• Journal of the korean academy of Pediatric Dentistry
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• v.37 no.3
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• pp.368-373
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• 2010

The incisors function as instruments for biting and cutting food during mastication. They also support the lips and face and maintain vertical dimension. In addition, they contribute to overall normal arch appearance. They play important role during the articulation of speech and assist in guiding jaw closure. Extraction and space maintenance are the most common treatment for a tooth with poor prognosis. However, in the mixed dentition, extraction of the upper permanent incisors results in many complications, such as resorption of alveolar bone, poor esthetics, pronunciation, and mastication. Considering these various roles of incisors in oral cavity, approach for traumatized incisors, even the ones with poor prognosis, should be considered first prior to simple extraction. The dentist must take into account the age of the patient, growth potential, occlusion, oral hygiene status, economic status and motivation towards dental health in addition to patient compliance. In this case, although the prognosis was predicted to be unfavorable due to short root and mobility, we could save the central incisor using conservative treatment, reposition by orthodontic appliance instead of extraction.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.30 no.7
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• pp.1054-1060
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• 2017

Objective: This study was aimed at evaluating effects of cattle breed resources and alternative mixed-feeding practices on meat productivity and emission intensities from household farming systems (HFS) in Daklak Province, Vietnam. Methods: Records from Local $Yellow{\time}Red$ Sindhi (Bos indicus; Lai Sind) and 1/2 Limousin, 1/2 Drought Master, and 1/2 Red Angus cattle during the growth (0 to 21 months) and fattening (22 to 25 months) periods were used to better understand variations on meat productivity and enteric methane emissions. Parameters were determined by the ruminant model. Four scenarios were developed: (HFS1) grazing from birth to slaughter on native grasses for approximately 10 h plus 1.5 kg dry matter/d (0.8% live weight [LW]) of a mixture of guinea grass (19%), cassava (43%) powder, cotton (23%) seed, and rice (15%) straw; (HFS2) growth period fed with elephant grass (1% of LW) plus supplementation (1.5% of LW) of rice bran (36%), maize (33%), and cassava (31%) meals; and HFS3 and HFS4 computed elephant grass, but concentrate supplementation reaching 2% and 1% of LW, respectively. Results: Results show that compared to HFS1, emissions ($72.3{\pm}0.96kg\;CH_4/animal/life$; least squares $means{\pm}standard$ error of the mean) were 15%, 6%, and 23% lower (p<0.01) for the HFS2, HFS3, and HFS4, respectively. The predicted methane efficiencies ($CO_2eq$) per kg of LW at slaughter ($4.3{\pm}0.15$), carcass weight ($8.8{\pm}0.25kg$) and kg of edible protein ($44.1{\pm}1.29$) were also lower (p<0.05) in the HFS4. In particular, irrespective of the HSF, feed supply and ratio changes had a more positive impact on emission intensities when crossbred 1/2 Red Angus cattle were fed than in their crossbred counterparts. Conclusion: Modest improvements on feeding practices and integrated modelling frameworks may offer potential trade-offs to respond to climate change in Vietnam.

• The Journal of Korean Physical Therapy
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• v.11 no.3
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• pp.81-87
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• 1999

The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of electrical stimulation on the number of MCs and percent of degranulated MCs in rat skin. Twelve male Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into two group; electrical stimulation group (n=6) and control group (n=6). Each animals hair on the back was removed. The electrical stimulation group received an positive rectangular pulsed electrical stimulation, while the control group was given the same treatment without electricity. The biopsy specimens were fixed in formalin, embedded in paraffin and stained with toluidine blue-nuclear fast red and alcian blue-safranin O. respectively. The MCs were counted using a light microscope and computerized image analysis system and calculated as the density and the percent. A t-test showed a significantly higher density of MCs in the electrical stimulated rats than control rats(p<0.05), and the percent of degranulated MCs in the electrical stimulated rats was higher than in the control rats (p<0.05) in toluidine blue stained sections. The density of MCs was significantly higher in the electrical stimulated rats than the control rats in alcian blue-safranin O Stained sections (P<0.01). An analysis of variance showed that the densities of CTMCs was significantly lower than the densities of MMCs and mixed MCs in electrical stimulated rat in alcian blue-safranin O Stained sections (p<0.05). These results suggest that the electrical stimulation may have potential for increasing the number of MCs and lead to degranulate the MCs in rat skin.

