• The Journal of the Korea Contents Association
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• v.10 no.11
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• pp.391-402
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• 2010

The purposes of this study are to identify the relationships between service quality, perceived value, satisfaction, and loyalty for IhoTewoo festival through a structural equation model. This study was conducted by means of survey questionnaire of festival visitors with 348 responses. The main results of the study are as follows. First, the exploratory factor analysis with principal component method of the 19 service quality items identified four underlying domains. These dimensions were labelled: (1) 'program', (2) 'informational service', (3) 'festival area', and (4) 'food'. Second, service quality has a significantly positive effect on perceived value, satisfaction, and loyalty. Third, Perceived value has a significantly positive effect on satisfaction. Fourth, both perceived value and satisfaction have significantly positive effects on loyalty. Fifth, Although the direct effect of service quality on customer loyalty was evident, it was also found that the indirect effects of service quality through perceived value and/or overall satisfaction were stronger. Thus, customer loyalty will be stronger when service quality is matched with perceived value and/or overall satisfaction, meaning that multiple factors play a significant role in determining customer loyalty.

• The Journal of Korean Medicine
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• v.39 no.1
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• pp.1-12
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• 2018

Objectives: Astragalus membranaceus has been reported to inhibit immune responses, but its effect on hair loss is not clear. In this study, the effect of A. membranaceus extract (AM) on hair regrowth in C57BL/6 mice with natural hair loss in the telogen phase was investigated. Methods: Mice with natural hair loss were topically treated with 1% AM on the dorsal skin for 2 weeks. Dorsal skin samples were stained with hematoxylin and eosin and probed with an anti-mouse CD8a IgG. The mRNA expression levels of tumor necrosis factor $(TNF)-{\alpha}$, interferon $(IFN)-{\gamma}$ and interleukin (IL)-4 were measured by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction and quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction. Results: AM treatment induced hair regrowth in hair loss mice, while control mice suffered continued hair loss. Tapering hair shafts and broken hair follicles were decreased as well as CD8+ T lymphocyte infiltration. In addition, the expressions of $TNF-{\alpha}$, $IFN-{\gamma}$ and IL-4 were reduced by AM treatment. Also, AM treatment significantly increased the KGF expressions in Hs68 fibroblast cells. Conclusion: These results suggest that topical application of A. membranaceus may be an alternative therapy for hair loss.

• The Journal of the Korea Contents Association
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• v.14 no.10
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• pp.279-286
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• 2014

In this study, the local government proposes to improve agricultural products of the mall. Based on precedent studies, the variables that influence Customer Satisfaction are defined as; Product Quality, Delivery, Price. The result of study model verification is as below. Product Quality, Delivery and Price have positive influence on Customer Satisfaction. Price and Customer Satisfaction have positive influence on Repurchasing intention. Agricultural products through e-commerce transactions is increasing. But, the decreasing sales of professional Mall. Agricultural products have a variety of distribution channels. Because of the distribution system in a variety of price differences. People think that the most important factor is the price. Improvement is as follows. (1) To offer accurate product information, (2) Continuous content maintenance, (3) Conducted a variety of events, (4) To provide consumers with various benefits, (5) Offer a variety of product configurations, (6) Select the appropriate sales methods, (7) Provide ease of search.

• BMB Reports
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• v.40 no.3
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• pp.448-452
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• 2007

We examined the contribution of CYP2C9 and CYP2C19 genotypes and drug interactions to the phenytoin metabolism among 97 Korean epileptic patients to determine if pharmacogenetic testing could be utilized in routine clinical practice. The CYP2C9 polymorphism is a wellknown major genetic factor responsible for phenytoin metabolism. The CYP219 polymorphism, with a high incidence of variant alleles, has a minor influence on phenytoin treated Koran patients. Using a multiple regression model for evaluation of the CYP2C9 and CYP2C19 genotypes, together with other non-genetic variables, we explained 39.6% of the variance in serum phenytoin levels. Incorporation of genotyping for CYP2C9 and CYP2C19 into a clinical practice may be of some help in the determination of phenytoin dosage. However, because concurrent drug treatment is common in patients taking phenytoin and many environmental factors are likely to play a role in drug metabolism, these factors may overwhelm the relevance of CYP polymorphisms in the clinical setting. Further investigations with an approach to dose assessment that includes comprehensive interpretation of both pharmacogenetic and pharmacokinetic data along with understanding of the mechanism of drug interactions in dosage adjustment is warranted.

