• 한국식생활문화학회지
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• 제34권1호
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• pp.44-52
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• 2019

This study examined the lifestyle factors, dietary attitudes, food habits, and dietary nutrition intake of college students before and after nutrition education. A total of 44 college students were recruited and a questionnaire survey was conducted. Dietary nutrient consumption was obtained from the one day 24-hr recall. Scores on 'Concerns about health (p<0.05)', 'Regular exercise (p<0.01)', and number of steps (p<0.001) were significantly higher after-training. The dietary attitude (31.3 vs. 33.7, p<0.01) and food habits (53.5 vs. 59.7, p<0.01) were significantly higher after-training. The scores on 'Eating a lot of food that I want to eat is more important than nutrition (p<0.01)', 'I am interested in information on nutrition and health (p<0.01)', 'Have three meals a day (p<0.01)', 'Have breakfast regularly (p<0.01)', 'Drink milk every day (p<0.001)', 'Have fruits every day (p<0.05)', and 'Apply nutrition knowledge to daily life (p<0.001)' were significantly higher after-training. Among the nutrients intakes, the protein (p<0.05), vitamin C (p<0.01), and calcium (p<0.001) were significantly higher after-training. Nutrition education improved the lifestyle factors, dietary attitudes, food habits, and dietary nutrition intakes.

• Nutrition Research and Practice
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• 제15권4호
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• pp.492-503
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• 2021

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES: Recently, the recommended nutrient intakes (RNI) for vitamin D for Malaysian aged 1-70 yrs has been revised from 5 ㎍/day to 15 ㎍/day. This study is aimed to assess the adequacy of vitamin D intake based on revised RNI and to recommend several dietary strategies to increase total vitamin D intake. SUBJECTS/METHODS: Vitamin D intake from both food and supplement of 217 pregnant women was assessed using a validated food frequency questionnaire. Hypothetical effect of expanded supplementation and food fortifications strategies were modelled using the consumption data. RESULTS: The results revealed that more than half (67.7%) of pregnant women had inadequate vitamin D intake (RNI < 15 ㎍/day). The modelling results demonstrated the potential of universal provision of 10 ㎍/day of multivitamins supplements in increasing vitamin D intake. Moreover, mandatory fortification of both milk and malted drink at single level of 5 ㎍/serving would lead to increase in vitamin D intake of Malaysians, particularly pregnant women. CONCLUSIONS: The outcome of this study can be used as a reference for public health professionals to re-evaluate the existing Malaysian food fortification policies and supplementation recommendation for vitamin D for pregnant women.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• 제28권7호
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• pp.653-674
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• 1995

This study was aimed at comparing the dietary patterns of university female students according to their residence type. As for subjects, one hundred and twenty students of Kongju national university were chosen as a total. They were devided into three groups ; those who live in family home, or university dormitory, or self-boarding house. In this study, intakes of food and nutrient and dietary behaviors of each group were investigated through two-day food records and questionnaire. The result was that mean daily intakes of calcium and iron were lower than RDAs in all groups. According to residence type, subjects of family home and self-boarding seemed to have more serious problem in the nutrients mentioned above considering the proportions of less than 2/3 of RDAs. Especially, iron status was poorer than any other nutrients in the aspects of this proportion and food source. Iron was taken largely from vegetable foods which were recognized as a source of low bioavailability of iron. The average distribution ratios of breakfast, lunch, dinner and snack to total calorie intake was 22, 29, 30 and 19. Thus, it proved that breakfast tended to be more negligent than any other meals, and that snack was an important means to give nutrients for subjects. This meal pattern might be one of the factor for the decrease of the dietary quality. Processed foods were founded to be an important source for providing nutrients. Percentages of calorie, carbohydrate and fat consumed by processed foods to total nutrients. Percentages of calorie, carbohydrate and fat consumed by processed foods to total nutrients intake were 30.6, 29.5 and 46.2. However, other nutrient intakes from processed foods such as vitamin and mineral were small. And processed foods which give nutrients were mainly cereal products like ra myon, bread, and milk and milk products. Consequently, processed foods seemed to be selected as a combinient substitute food which supply calorie to fill their hunger. According to the living type, dormitory students had them more frequently than any other groups. Food habit score was within the category of poor or fair. Particularly, the score of self-boarding students was the lowest of groups(p<0.05). The major dietary problems were small or overating, missing meal and irregular eating. The degree of these problems was a little different among groups(P<0.01). Nineteen kinds of food were consumed per day, and family home and self-boarding students had foods less variously than dormitory students(P<0.05). Proportions of skipping breakfast, lunch and dinner were 20.8, 12.5 and 8.3%. Accordingly, breakfast was missed more often than any other meals. And self-boarding students missed breakfast more often than any other groups. As a conclusion, subjects should take more calcium and iron, and eat diverse foods to improve their nutritional status. And it is also necessary that breakfast should be regarded more importantly, and that processed foods should be taken considering nutritional balance. In view of residence type, subjects of family home or self-boarding had more dietary problems than dormitory subjects. Thus, these results suggest that university female students might have low ability of meal management, and dietary patterns were different by their residence type. Therefore, nutrition education for them should be carried out with respect to dewelling environment.