• Journal of Veterinary Clinics
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• v.22 no.3
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• pp.175-180
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• 2005

The purpose of this study is to investigate the effects of formulation variables on the release of cefadroxil form chitosan beads, to optimize the preparation of chitosan beads loaded with the drug for controlled release, and to evaluate the drug release form chitosan beads in dogs. Chitosan beads were prepared with tripolyphosphate (TPP) by ionic cross-linking and those sizes were less than 1 mm in diameter. The release behaviour of cefadroxil was affected various factors. As pH of TPP solutions decreased, the entrapment efficiency of cefadroxil increased, whereas the release of cefadroxil decreased. The release rate of cefadroxil form chitosan beads decreaed with the increased TPP solution concentration. When cross-linking time increased, the release of the drug from chitosan beads decreased. The cefadroxil loaded beads were implanted to 4 mixed breed dogs. The concentration of cefadroxil in sera due to chitosan beads implanted with 50 mg/kg body weight of beads was sustained more than 1 ug/ml for the whole 7 days period. Therefore, the cefadroxil loaded beads can be used successfully in pyoderma of dogs. These results indicate that chitosan beads may become a potential delivery system to control the release of drug.

• Journal of the Korea Organic Resources Recycling Association
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• v.2 no.1
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• pp.75-86
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• 1994

Garbage composting was studied in a controlled batch reactor with the addition of cooked rice as a biodegradable carbon source to find the effect of C/N ratio control on composting. And composting of bulking agents such as sawdust and wheat straw were tested with the addition of ammonium sulfate as a nitrogen source. As expected, biodegradation of the garbage having low C/N ratio was improved to some extent when foreign carbon was added. But bulking agents used in this study exerted slightly biodegradable carbon potential, indicating that the estimation of the dose of additional carbon considering desirable C/N ratio was not reasonable when lignocellulosic bulking material was added to garbage. It was found that the optimum moisture content increased with sawdust addition meaning the C/N ratio increment. Considering the above results, it was suggested that 78g sawdust per 100g garbage should be mixed to make C/N ratio to 25 and moisture content to 56% for effective composting of the garbage studied in this paper.

• Proceedings of the Korean Institute of Surface Engineering Conference
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• 1999.05a
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• pp.2-2
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• 1999

