokine in DSS-induced model mice. Therefore, these properties may contribute to the strong anti-ulcerative colitis (UC) response effect of SEM-Ex.

• The KSFM Journal of Fluid Machinery
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• v.13 no.5
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• pp.43-53
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• 2010

This study investigates a design optimization of a rotating two-pass rectangular cooling channel with staggered arrays of pin-fins. The radial basis neural network method is used as an optimization technique with Reynolds-averaged Navier-Stokes analysis of fluid flow and heat transfer with shear stress transport turbulent model. The ratio of the diameter to height of the pin-fins and the ratio of the streamwise spacing between the pin-fins to height of the pin-fin are selected as design variables. The optimization problem has been defined as a minimization of the objective function, which is defined as a linear combination of heat transfer related term and friction loss related term with a weighting factor. Results are presented for streamlines, velocity vector fields, and contours of Nusselt numbers, friction coefficients, and turbulent kinetic energy. These results show how fluid flow in a two-pass square cooling channel evolves a converted secondary flows due to Coriolis force, staggered arrays of pin-fins, and a $180^{\circ}$ turn region. These results describe how the fluid flow affects surface heat transfer. The Coriolis force induces heat transfer discrepancy between leading and trailing surfaces, having higher Nusselt number on the leading surface in the second pass while having lower Nusselt number on the trailing surface. Dean vortices generated in $180^{\circ}$ turn region augment heat transfer in the turning region and in the upstream region of the second pass. As the result of optimization, in comparison with the reference geometry, thermal performance of the optimum geometry shows the improvement by 30.5%. Through the optimization, the diameter of pin-fin increased by 14.9% and the streamwise distance between pin-fins increased by 32.1%. And, the value of objective function decreased by 18.1%.

• Preventive Nutrition and Food Science
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• v.7 no.2
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• pp.146-150
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• 2002

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the antioxidative potential of Korean wild leafy vegetables in vivo as well as in vitro. Antioxidative activities of Aster scaber and Ligularia fischeri were evaluated against a reference of Spinacia oleracea Forty rats were fed either control diet or respective vegetable diets for four weeks. The level of thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) and the activities of catalase and superoxide dismutase (SOD) in liver were compared. The plasma concentrations of total cholesterol (TC), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) and triglyceride (TG) were also compared. Korean wild leafy vegetables were assayed for $\beta$-carotene, vitamin C and vitamin E and total phenolic compound including flavonoid and thiobarbituric acid (TBA) value using the linoleic acid model system. SOD activity in rats fed Aster scaber was significantly higher(as much as 289%) than those fed Spinacia oleracea. Compared to control animals, the Aster scaber fed animals had significantly lower TC and lower atherogenic index. Compared to Spinacia oleracea, Aster scaber and Ligularia fischeri had vitamin C concentration of 150% and 400%, flavonoid concentrations of 470% and 310%, and phenolic compound concentrations of 326% and 203%, respectively, but tended to have lower $\beta$-carotene and significantly lower vitamin E concentrations. TBA values were only 18% of the control value in Aster scarier and Ligularia fischeri and 41% of the control value in Spinacia oleracea. These results suggest that Aster scaber could have potent antioxidative activity in vivo as well as in vitro and potential vague as a functional food to improve the plasma lipid profiles. Furthermore, phenolic and flavonoid compounds may be a major contributing factor to the antioxidative potential of Korean wild leafy vegetables.

• Phonetics and Speech Sciences
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• v.4 no.1
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• pp.99-108
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• 2012

Recent research has identified that self-reported voice problems are a risk indicator for voice disorders. However, previous studies concerning the general population did not take into account the influence of gender on self-reported voice problems. The purpose of the present cross-sectional study was to determine the gender differences in risk factors of self-reported voice problems in the Korean adult population using national survey data. This study utilized data from the Korea National Health and Nutritional Examination Survey 2008. Subjects inclued 3,622 people (1,508 male and 2,114 female) aged 19 years and older living in the community. Data were analyzed using t-test, one-way ANOVA, and multiple logistic regression. The prevalence of self-reported voice problems was 5.9% in males, and 8.1% in females Females had higher incidents of self-reported voice problems than males. Adjusting for covariates, in males, age (OR=2.47, 95% CI: 1.07-5.70), pain and discomfort during the last two weeks (OR=3.64, 95% CI: 2.20-6.01) were independently associated with self-reported voice problems (p<0.05). In women, age (OR=1.96, 95% CI: 1.18-3.26), education (OR=2.09, 95% CI: 1.06-4.12), smoking (OR=2.70, 95% CI: 1.48-4.93), thyroid disorders (OR=2.58, 95% CI: 1.47-4.53), pain and discomfort during the last two weeks (OR=1.75, 95% CI: 1.21-2.54) were independently associated with self-reported voice problem (p<0.05). Self-reported voice problems related risk factors differed according to gender. These findings suggest that there needs to be different program strategies that reflect gender differences in self-reported voice problems.

