• Parasites, Hosts and Diseases
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• 제48권1호
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• pp.23-33
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• 2010

An understanding of the nature of the immune response to asexual erythrocytic stages of malaria parasites will facilitate vaccine development by identifying which responses the vaccine should preferentially induce. The present study examined and compared the immune responses of NIH mice in either single or mixed infections with avirulent (DK) or virulent (DS) strains of Plasmodium chabaudi adami using the ELISA test for detecting and measurement of cytokines and antibody production. In both single and mixed infections, the study showed that both cell- and antibody-mediated responses were activated. In all experiments, an early relatively high level of IFN-$\gamma$ and IgG2a during the acute phase of the infection, and later elevation of IL-4 and IgG1, suggested that there was a sequential Th1/Th2 response. However, in the avirulent DK strain infection a stronger Th1 response was observed compared to the virulent DS strain-infection or in mixed infections. In the virulent DS infection, there was a stronger Th2 response compared to that in the DK and mixed infections. The faster proliferation rate of the virulent DS strain compared to the DK strain was also evident.

• Parasites, Hosts and Diseases
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• 제48권2호
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• pp.175-177
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• 2010

Mixed infections of Plasmodium falciparum and Plasmodium vivax is high (~ 30%) in some malaria hypoendemic areas where the patients present with P. falciparum malaria diagnosed by microscopy. Conventional treatment of P. falciparum with concurrent chloroquine and 14 days of primaquine for all falciparum malaria patients may be useful in areas where mixed falciparum and vivax infections are high and common and also with mild or moderate G6PD deficiency in the population even with or without subpatent vivax mixed infection. It will be possibly cost-effective to reduce subsequent vivax illness if the patients have mixed vivax infection. Further study to prove this hypothesis may be warranted.

• 한국유기농업학회지
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• 제23권1호
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• pp.123-131
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• 2015

2006년부터 2010년까지 국내 고추 노지재배 포장을 대상으로 경상남도와 제주도를 제외한 강원도 11개 지역 등 전국에 걸쳐 총 83개 지역을 중심으로 바이러스 이병체를 채집하여 연차별 고추 발생 바이러스의 발병률, 바이러스 종류 및 감염 형태를 조사하였다. 2006년부터 2010년까지의 고추에서의 평균 단독 감염률은 46.6%, 복합 감염률은 48.0%로 조사되어 고추 생산에 있어서 가장 큰 위해요소는 바이러스 발병으로 나타났다. 바이러스별로는 CMV가 평균 34.8% 발병률로 가장 우점 바이러스로 조사되었다. 반면 BBWV2는 낮은 발병율을 보여주었으며, TSWV는 충남과 전남지역에 국한되는 것으로 조사되었다. 따라서 고추 노지재배 시 발생하는 바이러스의 위해도를 발병률에 따라 구분하면 CMV, PMMoV, 그리고 PepMov 순으로 조사되었다. 또한 복합 감염의 발생도 모든 조사지역 시료에서 검출되었으며, 이에 대한 감염 별 바이러스 종류와 발생률을 분석하였다. 복합 감염에서 가장 빈번하게 검출된 바이러스는 CMV로, CMV+BBWV2, CMV+PepMoV, CMV+PMMoV의 복합 감염형태가 검출률이 높게 나타났다. 따라서 고추의 유기농 재배 생산에 가장 큰 위협요인으로 작용하는 바이러스의 적절한 대책마련을 위한 지속적인 바이러스 모니터링과 3종 이상의 복합 감염 위해성을 판단하기 위한 추가 연구가 필요하다고 사료된다.

• The Plant Pathology Journal
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• 제20권4호
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• pp.308-312
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• 2004

A method based on RNA-transcript conformation polymorphism (TCP) was tested for detection of two PVY isolates in a mixed infection. Differences in electrophoretic mobility of RNA transcripts copied from PCR products of each virus isolate enabled the distinction between the two virus isolates in a mixed infection. The identities of the RNA transcripts and hence of the infecting virus isolates were determined by annealing to reference oligonucleotides containing unique strain-specific sequences visualized by retardation of transcript mobility in gel. The ratio at which both virus isolates could be detected was as low as 1:10. The suitability of this procedure for the study of mixed virus infections is discussed.