• 한국식생활문화학회지
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• 제7권1호
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• pp.73-79
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• 1992

본 연구는 한국과 일본에서 매년 실시하고 있는 국민영양조사 결과를(일본은 1950년-1988년, 한국은 1969-1988년) 바탕으로 양국의 식생활 변화 양상을 비교하여 미래의 한국 식생활의 지침이 되고자 하였으며 그 결과는 다음과 같다. 식품군별 섭취량에서 섭취총량은 일본은 1973년을 기점으로 감소하였으며 한국은 증가와 감소를 되풀이하며 전반적으로 증가 경향을 나타내었다. 한·일 모두 식물성 식품의 섭취는 감소하고 있고 동물성 식품의 섭취는 증가하고 있는데 1988년에는 동물성 식품 섭취 비율이 5% 정도 일본이 한국에 비해 많았다. 식물성 식품은 곡류의 경우 양국 모두 감소 경향을 보였고 1988년의 경우 한국이 일본에 비해 70g 정도 많이 섭취하였다. 한국은 감자류, 두류, 과실류는 1980년 이후 증가 경향이나 군별 섭취총량은 일본에 비해 낮은 수준이었다. 일본은 과일, 야채류의 섭취가 감소 경향이고 두류, 감자류는 변화가 거의 없으며 안정된 추세를 보였다. 동물성식품의 경우 일본은 우유 및 유제품, 육류는 증가 경향을 나타내었고 어패류, 난류는 1975년 이후 거의 평형 상태를 유지하였으며 한국은 육류, 어패류의 섭취 증가가 뚜렷하였다. 1970년 이후 양국의 신장, 체중의 연차추이를 보면, 1970년에서 1980년까지 한국인의 신장 증가가 현저하였으며(1970년 ; 150.3cm, 1980년 ; 160.2cm), 체중도 이와 유사한 경향을 나타냈다.

• 한국가정과교육학회지
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• 제24권2호
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• pp.51-62
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• 2012

본 연구는 1962년 한국인 영양권장량의 제정부터 2010년 한국인 영양섭취기준 개정에 이르기까지 성인과 임신 수유부의 단백질의 섭취권장량 산출방법과 섭취권장량의 변화 추이를 살펴보았다. 1. 성인의 단백질 섭취권장량은 1989년까지 요인가산법을, 그 이후에는 질소균형연구를 활용하여 설정되었다. 요인가산법을 적용하였던 시기는 표준단백질 최소 필요량 또는 불가피 질소손실량을 기본 요인으로 하고 식이단백질의 이용율을 적용하였으며, 질소균형연구를 적용하였던 시기는 질소평형 유지에 필요한 식이단백질의 최소 필요량을 기본 요인으로 하였다. 그리고 개인 차, 스트레스 등의 조정 요인을 반영하여 단백질 섭취권장량을 계산하였다. 단백질 섭취권장량은 남성 50~80g/일, 여성 45~70g/일이었으며, 남성의 섭취권장량이 여성보다 크고, 연령대가 높을수록 섭취권장량은 감소하였다. 2. 임신부의 단백질 부가섭취권장량은 태아의 발육에 기인하는 단백질 축적량을 기본 요인으로 하고 식이단백질 이용율 등의 조정요인을 적용하여 산출하였고, 10~30g/일이었으며, 2010년에는 임신 기간을 3분하여 각각 0, 15, 30g/일을 제시하였다. 3. 수유부의 단백질 부가섭취권장량은 모유로 분비되는 단백질의 양을 기본 요인으로 하고 식이단백질 이용율 등의 조정요인을 적용하여 산출하였고, 20~30g/일이었으며, 시기별 증감 경향은 나타나지 않았다. 앞으로 체중 대신 제지방체중을 적용하는 단백질 섭취권장량의 산출 공식이 마련될 필요성이 있으며, 에너지와 마찬가지로 섭취하는 식이단백질의 조성에 근거한 개인별 섭취권장량의 계산방법 고안을 제언한다. 그리고 수유부의 경우 수유 기간을 구분하여 기간별 단백질 부가섭취권장량의 제정을 제언한다.

