• Proceedings of the Korea Environmental Mutagen Society Conference
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• 2002.05a
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• pp.36-42
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• 2002

Diesel exhaust (DE) has been recognized as a noxious mutagen and/or carcinogen, because its components can form DNA adducts. Mechanisms governing the susceptibility to DE and the efficiency of such DNA adduct formation require clarification. The transcription factor Nrf2 is essential for inducible and/or constitutive expression of a group of detoxification and antioxidant enzymes, and we hypothesized that the nrf2 gene knockout mouse might serve as an excellent model system for analyzing DE toxicity. To address this hypothesis, lungs from nrf2(-/-) and nrf2(+/-) mice were examined for the production of xenobiotic-DNA adducts after exposure to DE (3 $mg/m^{3}$ suspended particulate matter) for 4 weeks. Whereas the relative adduct levels (RAL) were significantly increased in the lungs of both nrf2(+/-) and nrf2(-/-) mice upon exposure to DE, the increase of RAL in the lungs from nrf2(-/-) mice exposed to DE were approximately 2.3-fold higher than that of nrf2(+/-) mite exposed to DE. In contrail, cytochrome P4501Al mRNA levels in the nrf2(-/-)mouse lungs were similar to those in the nrf2(+/-) mouse lungs even after exposure to DE, suggesting that suppressed activity of phase II drug-metabolizing enzymes is important in giving ise to the increased level of DNA adducts in the Nrf2-null mutant mouse subjected to DE. Importantly, severe hyperplasia and accumulation of the oxidative DNA adduct 8-hydroxydeoxyguanosine were observed in the bronchial epidermis of nrf(-/-) mite following DE exposure. These results demonstrate the increased susceptibility of the nrf2 germ line mutant mouse to DE exposure and indicate the nrf2 gene knockout mouse nay represent a valuable model for the assessment of respiratory DE toxicity.

• Journal of Environmental Policy
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• v.8 no.4
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• pp.149-169
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• 2009

Integrated Pollution Prevention and Control(IPPC) has become an idealistic environmental prevention concept in developed countries and corresponds with principles of Industrial Ecology. The concept of emissions regulatory integration is a key factor for an integrated environmental management system. While most EU member countries have a cross-media regulatory system, Korea has a media-specific regulatory system which was found to have significant environmental management problems. The purpose of this study is to integrate the emissions regulatory system by resolving difficulties through procedural, organizational, and substantive analysis of integration. To this end, the following research was performed: The first task was to determine the target of the integrated emissions regulatory system. In connection with this, the "IPPC directive" of the EU and the "PPCA 2000" schedule 1 of the UK, as well as environmental laws in Korea were compared and analyzed. The second was to design a regulatory system model. This model was divided into three groups after considerations were made regarding the time it would take for the pre-application,application, and permission stages. Lastly, on the basis of this research, a revised bill for an integrated emissions regulatory system was suggested. Nevertheless, substantive analysis of integration focused on BAT requires supplementation in order to make the integrated emissions regulation system operate normally as an environmental management policy and regulation method. To this end, the specific characteristics of Korean society, culture, and law should be actively considered.

• Journal of Family Resource Management and Policy Review
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• v.16 no.4
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• pp.131-152
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• 2012

The aims of this study were to analyze middle-aged households' financial preparation for retirement. Specifically, this study surveyed the relation between human capital investment for children and the middle-aged households' financial preparation for retirement and investigated factors influencing financial preparation for retirement. Data were obtained from the 3rd Korean Retirement and Income Study (KReIS) in 2009, and a sample of 757 households was selected. The statistical methods were frequency, percentile, mean, standard deviation, ${\chi}^2$, t-test, Pearson's correlation coefficient, and logistic regression analysis. The findings of this study are as follows. First, the percentile of preparation for living costs for old age was 49.9% for the middle-aged households. In terms of the types of preparation for living costs for old age, the results showed 61.6% of personal preparation, 33.9% of pension system, and 1.3% for children and relatives. In relation to the adequacy of the preparations for living costs for old age, preparations made by 57.4% of the middle-aged households were inadequate. Observing the minimum living costs for old age and adequate living costs after retirement for single and couple, the minimum living costs of the middle-aged households was 1.46 million won for couple and 0.91 million won for single. The adequate living costs for old age was 2.07 million won for couple and 1.34 million won for single. Second, there were 757 households with total education expenditure. Of these, 208 incurred annual expenditure on public education, and the annual expenditure for public education was 7.28 million won. There were 170 households with annual expenditure for private education, and the annual expenditure for private education was 2.50 million won. 243 households of middle-aged households had annual expenditure for human capital investment, including both public and private education, with annual expenditure for human capital investment for children of 7.82 million won. Furthermore, in the human capital investment factor, there was a difference in the middle-aged households' financial preparation for retirement according to their annual expenditure for human capital investment including both public and private education. In addition, there was a difference in financial preparation for retirement based on their public education expenditure. Third, in the logistic regression model 1, which included human capital investment, the significant variables affecting the preparation for retirement of the middle-aged households were as follows : annual household income, total amount of annual household income, experience of inadequate living costs, existence of financial assets, total amount of annual household savings, financial independence, adequate living costs (for single) for old age, and human capital investment. In the logistic regression model 2, which included annual expenditure for public education and annual expenditure for private education, the significant variables affecting the preparation for retirement of the middle-aged households were as follows : annual household income, total amount of annual household income, experience of inadequate living costs, existence of financial assets, total amount of annual household savings, financial independence, adequate living costs (for single) for old age, and annual expenditure for public education.

