• Korean Journal of Acupuncture
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• v.36 no.1
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• pp.52-62
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• 2019

Objectives : The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of Zingiberis Rhizoma Pharmacopuncture(ZP) at GB30 and ST36 in neuropathic pain induced SD rats by the block of Transient Receptor Potential Vanilloid 1(TRPV1). Methods : Neuropathic pain in rats was induced by tibial and common peroneal nerve transection of right leg. The rat subjects were divided into 6 groups : normal(Nor, n=5), control(Con, n=5), neuropathic pain plus 2 mg/kg ZP injection at GB30 and ST36(ZP-A, n=5), 10 mg/kg ZP(ZP-B, n=5), 20 mg/kg ZP(ZP-C, n=5) and 0.45 mg/kg Tramadol(Tra, n=5). Three days after the surgery, injections were administered once a day for 17 days. Withdrawal response of neuropathic rats' legs were measured by stimulating the paw of Right leg with von frey filament, acetone and radient heat on day 3, 7, 11, 15, 19 after surgery. After all treatments were completed, c-Fos in the midbrain central gray and TRPV1 & TRPA1 of DRG(L5) were analyzed. Results : Groups ZP-B and ZP-C showed a meaningful decrease in the withdrawal response of mechanical allodynia, thermal hyperalgesia and cold allodynia compared to the control group(p<0.05, p<0.01, p<0.001). Groups ZP-B and ZP-C showed a meaningful decrease in the expression of c-fos and TRPV1 protein level compared to the control group(p<0.05, p<0.01, p<0.001). Conclusions : These results suggest that Zingiberis Rhizoma Pharmacopuncture at GB30 and ST36 could decrease mechanical & cold allodynia and thermal hyperalgesia by block the TRPV1 on the model of neuropathic pain.

• Journal of Acupuncture Research
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• v.36 no.3
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• pp.140-146
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• 2019

Background: This study investigated the effects of Vipera lebetina turanica snake venom (SV) on cerebral infarction induced by middle cerebral artery occlusion in mice. Methods: Following cerebral infarction, SV was injected intravenously or added to BV2 cell culture. Tissue injury was detected using triphenyltetrazolium chloride (TTC) staining, neurological deficit score, NO, ROS, and GSH/GSSG assays, qPCR, Western blot, and cell viability. Results: Cerebral infarction caused by middle cerebral artery occlusion as observed by TTC staining, showed SV inhibited cell death, reducing the number of brain cells injured due to infarction. SV treatment for cerebral infarction showed a significant decrease in abnormal behavior, as determined by the neurological deficit score. The oxidation and inflammation of the cells that had cerebral infarction caused by middle cerebral artery occlusion (NO assay, ROS, GSH/GSSG assay, and qPCR), showed significant protection by SV. Western blot of brain infarction cells showed the expression of iNOS, COX-2, p-IkB-${\alpha}$, P38, p-JNK, p-ERK to be lower in the SV group. In addition, the expression of IkB increased. BV2 cells were viable when treated with SV at $20{\mu}g/mL$ or less. Western blot of BV2 cells, treated with 0.625, 1.5, $2.5{\mu}g/mL$ of SV, showed a significant decrease in the expression of p-IkB-${\alpha}$, p-JNK, iNOS, and COX-2 on BV2 cells induced by LPS. Conclusion: SV showed anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidant effects against cerebral infarction and inflammation.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• v.46 no.3
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• pp.435-443
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• 2022