• Journal of Korean Critical Care Nursing
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• v.3 no.2
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• pp.37-48
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• 2010

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to examine the frequency and the course of delirium, and identify risk factors for the development of delirium in surgical intensive care unit (SICU). Methods: Subjects older than 19 years admitted to the SICU were recruited. After informed written consent, enrolled subjects had baseline cognitive and functional assessments. Subjects were assessed daily for delirium using the Confusion Assessment Method-ICU (CAM-ICU). Results: During the study period, 110 patients were enrolled. The overall incidence of delirium was 20% (22/110). The average time to onset of delirium was 3.04(${\pm}1.25$) days. Several variables were associated with an increased risk of delirium including older age (p<.05), higher admission APACHE II score (p<.001), use of opioid and analgesics (p<.01), using physical restraints (p<.001), and intraoperative hypotension (p<.05). In a multivariate logistic regression model, using physical restraints (p<.001), intraoperative hypotension (p<.05), and older age (p<.05) remained significant predictors of the delirium development. Conclusion: Using physical restraints, intraoperative hypotension and older age was strongly associated with development of delirium in the SICU. Prevention measures need to focus on identifying patients at higher risk for delirium development.

• The Journal of Internal Korean Medicine
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• v.19 no.2
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• pp.88-106
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• 1998

This study was designed to elucidate the antiinflammatory, cardiovascular, antithrombotic, and analgesic effect of Sambitang. The antiinflammatory effects was measured by the method of carrageenin induced edema, protein leakage test using CMC-pouch, and the effect of Sambitang on the cardiovascular system was observed by the change of flow rate of Ringer solution in the vascular system in the ear of rabbit, and the contraction and dilatation of rat tail artery. Death rate, platelet aggregation, plasma coagulation activity was observed for the measurement of the anticoagurative effect of Sambitang, and the analgesic effect was measured by the acetic acid method and hot plate method. The result was as follows: 1. Sambitang administration, edema and protein leakage was significantly decreased. 2. The drug increased the auricular blood flow in rabbit. 3. The drug relaxed the artery contraction by pretreated norepinephrine in rat. 4. The drug inhibited the death rate of mouse which was led to thromboembo- lism by serotonin and collagen. 5. The drug inhibited the platelet aggregation in rat. 6. The drug prolonged the prothrombin time and activated partial thromboplastin time on the test of plasma coagulation factor activity in rat, but was not valuable. 7. The slight anagesic effect of Sambitang extract was confirmed by the observation of writhing syndrome, paw licking time, and escape time.

• The Journal of Internal Korean Medicine
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• v.37 no.3
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• pp.467-483
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• 2016

Objective: This study was performed to investigate the effect of IUS (Inulsan, an extract of Artemisiae capillaris (茵蔯), Curcumae longae (鬱金), and Crataegi fructus (山査)) on anti-hyperlipidemia, anti-oxidation, and anti-inflammation.Method: We administered water extracts of Artemisiae capillaris, Curcumae longae, and Crataegi fructus for three weeks to db/db mice (C57BL/Ks), animal models induced with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Mice were divided into three groups: normal (C57BL/6J mice group), control group (db/db mice without administration of IUS) and IUS group (db/db mice treated with IUS). Then we measured total cholesterol, LDL cholesterol, HDL cholesterol, and triglyceride in the serum after the oral administration of IUS.Results: 1. IUS did not show any cytotoxicity in RAW 264.7 cells. 2. IUS decreased AST, ALP, and creatinine levelsand did not show any liver or renal toxicity in the db/db mice. 3. IUS increased DPPH and ABTS radical scavenging activity and decreased ROS production in RAW 264.7 cells. 4. IUS significantly decreased IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α production in RAW 264.7 cells. 5. IUS increased HDL cholesterol and significantly decreased total cholesterol and triglyceride in db/db mice. 6. IUS significantly decreased the atherogenic index and cardiac risk factor. 7. In contrast with the control group, fat infiltration in the liver and aorta decreased in IUS treated mice. The cell nucleus was located in the central area in H&E staining of liver. And endomembranes also were more thinner than the control group in H&E staining of aorta.Conclusions: These results suggest that IUS might be effective in the prevention and treatment of dyslipidemia.