금속재료의 표면 특성을 높이기 위해서 여러 표면처리 방법들이 사용되어져 오고 있다. 그 중 용사법에 의한 코팅방법이 최근의 현저한 기술적인 진보와 새로운 용사재료의 개발 등에 의해 여러 분야에 널리 응흉되고 있다. 일반적으로 이 용사법에 의한 코팅층은 다리, 선박 등의 대형 구조물에 대한 내식성 향상뿐만 아니라 자동차 및 항공기 부품, 핵 반응기 등의 코팅부에 널리 이용되고 였다. 특히 해수분위기에서 주로 사용되는 설비의 내식성을 향상시킬 목적으로 사용되 는 알루마늄 및 아연 합금의 용사 코팅층은 대부분의 경우 건조한 분위기보다는 수분이 많은 수용액 환경 하에서 사용되므로, 사용 환경 중에서 용사피막의 내식성을 조사하는 연구가 요구되고 있다. 사용되는 환경하에서의 침지시험에 의한 방법도 중요하지만, 가속화된 전기화학측정에 의한 방법 또한 이용된다. 열용사법에 의한 코팅층의 전기화학적 특성을 알아보기 위해서 3.5 % NaCI 수용액 내에서 AI 5 5083 모재와 Al-2%Zn 합금의 용사 코팅층 각각에 대한, 그리고 AI 5083 모재 위 AI-2%Zn 용사층이 코팅된 경우에 대한 분극거동과 침지시간에 따른 부식전위 및 분극저항성의 특성변화, 표면의 임피던스특성 변화 등을 측정하였다. 이 결과 모재에 대한 코팅층의 희생양극성올 판단할 수 있고, 모재/코팅 사스템의 분극거동은 혼성전위이론(mixed-potential theory)에 의해 결정되었다. 용사 코팅층이 박리되어 모재가 일부 드러난 경우를 모사한 시험편올 제작하고, 시험편 표면의 각 위치에 따라 부식전위 분포를 측정하였다. 그리고 측정 데이터를 기초로 표면의 상태변화를 모사하여 용사코팅에 의한 표면에서의 방식전위분포를 시율레이션하였다. 이와 같은 표면에서의 방식전위분포 해석을 통하여, 코팅층의 희생양극성에 의한 모재의 방식범위를 판단할 수 있다.의 비저 항을 갖는 철 박막에서도 99.9% 순도의 철을 타켓으로 하여 증착된 막은 일반 저탄소 강을 타켓으로 하여 증착된 막보다 훨씬 낮은 부식속도를 보였다.TEX>$He/O_2/Ar/N_2$의 gas를 사용 한 atmospheric pressure plasma cleaning 과 $Ar/O_2$의 gas를 사용한 ICP cleaning에서 이 차전자방출계수(SEEC)가 약 1.5~2.5배 증가된 것을 알 수 있었다. 저지능 등을 평가하여 각 실험결과를 비교분석하여 보았다. 수록 민감하여 304 의 IGSCC 와 매우 유사한 거동을 보인다. 본 강연에서는 304 와 600 의 고온 물에서 일어나는 IGSCC 민감도에 미치는 환경, 예민화처리, 합금원소의 영향을 고찰하고 이에 대한 최근의 연구 동향과 방식 방법을 다룬다.다.의 목적과 지식)보다 미학적 경험에 주는 영향이 큰 것으로 나타났으며, 모든 사람들에게 비슷한 미학적 경험을 발생시키는 것 이 밝혀졌다. 다시 말하면 모든 사람들은 그들의 문화적인 국적과 사회적 인 직업의 차이, 목적의 차이, 또한 환경의 의미의 차이에 상관없이 아름다 운 경관(High-beauty landscape)을 주거지나 나들이 장소로서 선호했으며, 아름답다고 평가했다. 반면에, 사람들이 갖고 있는 문화의 차이, 직업의 차 이, 목적의 차이, 그리고 환경의 의미의 차이에 따라 경관의 미학적 평가가 달라진 것으로 나타났다.corner$적 의도에 의한 경관구성의 일면을 확인할수 있지만 엄밀히 생각하여 보면 이러한 예의 경우도 최락의 총체적인 외형은 마찬가지로 $\ulcorner$순응$\lrcorner$의 범위를 벗어나지 않는다. 그렇기 때문에도 $\ulcorner$순응$\lrcorne

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.79 no.3
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• pp.285-289
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• 1990

Soil N mineralization and nitrification can be measured conveniently using mixed bed (cation and anion) exchange resin bags. However, appropriate use of these resin bags requires pretreatment to avoid colorimetric interference and standardize N ion adsorption. Three pretreatments were evaluated : control (untreated), 2 M NaCl with a distilled water rinse, and 4 M NaCl. The 4 M NaCl treatment was effective at removing background levels of $NH_4{^+}$ and $NO_3{^-}$, but adsorbed low amounts (about 40%) of inorganic N from standard solutions. Untreated resin bags adsorbed a constant, higher amount of $NO_3{^-}$ (60%), but did not remove background levels of $NH_4{^+}$. The 2 M NaCl treatment followed by a distilled water rinse performed best : it removed background $NH_4{^+}$ and adsorbed a constant amount of both $NH_4{^+}$ (70%) and $NO_3{^-}$ (60%). Because the ion exchange resin is fairly expensive, we also tested if the resin bags could be reused. Resin bags were either loaded with $NH_4{^+}$ and $NO_3{^-}$ in the laboratory or incubated in soil in the field, desorbed with the 2 M NaCl treatment, and then loaded with standard $NH_4{^+}$ and $NO_3{^-}$ solutions. Lab loaded resin bags adsorbed about 60% of inorganic N then loaded with 2.5 or $5.0mgN\;1^{-1}$ and 70% when loaded at 10 or $20mgN\;1^{-1}$, whereas reused field incubated bags showed the opposite adsorption efficiency. These results demonstrate that resin bags can give reproducible results, but care must be taken to evaluate the effect of pretreatment and potential for reuse.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• v.41 no.4
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• pp.578-588
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• 2017