• 대한지역사회영양학회지
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• 제26권6호
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• pp.495-507
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• 2021

Objectives: This study examined regional differences in the intake of dietary total fat and saturated fatty acid (SFA) and their food sources among Korean adults. We also investigated the associations of SFA intake with metabolic diseases by region. Methods: This study included 13,926 adults (≥ 19y) who participated in the 2016 ~ 2019 Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys. The regions were divided into urban and rural areas according to the administrative districts where the participants lived. Using dietary data obtained from a 24-h recall, intake of total fat and SFA and their food sources were assessed by region. Metabolic diseases included obesity, abdominal obesity, and elevated total cholesterol and their association with SFA intake by region were examined using multiple logistic regression. Results: Of the participants, 19.6% lived in rural areas. In urban areas, the total fat and SFA intakes were higher than in rural areas: 21.2% of energy (%E) came from total fat and 6.9%E from SFA in urban areas, whereas 18.0%E came from total fat and 5.8%E from SFA in rural areas. The percentage of participants who exceeded the dietary reference intakes for total fat and SFA in urban areas was 16.5% and 41.9%, respectively, but 43.4% of participants in rural areas showed lower intake levels for total fat compared to the reference level. Young adults did not show regional differences in fat intake, and the percentage of subjects who exceeded the reference for SFA was high both in urban (58.5%) and rural (55.7%) areas. Among middle-aged and older adults, intake of fatty acids except for n-3 fatty acid was significantly higher in urban areas than in rural areas. About 69% of older adults in rural areas showed a lower intake of total fat compared to the reference level. The food sources for total fat and SFA were meat, soybean oil, eggs, and milk in both areas. The intake of fat from eggs, milk, mayonnaise, and bread was higher in urban areas, but the intake of fat from white rice and coffee mix was higher in rural areas. The SFA intake was positively associated with elevated serum total cholesterol in urban areas (4th quartile vs. 1st quartile, OR: 1.22, 95% CI: 1.06-1.40, P for trend: 0.043), but not in rural areas. Conclusions: Regional differences in total fat and SFA intakes and their food sources were observed among Korean adults. Our findings may help plan nutritional strategies to ameliorate regional health disparities.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제31권5호
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• pp.677-685
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• 2018

Objective: The objective of the present study was to determine ammonium chloride tolerance of lactating dairy cows, by examining effects of negative dietary cation anion difference (DCAD) induced by ruminal ammonium chloride infusion on performance, serum and urine minerals, serum metabolites and enzymes of lactating dairy cows. Methods: Four primiparous lactating Chinese Holstein cows fitted with ruminal cannulas were infused with increasing amounts (0, 150, 300, or 450 g/d) of ammonium chloride in a crossover design. The DCAD of the base diet was 279 mEq/kg dry matter (DM) using the DCAD formula (Na + K - Cl - S)/kg of DM. Ammonium chloride infusion added the equivalent of 0, 128, 330, and 536 mEq/kg DM of Cl in treatments. According to the different dry matter intakes (DMI), the resulting actual DCAD of the four treatments was 279, 151, -51, and -257 mEq/kg DM, respectively. Results: DMI decreased linearly as DCAD decreased. Yields of milk, 4% fat-corrected milk, energy-corrected milk, milk fat, and milk protein decreased linearly as DCAD decreased. Concentrations of milk protein and milk urea nitrogen increased linearly with decreasing DCAD. Concentration of Cl- in serum increased linearly and concentration of PO43- in serum increased quadratically as DCAD decreased. Urine pH decreased linearly and calculated urine volume increased linearly with decreasing DCAD. Linear increases in daily urinary excretion of $Cl^-$, $Ca^{2+}$, $PO_4{^{3-}}$, urea N, and ammonium were observed as DCAD decreased. Activities of alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase, and ${\gamma}-glutamyl$ transferase in serum and urea N concentration in serum increased linearly as DCAD decreased. Conclusion: In conclusion, negative DCAD induced by ruminal ammonium chloride infusion resulted in a metabolic acidosis, had a negative influence on performance, and increased serum enzymes indicating potential liver and kidney damage in lactating dairy cows. Daily ammonium chloride intake by lactating dairy cows should not exceed 300 g, and 150 g/d per cow may be better.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제25권8호
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• pp.1132-1137
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• 2012