• Magazine of the Korea Concrete Institute
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• v.11 no.1
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• pp.231-242
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• 1999

This paper presents a numerical study on the flat plates in deep basements, subjected to out-of-plane floor load and in-plane compressive load due to soil and hydraulic lateral pressure. For nonlinear finite element analysis, a computer program addressing material and geometric nonlinearities is developed. The validity of the numerical model is established by comparison with existing experiments performed on plates simply supported on four edges. The flat plates to be studied are designed according to the Direct Design Method in Korean Building Code for Structural Concrete. Through numerical study on the effects of different load combinations and loading sequence, the load condition that governs the strength of the flat plates is determined. For the plates under the governing load condition, parametric studies are performed to investigate variations of the strength with reinforcement ratio, aspect ratio, concrete strength, and slenderness ratio. Based on the numerical results, the floor load magnification factor is proposed.

• Microbiology and Biotechnology Letters
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• v.41 no.1
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• pp.52-59
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• 2013

The nutritional requirements for the maximum production of lipopeptides by Bacillus subtilis N7 (B. subtilis N7) were investigated and optimized using response surface methodology (RSM) under shake flask fermentation. A one-factor-at-a-time experimental setup was used to screen carbon and nitrogen sources. A Plackett-Burman design (PBD) was employed to screen the most critical variables for lipopeptides production amongst ten nutritional elements. The central composite experimental design (CCD) was finally adopted to elucidate the composition of the fermentation medium. Statistical analyses (analysis of variance, ANOVA) of the results showed that KCl, $MnSO_4$ and $FeSO_4{\cdot}6H_2O$ were important components and that their interactions were strong. Lipopeptide production was predicted to reach 709.87 mg/L after a 60 h incubation using an optimum fermentation medium composed of glucose 7.5 g/L, peanut oil 1.25 g/L, $MgSO_4$ 0.37 g/L, $KH_2PO_4$ 0.75 g/L, monosodium glutamate 6.75 g/L, yeast extract and $NH_4Cl$ (5:3 w/w) 10 g/L, KCl 0.16 g/L, $FeSO_4{\cdot}6H_2O$ 0.24 mg/L, $MnSO_4$ 0.76 mg/L, and an initial pH of 7.0. Lipopeptide production ($706.57{\pm}3.70$ mg/L) in the optimized medium confirmed the validity of the predicted model.

• Development and Reproduction
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• v.15 no.1
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• pp.25-30
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• 2011

Embryonic stem (ES) cells can self-renew maintaining the undifferentiated state. Self renewal requires many factors such as Oct4, Sox2, FoxD3, and Nanog. NF-${\kappa}B$ is a transcription factor involved in many biological activities. Expression and activity of NF-${\kappa}B$ increase upon differentiation of ES cells. Reportedly, Nanog protein directly binds to NF-${\kappa}B$ protein and inhibits its activity in ES cells. Here, we found a potential binding site of NF-${\kappa}B$ in the human Nanog promoter and postulated that NF-${\kappa}B$ protein may regulate expression of the Nanog gene. We used human embryonic carcinoma (EC) cells as a model system of ES cells and confirmed decrease of Nanog and increase of NF-${\kappa}B$ upon differentiation induced by retinoic acid. Although deletion analysis on the DNA fragment including NF-${\kappa}B$ binding site suggested involvement of NF-${\kappa}B$ in the negative regulation of the promoter, site-directed mutation of NF-${\kappa}B$ binding site had no effect on the Nanog promoter activity. Furthermore, no direct association of NF-${\kappa}B$ with the Nanog promoter was detected during differentiation. Therefore, we conclude that NF-${\kappa}B$ protein may not be involved in transcriptional regulation of Nanog gene expression in EC cells and possibly in ES cells.