Background: Elevated testicular temperature disrupts spermatogenesis and causes infertility. In the present study, the protective effect of enzymatically biotransformed Panax ginseng Meyer by pectinase (GINST) against chronic intermittent heat stress-induced testicular damage in rats was investigated. Methods: Male Sprague-Dawley rats (4 wk old, 60-70 g) were divided into four groups: normal control (NC), heat-stress control (HC), heat-stress plus GINST-100 mg/kg (HG100), and heat-stress plus GINST-200 mg/kg (HG200) treatment groups. Each dose of GINST (100 mg/kg and 200 mg/kg) was mixed separately with a regular pellet diet and was administered orally for 24 wk. For inducing heat stress, rats in the NC group were maintained at $25^{\circ}C$, whereas rats in the HC, HG100, and HG200 groups were exposed to $32{\pm}1^{\circ}C$ for 2 h daily for 6 mo. At week 25, the testes and serum from each animal were analyzed for various parameters. Results: Significant (p < 0.01) changes in the sperm kinematic values and blood chemistry panels were observed in the HC group. Furthermore, spermatogenesis-related molecules, sex hormone receptors, and selected antioxidant enzyme expression levels were also altered in the HC group compared to those in the NC group. GINST (HS100 and HS200) administration significantly (p < 0.05) restored these changes when compared with the HC group. For most of the parameters tested, the HG200 group exhibited potent effects compared with those exhibited by the HG100 group. Conclusion: GINST may be categorized as an important medicinal herb and a potential therapeutic for the treatment of male subfertility or infertility caused by hyperthermia.

• IMMUNE NETWORK
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• v.11 no.1
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• pp.79-94
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• 2011

Background: Dendritic cell (DC)-based vaccines are currently being evaluated as a novel strategy for tumor vaccination and immunotherapy. However, inducing long-term regression in established tumor-implanted mice is difficult. Here, we show that deoxypohophyllotoxin (DPT) induces maturation and activation of bone marrow-derived DCs via Toll-like receptor (TLR) 4 activation of MAPK and NF-${\kappa}B$. Methods: The phenotypic and functional maturation of DPT-treated DCs was assessed by flow cytometric analysis and cytokine production, respectively. DPT-treated DCs was also used for mixed leukocyte reaction to evaluate T cell-priming capacity and for tumor regression against melanoma. Results: DPT promoted the activation of $CD8^+$ T cells and the Th1 immune response by inducing IL-12 production in DCs. In a B16F10 melanoma-implanted mouse model, we demonstrated that DPT-treated DCs (DPT-DCs) enhance immune priming and regression of an established tumor in vivo. Furthermore, migration of DPT-DCs to the draining lymph nodes was induced via CCR7 upregulation. Mice that received DPT-DCs displayed enhanced antitumor therapeutic efficacy, which was associated with increased IFN-${\gamma}$ production and induction of cytotoxic T lymphocyte activity. Conclusion: These findings strongly suggest that the adjuvant effect of DPT in DC vaccination is associated with the polarization of T effector cells toward a Th1 phenotype and provides a potential therapeutic antitumor immunity.

• Journal of the Korea Concrete Institute
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• v.23 no.3
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• pp.311-320
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• 2011

Fly ash (FA), byproduct from power plant has been actively used as mineral admixture for concrete. However, since bottom ash (BA) is usually used for land reclaim or subbase material, more active reuse plan is needed. Pond ash (PA) obtained from reclaimed land is mixed with both FA and BA. In this study, 6 PA from different domestic power plant are prepared and 5 different replacement ratios (10%, 20%, 30%, 50%, and 70%) for fine aggregate substitutes are considered to evaluate engineering properties of PA as fine aggregate and durability performance of PA concrete. Tests for fine aggregate of PA for fineness modulus, density and absorption, soundness, chloride and toxicity content, and alkali aggregate reaction are performed. For PA concrete, durability tests for compressive strength, drying shrinkage, chloride penetration/diffusion, accelerated carbonation, and freezing/thawing are performed. Also, basic tests for fresh concrete like slump and air content are performed. Although PA has lower density and higher absorption, its potential as a replacement material for fine aggregate is promising. PA concrete shows a reasonable durability performance with higher strength with higher replacement ratio. Finally, best PA among 6 samples is selected through quantitative classification, and limitation of PA concrete application is understood based on the test results. Various tests for engineering properties of PA and PA concrete are discussed in this paper to evaluate its application to concrete structure.