• Communications of the Korean Mathematical Society
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• v.11 no.4
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• pp.887-893
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• 1996

Let (R,m) be a Cohen-Macaulay local ring with an infinite residue field and let $J = (a_1, \cdots, a_l)$ be a minimal reduction of an equimultiple ideal I of R. In this paper we shall prove that the following conditions are equivalent: (1) $I^2 = JI$. (2) $gr_I(R)/mgr_I(R)$ is Cohen-Macaulay with minimal multiplicity at its maximal homogeneous ideal N. (3) $N^2 = (a'_1, \cdots, a'_l)N$, where $a'_i$ denotes the images of $a_i$ in I/mI for $i = 1, \cdots, l$.

• Korean Institute of Interior Design Journal
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• no.25
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• pp.169-175
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• 2000

Since the late 19th Century, modern architecture of definite figure and form shared similar concepts on space and from with the abstract art, pursuing the geometric purity and the abstraction. So the reductive approach had been taken in modern architecture as well as on modern art. The 1960 minimal art had experimented an extreme reduction with the cubic forms and the plane canvases, embodying so called minimal-art content, it was just another version of modernism art interpreted by the extreme reduction. The reduction is a characteristics of modernism adopted in every art field, including architecture. Not from the apparent, but from the essential quality of architectural form, figure and space resulting from the reductive approach, a building in this trend schould be judged and appreciated. In many aspects, Korean traditional architecture has been shown the characteristics of Minimal Architecture. With these points of view, this study analyzes characteristics of Korean traditional architecture with above contents through the form and space.

• Communications of the Korean Mathematical Society
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• v.11 no.3
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• pp.539-546
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• 1996

The purpose of this paper is to show that the Noetherian semi-local property of the underlying ring enables us to develope a setisfactory concep of the theory of reduction of ideals in a commutative Noetherian ring.

• Bulletin of the Korean Mathematical Society
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• v.57 no.2
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• pp.407-417
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• 2020

Let (R, m) be a d-dimensional Cohen-Macaulay local ring with infinite residue field. Let I be an ideal of R that has analytic spread ℓ(I) = d, satisfies the G_d condition, the weak Artin-Nagata property AN^-_d-2 and m is not an associated prime of R/I. In this paper, we show that if j₁(I) = λ(I/J) + λ[R/(J_d-1 :_RI+(J_d-2 :_RI+I):_R m^∞)] + 1, then I has almost minimal j-multiplicity, G(I) is Cohen-Macaulay and r_J(I) is at most 2, where J = (x₁, _…, x_d) is a general minimal reduction of I and J_i = (x₁, _…, x_i). In addition, the last theorem is in the spirit of a result of Sally who has studied the depth of associated graded rings and minimal reductions for m-primary ideals.

• Journal of the Korea Safety Management & Science
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• v.14 no.1
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• pp.225-233
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• 2012

The research discusses interrelationship of structural and reliability importance measures which used in the probabilistic safety assessment. The most frequently used component importance measures, such as Birnbaum's Importance (BI), Risk Reduction (RR), Risk Reduction Worth (RRW), RA (Risk Achievement), Risk Achievement Worth (RAW), Fussel Vesely (FV) and Critically Importance (CI) can be derived from two structure importance measures that are developed based on the size and the number of Minimal Path Set (MPS) and Minimal Cut Set (MCS). In order to show an effectiveness of importance measures which is developed in this paper, the three representative functional structures, such as series-parallel, k out of n and bridge are used to compare with Birnbaum's Importance measure. In addition, the study presents the implementation examples of Total Productive Maintenance (TPM) metrics and alternating renewal process models with exponential distribution to calculate the availability and unavailability of component facility for improving system performances. System state structure functions in terms of component states can be converted into the system availability (unavailability) functions by substituting the component reliabilities (unavailabilities) for the component states. The applicable examples are presented in order to help the understanding of practitioners.

