• Korean Journal of Microbiology
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• v.19 no.1
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• pp.14-22
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• 1981

Protein content of cellulosic wastes, such as spent grain, hop bark, spent rye, rice straw, rice hull, saw dust and used newspaper, was increased by a mixed culture of C. utilis wastes having 66-75% moisture. Among the fungal strains tested. A.phoenicis KU175 was the most powerful to increase the protein content of A. phoenicis during the mixed culture with C. utilis in the CMC medium reached at the peak for one day culture after inoculation of the both strains at the same time, while it reached at peark from the beginning of the mixed culture, when A. phoenicis was inocultated for 12-24hours prior to the inoculation of C.utilis. To increase the protein content of the cellulosic wastes by the mixed culture of C.utilis and A.phoenicis, the inoculation of both strains at the same time was more effective than the preinoculation of A. phoenicis for 6-24 hours. Content of crude cellulose in the used newspaper, saw dust and spent grain was high relatively, and the lignin content of spent grain, spent rye, and rice strew was reduced more than half by the treatment of 2% NaOH. However, effect of alkali treatment of increase the protein content of the cellulosic wastes was not prominent in the case of mixed culture. Protein content of the cellulosic wastes was increased prominently by the mixed culture of C.utilis and A.phoenicis in semi-solid substrate, compared with the single culture of C. utilis, although the latter increased the protein content of cellulosic wastes considerably. The effect of mixed culture of C. utilis and A. phoenicis increased 4-fold the protein content of spent grain, and more than doubled crude protein in hop bark and rice straw.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.11 no.1
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• pp.76-82
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• 2001

Fifteen species of microorganisms were isolate form the intestines of fishes, fish feed, and ferment. Eleven microorganisms except HY4, HY8, HY12, and HY13 were Gram-positive, and HY1, HY2, HY3, HY5, HY6, and HY7 produced lactic acid. The species of HY1, HY2, HY3, HY4, HY5, HY6, HY13, and HY14 showed some growth in the medium containing 1% of NaCl. Except HY6, HY7, HY8, HY12 and HY5, 10 isolates had proteolytic activity, whereas only HY13 and HY14 had lipase activity. From all the results four isolates (HY3, HY4, HY13 and HY14) were chosen for the degradation of fish wastes. There was no mutual inhibition among the microorganisms, and the optimum temperature and pH for the growth of the mixed culture were found to be 3 2$\^{C}$ and 7, respectively. Under the optimum growth conditions the maximum optical density and the maximum specific growth rate were estimated to be 2.35 and {TEX}$0.46h^{-1}${/TEX}, respectively. Major microorganisms in the mixed culture at the log-phase were HY3 and HY4, which occupied 70%. The degrading efficiency of fish waste by the mixed microorganisms was 2.3 times higher, compared to control. The total amount of free amino acids in the degraded products from fish wastes was 39g/100g protein and little odor was produced by the mixed microorganisms after 48 hours.

• Journal of the Korea Organic Resources Recycling Association
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• v.12 no.4
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• pp.130-138
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• 2004

Food wastes with different regional origins were mixed with bulking agent such as paper mill sludge or night soil, and aged for 21 days or 28 days. And aged food wastes were fed to the earthworm(tiger worm, Eisenia fetida) for 60 days. There were no significant physico-chemical differences among the food wastes with different regional origins. EC values and NaCl concentrations in food wastes were too high for earthworms to survive. Food wastes mixed with paper mill sludge were vermicomposted more efficiently than food wastes mixed with night soil, but the over-all vermicomposting rates on the food wastes were much lower than that on paper mill sludge because EC values and NaCl concentrations were still high for earthworm to compost the feeds. Earthworm population did not increase its biomass on the food wastes mixed with paper mill sludge or night soil, whereas earthworm population fed with paper mill sludge increased its biomass by 20% for 60 days. It could be concluded that a solution for reducing NaCl concentrations in food waste should be developed to vermicompost food waste.