Background: Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a psychiatric disease that develops following exposure to a traumatic event and is a stress-associated mental disorder characterized by an imbalance of neuroinflammation. Korean Red Ginseng (KRG) is the herbal supplement that is known to be involved in a variety of pharmacological activities. We aimed to investigate the effects of KRG on neuroinflammation as a potential mechanism involved in single prolonged stress (SPS) that negatively influences memory formation and consolidation and leads to cognitive and spatial impairment by regulating BDNF signaling, synaptic proteins, and the activation of NF-κB. Methods: We analyzed the cognitive and spatial memory, and inflammatory cytokine levels during the SPS procedure. SPS model rats were injected intraperitoneally with 20, 50, or 100 mg/kg/day KRG for 14 days. Results: KRG administration significantly attenuated the cognitive and spatial memory deficits, as well as the inflammatory reaction in the hippocampus associated with activation of NF-κB in the hippocampus induced by SPS. Moreover, the effects of KRG were equivalent to those exerted by paroxetine. In addition, KRG improved the expression of BDNF mRNA and the synaptic protein PSD-95 in the hippocampus. Taken together, these findings demonstrate that KRG exerts memory-improving actions by regulating anti-inflammatory activities and the NF-κB and neurotrophic pathway. Conclusion: Our findings suggest that KRG is a potential functional ingredient for protecting against memory deficits in mental diseases, such as PTSD.

• Journal of Physiology & Pathology in Korean Medicine
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• v.38 no.1
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• pp.22-26
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• 2024

The purpose of this study was to identify the applicability, main compounds, and target genes of Cnidii Fructus (CF) in the treatment of gastritis using network pharmacology. The compounds in CF were searched in Traditional Chinese Medicine Systems Pharmacology Database and Analysis Platform (TCMSP) and a database of medicinal materials and chemical compounds in Northeast Asian traditional medicine (TM-MC). The target gene information of the compounds was collected from pubchem and cross-compared with the gastritis-related target gene information collected from Genecard to derive the target genes. Gene ontology (GO) analysis and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) analysis were performed on the derived target genes. Afterwards, network analysis between compounds and disease target genes was performed using cytoscape. We identified 121 active compounds and 139 target genes associated with gastritis. Pathways derived from the GO biological process and KEGG pathway DB primarily focus on target genes related to inflammation (IL-6, IL-8, TNF production, NF-κB transcription factor activity, and NF-κB signaling pathway) and cell death (PI3K-Akt, FoxO). Major targets for CF treatment of gastritis include TP53, TNF, BCL2, EGFR, NFKB1, ABCB1, PPARG, PTGS2, IL6, IL1B, and SOD1, along with major compounds such as coumarin, osthol, hexadecanoic acid, oleic acid, linoleic acid, and stigmasterol. This study provided CF's applicability for gastritis, related compounds, and target information. Evaluating CF's effectiveness in a preclinical gastritis model suggests its potential use in clinical practice for digestive system diseases.

• Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing Administration
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• v.1 no.2
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• pp.268-284
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• 1995

This study was designed to test effects of nursing ethics education (NEE) on moral reasoning and ethical decision making of subjects. This NEE that was teached for 10 hours course was composed of these : Nurses' ethical code, moral responsibility, Moral value and professional accountability, Respect for human life, General ethics, Theory and Norms of biomedical ethics, Ethical decision making model and Discussion about hypothetical ethical dilemmas Twenty-five senior student nurses were sampled from four year college of nursing from Nov. 3rd, 1993 to Nov. 24th, 1993. Data were collected through self-reported questionnaires included two kinds of tests. Rest's Defining Issues Test was adopted to measure the stage of moral development, which was classified with the stage 2 (instrumental relativist orientation), the stage 3 (interpersonal concordance), the stage 4 (law and order), the stage 5A (societal consensus), and the stage 5B (intuitional humanism), the stage 6 (universal ethical practice). In particular, the level of principled thinking (P) was measured by summing these scores of the stages 5A, 5B, and 6. The possible range of P is 0 to 95. As for measuring the levels of morality and nursing dilemma, Crisham's Nursing Dilemma Test was adopted. This test generated the morality score(MS) and the dilemma score (DS). The data were analyzed by t-test, ANOVA, Kruskal-Wallis test, Mc Nemar's test and Pearson correlation coefficients. The results were as follows ; 1. For the Moral Reasoning both before and after NEE, The Mean score of the stage 5A was significantly higher than that of other stages.(P=0.0001) Before NEE, the mean score of the stage 4 was significantly different from stage 2, 3, 5A, and after NEE, different from stage 2, 5B,6. 2. The analysis of change of moral development level revealed that the score of stage 4 increased after NEE.(P=0.0004) 3. The Effect of NEE for the mean score of 5A, 6, P after education was significantly different by birth place. 4. With regard to the five dilemmas postulated such as forcing medication performing cardiac pulmonary resuscitation, reporting a medication error, informing diagnosis to terminally ill adult, and providing new-nurse orientation, the mean score of the MS and the DS was no significant difference with general characteristics of the students. Effect of NEE morality score and dilemma score after education was no significant difference. 5. As for the correlations between moral reasoning and decision making, the score of the stage 2, 5A, 6, DS was positively correlated with the scores of before and after. Positive correlation was also observed between the scores of stage 2 and stage 4, stage 3 and 6. On the other hand, the score of P was negatively correlated with the scores of stage 2 and of stage 4 and of stage 5A. The score of the stage 5A was also negatively correlated with the score of the sge 6.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Fisheries and Ocean Technology
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• v.37 no.2
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• pp.95-105
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• 2001