• 한국콘텐츠학회논문지
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• 제12권12호
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• pp.304-312
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• 2012

본 연구는 가을철 급성열성질환인 쯔쯔가무시병의 단독감염과 신증후군 출혈열과의 혼합감염 시 임상증상 및 혈액검사의 양상을 보고자 전라남도 일개종합병원에서 최근 5년간 쯔쯔가무시병 혈청학적 확진검사에서 항체역가가 1:80이상인 양성 환자 221명을 분석하였다. 쯔쯔가무시병 단독감염 환자는 183명이며, 신증후군 출혈열과의 혼합감염 환자는 38명이었다. 연령별 환자발생은 70세 이상에서 가장 많이 발생하였으며, 성별 분포는 남성이 70명(31.7%), 여성이 151명(66.8%)으로 여성에서 다소 높았다. 발생 시기는 10월과 11월에 전체 발생율의 70% 이상을 차지하였다. 대상자의 임상증상은 발열(p=0.028)과, 가려움증(p=0.000), 근육통(p=0.000)에서 단독감염보다 혼합감염 시 유의하게 높았으며, 혈액검사 상 AST(p=0.000), ALT (p=0.000), 혈액요소질소(p=0.002), 총 빌리루빈(p=0.000)수치가 단독감염보다 혼합감염 시 유의하게 높았다.

• Journal of Chest Surgery
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• 제50권1호
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• pp.50-53
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• 2017

A mixed infection of Mycobacterium abscessus subsp. abscessus (Mab) and Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB) in the lung is an unusual clinical manifestation and has not yet been reported. A 61-year-old woman had been treated for Mab lung disease and concomitant pneumonia, and was diagnosed with pulmonary tuberculosis (PTB). Despite both anti-PTB and anti-Mab therapy, her entire left lung was destroyed and collapsed. She underwent left pneumonectomy and received medical therapy. We were able to successfully treat her mixed infection by pneumonectomy followed by inhaled amikacin therapy. To the best of our knowledge, thus far, this is the first description of a mixed Mab and MTB lung infection.

• 한국동물위생학회지
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• 제41권1호
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• pp.51-55
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• 2018

Herein, we report a case of badgers showing high morbidity and mortality rate due to the mixed infection of canine distemper virus (CDV) and Streptococcus canis (S. canis) in a farm where wild animal, badger, is being reared for herbal medicine. During the period of about one month, 120 out of 320 badgers showed severe respiratory symptoms and died, and 3 bodies were submitted to the Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency for disease diagnosis. The lung with the most severe necropsy findings failed to collapse and showed dark reddening and had yellowish nodules on the cut surface. The characteristic and common histopathologic findings include multifocal necrosis with hemorrhage of the lung, severe lymphoid depletion of the spleen and intracytoplasmic or intranuclear inclusion bodies in almost all organs. Finally, CDV and S. canis were identified by immunohistochemistry and bacterial isolation, respectively. This is the first mixed infection case of CDV and S. canis in badgers being raised on the farm.

• The Plant Pathology Journal
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• 제39권1호
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• pp.149-157
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• 2023

Phytoplasmas were discovered in diseased Elaeocarpus sylvestris trees growing on Jeju Island that showed symptoms of yellowing and darkening in the leaves. Leaf samples from 14 symptomatic plants in Jeju-si and Seogwipo-si were collected and phytoplasma 16S rRNA was successfully amplified by nested polymerase chain reaction using universal primers. The sequence analysis detected two phytoplasmas, which showed 99.5% identity to 'Candidatus Phytoplasma asteris' and 'Ca. P. malaysianum' affiliated to 16SrI and 16SrXXXII groups, respectively. Through polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) analyses using the AfaI (RsaI) restriction enzyme, the presence of two phytoplasmas strains as well as cases of mixed infection of these strains was detected. In a virtual RFLP analysis with 17 restriction enzymes, the 16S rRNA sequence of the 'Ca. P. asteris' strain was found to match the pattern of the 16SrI-B subgroup. In addition, the phytoplasmas in the mixed-infection cases could be distinguished using specific primer sets. In conclusion, this study confirmed mixed infection of two phytoplasmas in one E. sylvestris plant, and also the presence of two phytoplasmas (of the 16SrI and 16SrXXXII groups) in Jeju Island (Republic of Korea).