• Proceedings of the KSRS Conference
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• 2003.11a
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• pp.1460-1463
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• 2003

In this study, plastic detection technique was developed, applying remote sensing technology as a method to extract plastic wastes, which is one of the big causes of concern contributing to environmental destruction. It is possible to extract areas where plastic (including polypropylene and polyethylene) wastes are prominent, using ASTER data by taking advantage of its absorptive characteristics of ASTER/SWIR bands. The algorithm is applicable to define large industrial wastes disposal sites and areas where plastic greenhouses are concentrated. However, the detection technique with ASTER/SWIR data has some research tasks to be tackled, which includes a partial secretion of reference spectral, depending on some conditions of plastic wastes and a detection error in a region mixed with vegetations and waters. Following results were obtained after making comparisons between several detection methods and plastic wastes in different conditions; (a)'spectral extraction method' was suitable for areas where plastic wastes exist separated from other objects, such as coastal areas where plastic wastes drifted ashore. (single plastic spectral was used as a reference for the 'spectral extraction method') (b)On the other hand, the 'spectral extraction method' was not suitable for sites where plastic wastes are mixed with vegetation and soil. After making comparison of the processing results of a mixed area, it was found that applying both 'separation method' using un-mixing and ‘spectral extraction method’ with NDVI masked is the most appropriate method to extract plastic wastes. Also, we have investigated the possibility of reducing the influence of vegetation and water, using ASTER/TIR, and successfully extracted some places with plastics. As a conclusion, we have summarized the relationship between detection techniques and conditions of plastic wastes and propose the practical application of remote sensing technology to the extraction of plastic wastes.

• Applied Chemistry for Engineering
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• v.20 no.5
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• pp.542-546
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• 2009

Methane production using the mixed organic wastes of peel-type fruit wastes from apple or orange and sewage sludge was investigated in the batch anaerobic degradation process. When apple or orange peels with sewage sludge were used as mixed substrates, higher methane production was achieved under the condition of 3 : 7 (fruit peel : sewage sludge) mixing ratio. However, above the 3 : 7 mixing ratio, the pH of mixture was decreased from 8.0 to 4.5~4.7 due to organic acid production from the fruit wastes. Subsequently, methane production was low. The results in this study could be effectively applied to the methane gas production system as a bioenergy in the mixed batch anaerobic digestion process using the peel-type fruit wastes and sewage sludge.

• Journal of the Korean Recycled Construction Resources Institute
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• v.4 no.1
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• pp.89-95
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• 2009

The current enforce decree of "The Act on the Promotion of Construction Waste Recycling" divides seventeen kinds of construction wastes by property and configuration. Mixed construction waste, one of them classified by the enforce decree, is composed two more than justified construction wastes except refuse soil and rock. In construction wastes justified by enforce decree of this law, most refuse concrete and asphalt concrete of construction wastes are recycled. As well as refuse metal is separated, sorted from bulk them, and merchandised for value. Finally this is used the secondary manufactured products. Even though combustible construction wastes like refuse wood, plastics, fiber can be recycled RDF(Refuse derived fuel) or RPF(Refuse plastic fuel) because of high caloric value and low heavy metal but most of them are discharged as mixed construction waste and then treated by treated by incineration and landfill. Therefore, to control construction waste flow efficiently, construction wastes are classifies first combustible, incombustible, mixed combustible, incombustible and etc. in this study. The combustible waste is consisted refuse wood, plastics, fiber and etc. and incombustible waste contains refuse concrete, asphalt, and etc. Mixed construction is construction waste that can not separate from mixed waste bulk with different kinds.

• 한국생물공학회:학술대회논문집
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• 2003.04a
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• pp.374-377
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• 2003

The purpose of this study was to investigate the characteristics of anaerobic methane fermentation using several organic wastes. The substrates used in this study were food wastes, vegetable wastes, and cow manure. The substrates were mixed with inocula (mixed methanogenic fluid) at a ratio of 1:1, and several parameters such as TS, VS, sCOD, and biogas production have been monitored. Anaerobic degradation of food wastes were occurred in the intial stage of cultivation, whereas that of vegetable wastes were occurred in the late stage. However, in case of cow manure, the degradation was occurred two times both in the intial and the late stage of reaction.