A series of experiment is carried out to determine the holding power of the existing anchors used in the stationary gear in the coast of the South sea. The experiment apparatus is made of the pulling machine, the load cell, the personal computer and three water tanks the bottom of which are mud, sand and m & s respectively. The result obtained are as follows : 1. On the tension and holding power of the existing anchors, B-type of the stock anchor with two fluke shows the greatest and gets smaller on order of A-type one with a fluke. The holding power of the anchors shows the greatest in the mud and gets smaller in order of m & s, sand. And, the holding power depending upon the length of anchor rope increase as the length does up to the 4 times of depth. 2. On the holding power per fluke area of the existing anchors in case of ration of length of anchor rope to depth is 2, 3 and 4, A-type anchor shows about 310-320 kg/m supper(2), 470-480 kg/m supper(2), 590-640 kg/m supper(2) respectively, B-type one 260-265 kg/m supper(2), 390-450 kg/m supper(2), 630-700 kg/m supper(2) respectively, and C-type one 70-100 kg/m supper(2), 150-180 kg/m supper(2), 210-270 kg/m supper(2) respectively. The holding power per fluke area of the anchors increase as the length of anchor rope does. 3. On the coefficient of holding power of the existing anchors, A-type anchor shows the greatest and gets smaller in the order of B-type one, C-type one.

• Journal of Korean Neurosurgical Society
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• v.64 no.5
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• pp.693-704
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• 2021

Objective : Endovascular mechanical thrombectomy (MT) has been regarded as one of the standard treatments for acute ischemic stroke caused by large vessel occlusion. Despite the wide use of stent retrievers for MT, arterial intimal damage caused when deployed stent is pulled has been a certain disadvantage. We hypothesized that statin could protect and stabilize vessel damage after endovascular MT using a stent retriever. In this animal study, we observed the protective effects of the statins towards MT-induced vessel wall injury. Methods : Twenty-eight carotid arteries of fourteen rabbits were used in the experiments with MT using stent retriever. We divided the rabbits into four groups as follows : group 1, negative control; group 2, positive control; group 3, statin before MT; and group 4, statin after MT. After MT procedures, we harvested the carotid arteries and performed histomorphological and immunohistochemical analyses. Results : In histomorphological analysis with hematoxylin and eosin and Masson's trichrome stain, significant intimal thickening (p<0.05) was observed in the positive control (group 2), compared to in the negative control (group 1). Intimal thickening was improved in the statin-administered groups (groups 3 and 4 vs. group 2, p<0.05). We also observed that statin administration after MT (group 4) resulted in a more effective decrease in intimal thickness than statin administration before MT (group 3) (p<0.05). We performed immunohistochemical analysis with the antibodies for tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), cluster of differentiation (CD)11b, and CD163. In contrast to the negative control (group 1), the stained percentage areas of all immunological markers were markedly increased in the positive control (group 2) (p<0.05). Based on statin administration, the percentage area of TNF-α staining was significantly reduced (p<0.05) in group 3, compared to the positive control group (group 2). However, significant differences were not observed for CD11b and CD163 staining. In group 4, no significant differences were observed for TNF-α, CD11b, and CD163 staining (p≥0.05). The differences in the percentage areas of the different markers between the statin-administered groups (groups 3 and 4) were also not revealed. Conclusion : We presented that statin administration before and after MT exerted protective effects towards vessel wall injury. The efficacy of statins was greater post-administration than pre-administration. Thus, statin administration in routine prescriptions in the peri-procedural period is strongly advised.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• v.18 no.3
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• pp.591-599
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• 2008