• 식물병연구
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• 제23권3호
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• pp.234-240
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• 2017

경북 영양지역 노지고추 재배지에서 2012년부터 2016년까지 바이러스 증상를 보이는 시료를 채집하여 RT-PCR로 바이러스 감염양상을 조사하였다. 수집된 시료에 감염된 바이러스는 CMV 46.1%, BBWV2 41.5%, PepMoV 2.0%, PVY 2.0%, PMMoV 4.4%, TSWV 0.1%로 CMV와 BBWV2가 영양지역 노지고추에서 우점하는 바이러스로 나타났다. 바이러스 감염형태는 복합감염이 62.6%로 단독감염 31.2% 보다 많았다. 단독감염은 CMV가 19.1%로 가장 많았으며, BBWV2도 11.4%의 발생률을 보였다. 복합감염은 CMV+BBWV2 발생률이 49.3%로 가장 많았으며, 3종 및 4종 복합감염에서도 대부분 CMV+BBWV2를 포함하는 감염형태를 나타내었다. CMV 단독감염에서는 모자이크, 퇴록, 괴저, 황화 병징을 보였으며 BBWV2 단독감염은 퇴록, 모자이크 병징을 나타내었다. CMV와 BBWV2 복합감염은 퇴록과 심한 모자이크, 기형 병징을 일으켰다.

• Parasites, Hosts and Diseases
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• 제38권3호
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• pp.183-185
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• 2000

To determine the status of infection caused by intestinal parasites among children and adolescents living in Legaspi city, the Philippines, we performed a small survey by fecal examination for helminth ova and protozoan cysts with formalin-ether concentration method. Of the 64 examinees, the infection rate was 78.1%. The infection rates of primary school children, preschool children and adolescents were 95.5%, 64.7% and 87.5%, respectively. The infection rate in urban areas was 56%, and 92.3% in rural areas. The infection rates were 51% with Trichuris trichiura, 40% with Ascaris lumbricoides, 23.4% with hookworm, 15.6% with Iodamoeba butschlii, 14.1% with Endolinax nana, 9.4% with Entamoeba coli and 7.8% with Giardia lamblia. There were 33 cases with multiple infection (51.6%). Mixed infection with more than 3 parasites was observed in 15 cases, all of them being children and adolescents living in rural areas. By this survey, it was conjectured that helminthic infection is prevalent among children and adolescents in Legaspi, Philippines. To determine the status of infection caused by intestinal parasites among children and adolescents living in Legaspi city, the Philippines, we performed a small survey by fecal examination for helminth ova and protozoan cysts with formalin-ether concentration method. Of the 64 examinees, the infection rate was 78.1%. The infection rates of primary school children, preschool children and adolescents were 95.5%, 64.7% and 87.5%, respectively. The infection rate in urban areas was 56%, and 92.3% in rural areas. The infection rates were 51% with Trichuris trichiura, 40% with Ascaris lumbricoides, 23.4% with hookworm, 15.6% with Iodamoeba butschlii, 14.1% with Endolinax nana, 9.4% with Entamoeba coli and 7.8% with Giardia lamblia. There were 33 cases with multiple infection (51.6%). Mixed infection with more than 3 parasites was observed in 15 cases, all of them being children and adolescents living in rural areas. By this survey, it was conjectured that helminthic infection is prevalent among children and adolescents in Legaspi, Philippines.