• Journal of the Korean Society of Radiology
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• v.12 no.3
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• pp.329-334
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• 2018

Radon which is natural component of air is a colorless and odorless radioactive gas. Radon exposure can also occur from some building materials if they are made from radon-containing substances by breathing. In this study, The radiation dose of radon concentration was detected at 8 buildings of the A university during 3-month from June. 2017 to August. 2017. We detected indoor radon exposure at 8 building of the university and estimated annual effective dose. The radon concentration of Hall G and Hall F of the A university represented 81 and $14Bq/m^3$ respectively and average indoor radon concentration represented $41.63Bq/m^3$. Average effective dose was estimated 0.40 mSv/y, maximum effective dose was 0.78 mSv/y and minimum effective dose was 0.13 mSv/y respectively. University is the place that students spend the almost whole time. We suggest ventilation and appropriate management of a building, which could reduce the natural radiation exposure by radon concentration.

• The Plant Pathology Journal
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• v.34 no.3
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• pp.163-170
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• 2018

Strawberry Fusarium wilt disease, caused by Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. fragariae, is the most devastating disease in strawberry production. The pathogen produces chlamydospores which tolerate against harsh environment, fungicide and survive for decades in soil. Development of detection and quantification techniques are regarded significantly in many soilborne pathogens to prevent damage from diseases. In this study, we improved specific-quantitative primers for F. oxysporum f. sp. fragariae to reveal correlation between the pathogen density and the disease severity. Standard curve $r^2$ value of the specific-quantitative primers for qRT-PCR and meting curve were over 0.99 and $80.5^{\circ}C$, respectively. Over pathogen $10^5cfu/g$ of soil was required to cause the disease in both lab and field conditions. With the minimum density to develop the wilt disease, the pathogen affected near 60% in nursery plantation. A biological control microbe agent and soil solarization reduced the pathogen population 2-fold and 1.5-fold in soil, respectively. The developed F. oxysporum f. sp. fragariae specific qRT-PCR protocol may contribute to evaluating soil healthiness and appropriate decision making to control the disease.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• v.48 no.2
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• pp.236-244
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• 2024

Background: Fusarium oxysporum (F. oxysporum) is the primary pathogenic fungus that causes Panax notoginseng (P. notoginseng) root rot disease. To control the disease, safe and efficient antifungal pesticides must currently be developed. Methods: In this study, we prepared and characterized a nanoemulsion of Foeniculum vulgare essential oil (Ne-FvEO) using ultrasonic technology and evaluated its stability. Traditional Foeniculum vulgare essential oil (T-FvEO) was prepared simultaneously with 1/1000 Tween-80 and 20/1000 dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO). The effects and inhibitory mechanism of Ne-FvEO and T-FvEO in F. oxysporum were investigated through combined transcriptome and metabolome analyses. Results: Results showed that the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of Ne-FvEO decreased from 3.65 mg/mL to 0.35 mg/mL, and its bioavailability increased by 10-fold. The results of gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) showed that T-FvEO did not contain a high content of estragole compared to Foeniculum vulgare essential oil (FvEO) and Ne-FvEO. Combined metabolome and transcriptome analysis showed that both emulsions inhibited the growth and development of F. oxysporum through the synthesis of the cell wall and cell membrane, energy metabolism, and genetic information of F. oxysporum mycelium. Ne-FvEO also inhibited the expression of 2-oxoglutarate dehydrogenase and isocitrate dehydrogenase and reduced the content of 2-oxoglutarate, which inhibited the germination of spores. Conclusion: Our findings suggest that Ne-FvEO effectively inhibited the growth of F. oxysporum in P. notoginseng in vivo. The findings contribute to our comprehension of the antifungal mechanism of essential oils (EOs) and lay the groundwork for the creation of plant-derived antifungal medicines.

• Preventive Nutrition and Food Science
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• v.22 no.3
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• pp.203-210
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• 2017

The antioxidant and antimicrobial activities of three kinds of strawberry ethanol extracts from Robus corchorifolius L. f. (RCL), Rubus parvifolius L. var. parvifolius (RPL), and Duchesnea chrysantha Miq. (DCM) were investigated. The RPL was highest (P<0.05) in phenolic, flavonoid, and anthocyanin contents. 2,2-Diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl and 2,2'-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulphonic acid) radical scavenging activities of RPL and DCM extracts were higher than that of RCL (P<0.05). Hydrogen peroxide scavenging activity of RPL was high compared to DCM and RCL (P<0.05). RCL exhibited a significant (P<0.05) potent antioxidant activity in nitric oxide radical inhibition. Inhibition diameter zone (nearest mm) of extracts against the test bacteria ranged from 11.5 in RCL to 12.5 in DCM against Staphylococcus aureus, from 10.5 in RCL to 13.5 in DCM against Streptococcus pneumoniae, from 8.5 in DCM to 10.5 in RCL against Escherichia coli, and the same inhibition of 10 mm in three of the extracts against Klebsiella pneumoniae. However, there was no inhibition against fungi Aspergillus niger and Candida albicans. Three of the extracts had the same minimum inhibitory concentration values of 12.50, 12.50, and $6.25{\mu}g/mL$ against S. aureus, K. pneumoniae, and S. pneumoniae, respectively. On the other hand, MIC values of 12.50, 12.50, and $6.50{\mu}g/mL$ were recorded for RPL, DCM, and RCL against E. coli, respectively. The result of present study revealed that extracts from three kinds of strawberries could be potential candidates as antioxidant and antimicrobial sources for functional food industries.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Tobacco Science
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• v.21 no.2
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• pp.128-135
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• 1999