• Economic and Environmental Geology
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• v.36 no.5
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• pp.349-356
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• 2003

As industrial activities are growing, pollutants found in the contaminated land are getting diverse. Some contaminated areas are subject to mixed wastes containing both organic and inorganic wastes such as hydrocarbon and heavy metals. This study concerns with the influence of the degradation of organic pollutants on the coexisting heavy metals, expecially for As. As mainly exists as two different oxidation state; As(III) and As(V) and the conversion between the two chemical forms may be induced by organic degradation in the soil contaminated by mixed wastes. We operated microcosm in an anaerobic chamber for 60 days, using sandy loam. The soils in the microcosm are artificially contaminated both by tetradecane and As, with different combination of As(III) and As(V); As(III):As(V) 1:1, As(III) only and As(V) only. Although not systematic, ratio of As(III)/As(Total) increase slightly at the later stage of experiment. Considering complicated geochemical reactions involving oxidation/reduction of organic materials, Mn/Fe oxides and As, the findings in the study seem to indicate the degradation of the organics is connected with the As speciation. That is to say, the As(V) can be reduced to As(III) either by direct or indirect influence induced by the organic degradation. Although Fe and Mn are good oxidising agent for the oxidation of As(III) to As(V), organic degradation may have suppressed reductive dissolution of the Fe and Mn oxides, causing the organic pollutants to retard the oxidation of As(III) to As(V) until the organic degradation ceases. The possible influence of organic degradation on the As speciation implies that the As in mixed wastes may be have elevated toxicity and mobility by partial conversion from As(V) to As(III).

• Journal of Biosystems Engineering
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• v.32 no.5
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• pp.316-323
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• 2007

This study was carried out to obtain the basic data for the development of the solid fuel with investigating the characteristics of mixtures of animal wastes and wasted coal and supply it as an energy resource to agricultural farms for heating of agricultural facilities. It was investigated for the characteristics of animal wastes (swine waste, swine waste with sawdust, cattle waste), wasted coal, the mixtures of animal wastes and wasted coal with or without mixing seawater. The characteristics of solid fuel according to the mixture ratio of animal wastes and wasted coal were analyzed. The effects of seawater affecting on calorific value and thermal pyrolysis of solid fuels were investigated. The results of this study are as follows: 1) The calorific value was improved with mixing seawater into wasted coal due to chemical reaction. 2) The diverse solid fuels of various calorific values can be made with adjusting the ratio of animal wastes and wasted coal. 3) Animal wastes and wasted coal had each different reaction temperature of thermal pyrolysis and the decreasing rate of weight. 4) The mixture of animal wastes and wasted coal would be ignited easily. Therefore, the solid fuel could be ignited more conveniently when seawater is mixed with it.

• Transactions of the Korean hydrogen and new energy society
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• v.22 no.2
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• pp.257-264
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• 2011

This study discribes performance of DEFC (Direct Ethanol Fuel Cell) utilized bio-ethanol based on fruit wastes. To produce the bio-ethanol, fruit wastes were treated at temperature $120^{\circ}C$ and 90minutes in acid pre-treatment. After pre-treatment was done, alcohol fermentation process was running. Initial alcohol concentration was 5%. Using the multi coloumn distillation system, more than 95% ethanol was distilled and each component of bio-ethanol was analyzed. In DEFC performance test, it was revealed that cell performance was much higher than that of ethanol. Comparing ethanol with mixed fuel (bio-ethanol (10%) + ethanol (90%)), the performance of ethanol was higher than that of mixed fuel. Even though the bio-ethanol from the fruit wastes is corresponded with transport ethanol standards, it thought that organic matter in bio-ethanol could be negative effect on fuel cell.