• Archives of Plastic Surgery
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• v.38 no.6
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• pp.845-850
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• 2011

Purpose: In general, orientals including Korean, have a mesocephalic face whereas Caucasians, among the western, have a dolichocephalic face. Unlike the western, in orientals including Korean, prominent malar bones are recognized as stubborn and unattractive appearance. That is why reduction malarplasty is one of the most popular aesthetic surgical procedure in Korea. Many surgical methods to reposition prominent malar bones have been performed by means of a coronal incision or a combined incisions, using both the intraoral and the external incision. Bicoronal approach has advantage such as wide operative field, easy to maintain symmetry and possibility of combining facial lift but has shortcoming, such as external scars, long operative time, and the possibility of facial nerve or artery injury. Intraoral approach has advantages of short operative time, simplicity of procedure and no external scar. But this approach is associated with problems of cheek drooping, limited exposure and difficulty in making symmetry. Methods: During 8 years, we performed a reduction malarplasty without internal fixation through an minimal intraoral incision and dissection in 39 patients. Results: The patients were followed for 46 months, with satisfactory results and no cheek drooping. There was no patient who want to revise the inappropriate operative result such as asymmetry and incomplete correction. Conclusion: We conclude that minimal intraoral incision and dissection could acquire satisfactory result of reduction malarplasty along with prevention of cheek drooping.

• Journal of Korean Foot and Ankle Society
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• v.6 no.2
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• pp.201-207
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• 2002

Purpose: To present the clinical analysis of the results obtained in 38 cases of displaced intraarticular calcaneal fractures undergone combined percutaneous axial pin fixation of calcaneal body and minimal internal fixation using extensile lateral approach. Materials and Methods: From March 2000 to February 2002, thirty-eight displaced intraarticular fractures of the calcaneus in 35 patients were fixed with 3.5mm cannulated screws and percutaneous 2.5mm K-wires. The extensile lateral approach was used in all cases. The average follow-up period was 16 months. Clinical evaluation was assessed according to the Ankle-Hind Foot Scale of American Orthopedic Foot and Ankle Society. Results: The clinical results were graded as excellent in 8 cases(21%), good in 22 cases(58%), fair in 6 cases(16%), and poor in 2 cases(5%). Two cases of poor result were type IV of Sanders classification. The postoperative reduction status of the articular surface was analyzed by computed tomography in all cases and was found to be less 2mm of step off in 30 cases and between 2 and 4mm in 8 cases. Unsatisfactory results were correlated with severity of articular comminution and failure to obtain accurate reduction of the articular surface. Using early functional postoperative care, all fractures healed without secondary displacement except 1 case on an average of ten weeks. Two cases had superficial necrosis of the wound margins, however, secondary wound healing was uneventful and skin grafting was not needed. Conclusion: Combined minimal internal fixation and percutaneous pin fixation using extensile lateral approach is useful operative method of intraarticular calcaneal fractures because providing enough stability to permit functional aftercare and allowing excellent anatomical reduction. In addition, this method diminishes the risk of lateral soft tissue problems.

• 대한족부족관절학회:학술대회논문집
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• 2008.11a
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• pp.49-49
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• 2008

• Journal of Korean Society of Industrial and Systems Engineering
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• v.12 no.20
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• pp.1-24
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• 1989

This paper takes aim at the reliability evaluation by application of Fault Tree Analysis and its computerization. FTA is one of the methods for evaluation of system reliability and safety analysis. The important characteristic of this paper is that computer program is written in the package program(dBaseIII+) by 16Bit/AT personal computer. The program consists of three program segments. (1) The minimal cut sets of the system fault tree are obtained by means of "Fault tree reduction algorithm" (2) The minimal path sets are obtained by inversion of the minimal cut sets determined from fault tree (3) The importance of the basic events which are presented in the minimal cut sets is obtained by means of structural importance analysis. In this paper, a Fault Tree Analysis is applied to a BAG FILTER which is a kind of dust collector.collector.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Telematics and Electronics B
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• v.32B no.1
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• pp.11-20
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• 1995

A new graph problem is formulated to limit the maximum path length of a general directed graph when a minimal set of vertices together with their incident edges are removed from the graph. An optimal algorithm and a heuristic algorithm are proposed and the proposed heuristic algorithm is shown to be effective through experiments using a collection of graphs obtained from large sequential circuits. The heuristic algorithm is based on a feedback vertex set algorithm based on graph reduction.