This study was conducted to determine the sidestream smoke concentration, nicotine, tar, and CO, by the characteristics of tobacco leaves and their combinations. 20 kinds of tobacco leaves and 15 types of their combinations were selected for this study. After collecting the sidestream smoke by fishtail chimney, the concentrations of nicotine, tar, and CO in sidestream smoke were analyzed. Variation in nicotine concentration of sidestream smoke among tobacco leaves and their combinations was as much as 9-times. Heavy leaves and burley leaves were higher in nicotine concentration than light leaves and flue-cured leaves, respectively, the reconstituted tobacco leaf had the minimum concentration of nicotine. Tar concentration of sidestream smoke also was changed by the characteristics of tobacco leaves and their combinations. As the american C4F had the maximum concentration of tar in sidestream smoke, the reconstituted tobacco leaf showed the minimum concentration. Blending 50 % flue-cured B1-0 plus 50% burley B1-T grade showed the highest value in the nicotine concentration. Also, in case of adding B3K and izmir tobacco leaves, the nicotine concentration was decreased. The tar concentration in the sidestream smoke increased as increasing the amount of flue-cured heavy leaf. The CO concentration was not so much Changed by the characteristics of tobacco leaves and their combinations.

• Transactions of the Korean Society of Mechanical Engineers A
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• v.28 no.11
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• pp.1799-1806
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• 2004

The static photoelastic experiment was applied to orthotropic materials. And then the specimens used in photoelastic experiment were fractured under static load. The static photoelastic experimental hybrid method for orthotropic material was introduced and its validity had been assured. Crack propagation criterion used the stress components, which are considered the higher order terms, obtained from the static photoelastic experimental hybrid method was introduced and it was applied to the minimum strain energy density criterion, the maximum tangential stress criterion and mode mixity. Comparing the actual initial angle of crack propagation with the theoretical initial angle of crack propagation obtained from the above failure criterions, the validities of the above two criterions are assured and the optimal distance (${\gamma}$) from the crack-tip is 0.01mm in order to get the initial angle of crack propagation of orthotropic material(C.F.E.C.).

• YAKHAK HOEJI
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• v.45 no.6
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• pp.650-655
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• 2001

Carvedilol is a nonselective $\beta$-blocking agent with vasodilating properties that are attributed mainly to its blocking activity at $\alpha$$^{1}$-receptors. Carvedilol is used in the treatment of mild to moderate hypertention and angina pectoris and is often used in combination with other drugs. This study was carried out to evaluate the bioequivalence and pharmacokinetics of two carvedilol 25mg tablet formulations according to the guidelines of Korea Food and Drug Administration (KFDA). Twenty healthy volunteers are enrolled and received a single dose (25mg as carvedilol) of each drug in the fasting state, in a randomized 2-way crossover design. After oral administration, blond samples were collected for a period of 30 hours. Plasma concentrations of carvedilol were determined by a rapid and sensitive HPLC method with spectrofluorometric detection. The major pharmacokinetic parameters such as AU $C_{0-}$30hr/, AU $C_{inf}$ , $C_{max}$, $T_{max}$, $t_{1}$2 / Cl/F and V $_{\beta}$//F were calculated. ANOVA test and t-test were utilized for the statistical analysis of each parameter. The results showed that the differences in AU $C_{0-}$30hr/, $C_{max}$ and $T_{max}$ between two were ~5.66, 1.74 and 0.00%, respectively. Minimum detectable differences ($\Delta$) at $\alpha$=0.05 were less than$\pm$ 20% except $T_{max}$ (8.44, 18.36, and 33.86%, respectively). The 90% confidence intervals of all parameters were within $\pm$20% (-10.60~ -0.72, -9.00~12.49 and -19.81~19.81%, respectively). Therefore, it is concluded that the two formulations are bioequivalent for both the extent and the rate of absorption after single dose administration.ation.ion.ion.ation.ion.n.