A murine model immunized by systemic and mucosal delivery of plasmid DNA vaccine expressing glycoprotein B (pCIgB) of pseudorabies virus (PrV) was used to evaluate both the nature of the induced immunity and protection against a virulent virus. With regard to systemic delivery, the intramuscular (i.m.) immunization with pCIgB induced strong PrV-specific IgG responses in serum but was inefficient in generating a mucosal IgA response. Mucosal delivery through intranasal (i.n.) immunization of pCIgB induced both systemic and mucosal immunity at the distal mucosal site. However, the levels of systemic immunity induced by i.n. immunization were less than those induced by i.m. immunization. Moreover, i.n. genetic transfer of pCIgB appeared to induce Th2-biased immunity compared with systemic delivery, as judged by the ratio of PrV-specific IgG isotypes and Th1- and Th2-type cytokines produced by stimulated T cells. Moreover, the immunity induced by i.n. immunization did not provide effective protection against i.n. challenge of a virulent PrV strain, whereas i.m. immunization produced resistance to viral infection. Therefore, although i.n. immunization was a useful route for inducing mucosal immunity at the virus entry site, i.n. immunization did not provide effective protection against the lethal infection of PrV.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.36 no.1
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• pp.152-157
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• 2004

Gluten was extracted from domestic wheat flour using UTH buffer (4 M urea in 0.1 M Tris-HCl, pH 8.6) and validated by SDS-PAGE analysis for production of wheat flour products with reduced gluten content.. Anti-gluten polyclonal antibody was made by administering extracted gluten fraction on animal model. Anti-gluten serum titer of extracted gluten fraction was evaluated by ELISA, and that of antibody titer according to administration period. Anti-gluten sera were used for ELISA and immunoblot analysis before and after hydrolysis of gluten fraction at optimal pH and temperature condition for each protease. Gluten fraction separated by SDS-PAGE showed several bands covering 75 to 10 kDa, in which anti-gluten sera were 25, 34, and 45 kDa. Enzyme hydrolysis of gluten fraction revealed protein band sizes to be lower than 15 kDa. Content of pretense from bovine pancreas (b.p. protease) for gluten hydrolysis was estimated as 1 mg in 10 mL gluten fraction extracted for 4 hr.

• Journal of the Institute of Electronics Engineers of Korea TC
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• v.46 no.3
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• pp.19-25
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• 2009

In this thesis, design effective elimination interference algorithm of ICS repeat system for repeater that improve frequency efficiency. Error convergence speed and accuracy of LMS Algorithm are influenced by reference signal. For improve LMS Algorithm, suggest Adaptive channel estimate algorithm. For using channel characteristic, adaptive channel estimate algorithm make reference signal similar interference signal by convolution operation and complement LMS algorithm demerit. For make channel similar piratical channel, apply Jake's Rayleigh multi-path model that random five path with 130Hz Doppler frequency. LMS algorithm and suggested adaptive channel estimate algorithm that have 16 taps apply to ICS repeat system under Rayleigh multi-path channel, so simulate with MATLAB. According to simulate, ICS repeat system with LMS algorithm show -40dB square error convergent after 150 datas iteration and ICS repeat system with adaptive channel estimate algorithm show -80dB square error convergent after 200 datas iteration. Analyze simulation result, suggested adaptive channel estimate algorithm show more three times iteration performance than LMS algorithm, and 40dB accuracy.