• Journal of the Korean GEO-environmental Society
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• v.14 no.9
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• pp.31-37
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• 2013

In this study installation diameter, interval, area replacement ratio and ground hardness of applicable ground in C.G.S method should be mastered through surrounding ground by conducting modeling. Optimum artificial neural network was selected through the study of the parameter of artificial neural network and prediction model was developed by the relationship with numerical analysis and artificial neural network. As this result, C.G.S pile settlement and ground settlement were found to be equal in terms of diameter, interval, area replacement ratio and ground hardness, presented in a single curve, which means that the behavior pattern of applied ground in C.G.S method was presented as some form, and based on such a result, learning the artificial neural network for 3D behavior was found to be possible. As the study results of artificial neural network internal factor, when using the number of neural in hidden layer 10, momentum constant 0.2 and learning rate 0.2, relationship between input and output was expressed properly. As a result of evaluating the ground behavior of C.G.S method which was applied to using such optimum structure of artificial neural network model, is that determination coefficient in case of C.G.S pile settlement was 0.8737, in case of ground settlement was 0.7339 and in case of ground heaving was 0.7212, sufficient reliability was known.

• Culinary science and hospitality research
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• v.19 no.3
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• pp.194-208
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• 2013

This study presented a theoretical research system about the impact of boss' transformational leadership that is recognized by super luxury hotel chefs on their job satisfaction and performance, and on the basis of this theoretical background, the model was derived and the hypothesis was confirmed by empirical research. A frequency analysis was conducted to determine the general characteristics of the 245 samples collected in this study, an exploratory factor analysis for the verification of the validity of boss' transformational leadership, employees' job satisfaction and job performance, and 'Cronbach's a' was used for the verification of reliability. In addition, a canonical correlation analysis was used to determine the relationship between transformational leadership, job satisfaction and job performance, and the influencing relations of variables were verified by running a multiple regression analysis through SPSS ver 18.0 statistical package in order to verify this research model and hypothesis. The results of this study can be summarized as follows: First, it was shown that the transformational leadership charisma (p<0.01) and only the individual concern (p<0.1) had a positive influence on job satisfaction. Second, as a result of understanding the impact of the transformational leadership on the job performance through a regression coefficient, it was shown that only boss' intellectual stimulation had an impact on the chef's job performance (p<0.005). Through the results of an empirical analysis that boss' transformational leadership had a correlation and a significant impact on job satisfaction and job performance, the effort of providing the systematic support and motivational aspects of supporting environment will be needed.

• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• v.72 no.1
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• pp.15-23
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• 2012

Background: The survival of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) patients with brain metastases is reported to be 3~6 months even with aggressive treatment. Some patients have very short survival after aggressive treatment and reliable prognostic scoring systems for patients with cancer have a strong correlation with outcome, often supporting decision making and treatment recommendations. Methods: A total of one hundred twenty two NSCLC patients with brain metastases who received gamma knife radiosurgery (GKRS) were analyzed. Survival analysis was calculated in all patients for thirteen available prognostic factors and four prognostic scoring systems: score index for radiosurgery (SIR), recursive partitioning analysis (RPA), graded prognostic assessment (GPA), and basic score for brain metastases (BSBM). Results: Age, Karnofsky performance status, largest brain lesion volume, systemic chemotherapy, primary tumor control, and medication of epidermal growth factor receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitor were statistically independent prognostic factors for survival. A multivariate model of SIR and RPA identified significant differences between each group of scores. We found that three-tiered indices such as SIR and RPA are more useful than four-tiered scoring systems (GPA and BSBM). Conclusion: There is little value of RPA class III (most unfavorable group) for the same results of 6-month and 1-year survival rate. Thus, SIR is the most useful index to sort out patients with poorer prognosis. Further prospective trials should be performed to develop a new molecular- and gene-based prognostic index model.

• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• v.81 no.1
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• pp.80-87
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• 2018

Background: Asthma is a disease of chronic airway inflammation with heterogeneous features. Neutrophilic asthma is corticosteroid-insensitive asthma related to absence or suppression of $T_H2$ process and increased $T_H1$ and/or $T_H17$ process. Macrolides are immunomodulatory drug that reduce airway inflammation, but their role in asthma is not fully known. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the role of macrolides in neutrophilic asthma and compare their effects with those of corticosteroids. Methods: C57BL/6 female mice were sensitized with ovalbumin (OVA) and lipopolysaccharides (LPS). Clarithromycin (CAM) and/or dexamethasone (DXM) were administered at days 14, 15, 21, 22, and 23. At day 24, the mice were sacrificed. Results: Airway resistance in the OVA+LPS exposed mice was elevated but was more attenuated after treatment with CAM+DXM compared with the monotherapy group (p<0.05 and p<0.01). In bronchoalveolar lavage fluid study, total cells and neutrophil counts in OVA+LPS mice were elevated but decreased after CAM+DXM treatment. In hematoxylin and eosin stain, the CAM+DXM-treated group showed less inflammation additively than the monotherapy group. There was less total protein, interleukin 17 (IL-17), interferon ${\gamma}$, and tumor necrosis factor ${\alpha}$ in the CAM+DXM group than in the monotherapy group (p<0.001, p<0.05, and p<0.001). More histone deacetylase 2 (HDAC2) activity was recovered in the DXM and CAM+DXM challenged groups than in the control group (p<0.05). Conclusion: Decreased IL-17 and recovered relative HDAC2 activity correlated with airway resistance and inflammation in a neutrophilic asthma mouse model. This result suggests macrolides as a potential corticosteroid-sparing agent in neutrophilic asthma.

• Journal of Navigation and Port Research
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• v.34 no.3
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• pp.175-180
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• 2010

In the almost application parts, GNSS being used the primary navigation system on world-widely. However, some of nations attempt or deliberate to enhance current Loran system, as a backup to satellite navigation system because of the vulnerability to the disturbance signal. Loran interests in supplemental navigation system by the development and enhancement, which is called eLoran, and that consists of advancement of receiver and transmitter and of differential Loran in order to increase the accuracy of current Loran-C. A significant factor limiting the ranging accuracy of the eLoran signal is the ASF in the TOAs observed by the receiver. The ASF is mostly due to the fact that the ground-wave signal is likely to propagate over paths of varying conductivity and topography. This paper presents comparison results between the predicted ASF and the measured ASF in a southern east region of Korea. For predicting ASF, the Monteath model is used. Actual ASF is measured from the legacy Loran signal transmitted Pohang station in the GRI 9930 chain. The test results showed the repeatability of the measured ASF and the consistent characteristics between the predicted and the measured ASF values.

• KIPS Transactions on Software and Data Engineering
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• v.4 no.12
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• pp.549-560
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• 2015

There is a wide variety of data quality attributes such as the ones proposed by the ISO/IEC organization and also by many other domestic and international institutions. However, it takes considerable time and costs to apply those criteria and guidelines to real environment. Therefore, it needs to define data quality evaluation attributes which are easily applicable and are not influenced by organizational environment limitations. The purpose of this paper is to derive data quality attributes and order of their priorities based on customer requirements for managing the process systematically and evaluating the data quantitatively. This study identifies the customer cognitive constructs of data quality attributes using the RGT(Repertory Grid Technique) based on a Korean quality standard model (DQC-M). Also the correlation analysis on the identified constructs is conducted, and the evaluation attributes is prioritized and ranked using the AHP. As the results of this paper, the consistent system, the accurate data, the efficient environment, the flexible management, and the continuous improvement are derived at the first level of the data quality evaluation attributes. Also, Control Compliance(13%), Regulatory Compliance(10%), Requirement Completeness(9.6%), Accuracy(8.4%), and Traceability(6.8%) are ranked on the top 5 of the 19 attributes in the second level.

• The KIPS Transactions:PartD
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• v.16D no.6
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• pp.851-858
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• 2009

Mobbing is not restricted to problem of young people but the bigger recent problem occurs in workspaces. According to reports of ILO and domestic case mobbing in the workplace is increasing more and more numerically from 9.1%('03) to 30.7%('08). These mobbing brings personal and social losses. The proposed algorithm makes it possible to grasp not only current mobbing victims but also potential mobbing victims through user profile and contribute to efficient personnel management. This paper extracts user profile related to mobbing, in a way of selecting seven factors and fifty attributes that are related to this matter. Next, expressing extracting factors as '1' if they are related me or not '0'. And apply similarity function to attributes summation included in factors to calculate similarity between the users. Third, calculate optimizing weight choosing factors included attributes by applying neural network algorithm of SPSS Clementine and through this summation Mobbing-Value(MV) can be calculated . Finally by mapping MV of online social network users to G2 mobbing propensity classification model(4 Groups; Ideal Group of the online social network, Bullies, Aggressive victims, Victims) which is designed in this paper, can grasp mobbing propensity of users, which will contribute to efficient personnel management.