• Journal of Physiology & Pathology in Korean Medicine
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• v.23 no.5
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• pp.1095-1105
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• 2009

This study was carried out to know the immunological effect of GDGT on CIA(collagen induced arthritis) mice, a model of rheumatoid arthritis. For this purpose, GDGT was orally administerd to mice with arthritis induced by collagen II and then value of cytotoxicity on hFLSs and liver, the arthritis index, immunocyte in paw joint and DNL, rheumatoid factor (IgG and IgM), collagen II specific antibody in the serum were measured. The cytotoxicity were not shown on hFLSs and liver. The arthritis index decreased significantly after 3 week. In total cell counts of DLN and paw joint, there was a significant increase in DLN and significant decrease in paw joint. In DNL, $CD19^+$, $CD3^+$, $CD4^+$, $CD3^+/CD69^+$, $CD8^+$, $CD4^+/CD25^+$, $ CD3^+/CD49b^+$ cells increased significantly. In Paw joints, $CD3^+$, $ CD4^+$, $CD4^+/CD25^+$ cells decreased significantly. The level of serum IgG and IgM decreased significantly. The level of collagen II in the serum was decreased significantly. Marginal erosion, necrotic chodrocytes, cartilage and bone degradation were improved in histological section of paw joints. The results present significant immunological effect of GDGT on rats with arthritis induced by collgen II. So we expect that GDGT should be used as a effective drugs for not only rheumatoid arthritis but also another auto-immune disease.

• Toxicological Research
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• v.30 no.2
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• pp.83-90
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• 2014

An increasing number of recent studies have focused on the impact of particulate matter on human health. As a model for atmospheric particulate inhalation, we investigated the effects of inhaled carbon black nanoparticles (CBNP) on mice with bleomycin-induced pulmonary fibrosis. The CNBPs were generated by a novel aerosolization process, and the mice were exposed to the aerosol for 4 hours. We found that CBNP inhalation exacerbated lung inflammation, as evidenced by histopathology analysis and by the expression levels of interleukin-6 protein, fibronectin, and interferon-${\gamma}$ mRNAs in lung tissues. Notably, fibronectin mRNA expression showed a statistically significant increase in expression after CBNP exposure. These data suggest that the concentration of CBNPs delivered (calculated to be $12.5{\mu}g/m^3$) can aggravate lung inflammation in mice. Our results also suggest that the inhalation of ultrafine particles like PM 2.5 is an impactful environmental risk factor for humans, particularly in susceptible populations with predisposing lung conditions.

• Molecules and Cells
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• v.28 no.6
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• pp.565-573
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• 2009

The pig could be a useful model to characterize molecular aspects determining several delicate phenotypes because they have been bred for those characteristics. The Korean native pig (KNP) is a regional breed in Korea that was characterized by relatively high intramuscular fat content and reddish meat color compared to other western breeds such as Yorkshire (YS). YS grew faster and contained more lean muscle than KNP. We compared the KNP to Yorksire to find molecular clues determining muscle characteristics. The comparison of skeletal gene expression profiles between these two breeds showed molecular differences in muscle. We found 82 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) defined by fold change (more than 1.5 fold difference) and statistical significance (within 5% of false discovery rate). Functional analyses of these DEGs indicated up-regulation of most genes involved in cell cycle arrest, down-regulation of most genes involved in cellular differentiation and its inhibition, down-regulation of most genes encoding component of muscular-structural system, and up-regulation of most genes involved in diverse metabolism in KNP. Especially, DEGs in above-mentioned categories included a large number of genes encoding proteins directly or indirectly involved in p53 pathway. Our results indicated a possible role of p53 to determine muscle characteristics between these two breeds.