• Proceedings of the Korea Air Pollution Research Association Conference
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• 2001.11a
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• pp.335-335
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• 2001

Direct-normal, total horizontal and diffuse horizontal irradiance data obtained from a multi-filter rotating shadowband radiometer over seven different wavelength bands (416nm, 151nm, 616nm, 675nm, 870nm and 940nm and the entire spectrum) has been analyzed at Kwangju, South Korea from June 1998 December 2000. The maximum hourly global radiation flux ranged from 0.44 MJ/$m^2$ to 2.68 MJ/$m^2$ at around 11:00-12:00 Hr local time while the maximum hourly diffuse radiation flux ranged from about 0.96 MJ/$m^2$ to 1.37 MJ/$m^2$. The maximum hourly direct irradiance ranged from 1.42 MJ/$m^2$ to 2.92 MJ/$m^2$ from June1998-2000. During the period under consideration, the average monthly global radiation recorded were 13.09 MJ/$m^2$/day, 10.58MJ/$m^2$/day and 9.78MJ/$m^2$/day for years 1998, 1999 and 2000 respectively, while the diffuse irradiance were 6.54 MJ/$m^2$/day, 5.33 MJ/$m^2$/day and 5.14 MJ/$m^2$/day for f998, 1999 and 2000 respectively. The direct irradiance values at the site were 11.63 MJ/$m^2$/day, 8.24MJ/$m^2$/day and 7.75 MJ/$m^2$/day for 1998, f999 and 2000 respectively. It was observed that each of the years has its own unique meteorological parameters that affect the quality and quantity of radiation received for each month. The annual average daily fractions of the diffuse to the global radiation (KD) were 0.51, 0.61 and 0.59 for years 1998, 1999 and 2000 respectively. Analysis indicated that the average daily KD ranged from 0.13 to a maximum value of 0.99 in May for irradiance measured at the broadband channel while the maximum and minimum KD value of 0.91 and 0.23 was recorded at wavelength band 870nm and 940nm in January and September respectively. The lowest average daily clearness index (Kt) value recorded was 0.03 in May (Spring) and the annual average daily clearness indexes are 0.45, 0.34 and 0.35 for years 1998, f999 and 2000 respectively. The frequency of clear days annually at Kwangju is 67.95%, 29.57% and 40.72% for years 1998, 1999 and 2000 respectively.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.23 no.8
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• pp.1089-1095
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• 2010

Four biological candidate genes, natural resistance associated macrophage protein 1 (SLC11A1 or NRAMP), prosaposin (PSAP), interferon Gamma (IFNG), and toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4), were examined to identify single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) and associations of the SNP with antibody response kinetics in hens. An $F_2$ population was produced by mating $G_0$ highly inbred (<99%) males of two MHC-congenic Fayoumi lines with highly inbred Leghorn hens. The $F_2$ hens (n = 158) were injected twice with SRBC and whole, fixed Brucella abortus (BA). Blood samples were obtained before each immunization, at 7 d after primary immunization, and at several time points after secondary immunization. Minimum titers (Ymin) and the time needed to reach them (Tmin), and maximum (Ymax) titers and the time needed to reach them (Tmax), were estimated from the seven post-secondary immunization titers using a nonlinear regression model. The $F_2$ hens were genotyped for the four candidate genes by using PCR-RFLP for one SNP per gene, which identified the parental allele. General linear models were used to test associations of SNP genotypes with antibody response parameters and BW measured at 4 ages. The IFNG SNP was highly significantly (p<0.0125) associated with primary response to SRBC, Tmin to BA, Ymin to BA, and 12-week BW. The current study demonstrated that the novel IFNG promoter SNP was associated with antibody kinetics for BA and SRBC in laying hens, and also with BW, suggesting that this cytokine may play a pivotal role in the relationship between immune function and growth.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.49 no.3
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• pp.367-375
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• 2016

Marbled flounder Pseudopleuronectes yokohamae is a commercially important flatfish in the coastal waters of the East Sea off Pohang, Korea. Maturity and spawning dynamics of P. yokohamae were investigated based on samples collected by gill net and long line in the coastal waters off Pohang from January 2013 to December 2014. We analyzed monthly changes in maturity stage, gonadosomatic index (GSI), egg diameter, fecundity, and total length at 50% group maturity. We found that the spawning period was December to February, wherein fecundity ranged from 55,760 eggs at 20.40 cm total length (TL) to 1,559,007 eggs at 46.6 cm TL. The relationship between TL and fecundity (F) was F = 0.0017 TL^3.5604 (R² = 0.6984), and F increased with increasing TL. We estimated the TL at 50% group maturity as 27.4 cm for female and 23.5 cm for male P. yokohamae, respectively. The results from this research will aid in the development of policies on season and minimum catch length for sustainable production of P. yokohamae. We propose that it is necessary to conduct long-term ecological monitoring for this species because biological properties such as spawning ecology and growth performance are being affected by climate change.