Objective of this experiment was to evaluate the effect of partial substitution of barley grain with bread by-product (BB) on performance of Awassi ewes and their lambs. Forty Awassi ewes rearing single lambs were randomly allotted into four experimental diets containing various levels of BB. The experimental diets contained 0 (BB0), 10 (BB10), 15 (BB15), and 20% (BB20) of BB on dietary dry matter (DM). The study lasted for eight weeks, in which the first week was used as an adaptation period and seven weeks of data collection. Ewes and their lambs were penned individually where they were fed their lactating diets ad libitum. Ewes and lambs body weights were measured at the beginning and at the end of the experiment. However, milk production and composition were evaluated biweekly. Feeding BB had no effect (p>0.05) on dry matter (DM), organic matter (OM), and crude protein (CP) intakes. However, neutral detergent fiber (NDF) intake was the lowest (p<0.05) for the BB20 and BB15 diets followed to BB10 diet (i.e., 640, 677, 772 g/d, respectively) while the highest NDF intake was for the BB0 diet (i.e., 825 g/d). Similarly, NDF intake decreased linearly (p<0.001) as the BB content increased. Acid detergent fiber (ADF) intake was highest (p<0.05) for the BB0 and BB10 diets (425 and 416 g/d, respectively) followed by the BB15 and BB20 diets (359 and 342 g/d, respectively). Moreover, a linear (p<0.001), quadratic (p = 0.04), and cubic (p = 0.04) effects were observed in ADF intake among diets. Nutrient digestibility was similar among different diets. Bread by-product had no effect (p>0.05) on ewes body weight change and on lamb performance (i.e., weaning body weight and average daily gain). Similarly, no differences (p>0.05) were observed either in milk production or composition by the BB substitution. Inclusion of BB reduced feed cost by 9, 14, and 18% for the BB10, BB15, and BB20 diets, respectively. No differences were observed in milk efficiency (DM intake: milk production; p>0.05) among diets. However, cost of milk production ($US/kg milk) was the lowest (p<0.05) in the diet containing BB20. Results of the present study indicate that feeding bread by-product up to 20% of the diet DM had no effect on performance of Awassi ewes and their lambs and reduced feed cost.

• 한국유기농업학회지
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• 제18권4호
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• pp.599-612
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• 2010

본 연구는 유기곡물사료와 농산가공부산물인 미강과 대두피를 이용한 유기배합사료를 제조하였으며, 관행사료와 비교하여 산양유의 생산성 및 경제성에 미치는 영향을 조사하기 위함이다. Saanen종 비유중기 4두를 유량, 착유일수 및 산차수를 고려하여 배치하였으며, 시험 설계는 2${\times}$3 crossover design으로 하였으며, 2주간 예비기간을 거쳐 본 시험을 실시하였다. 사료공급은 에너지 및 단백질 공급량에서 ME가 23 MJ/d, 그리고 CP는 382 g/d가 되도록 조정하였다. 전체 건물섭취량은 T1구(관행사료)와 T2구(유기사료)에서 각각 1,633g과 1,658g으로 비슷한 섭취량을 나타냈으며, 유량에서는 유의한 차이는 없었지만, T2구에서 1,816g/d로 T1구의 1,667g/d와 비교하여 약 150g/d 높은 유량 증가를 나타냈다. 유성분과 유지방 함량에서는 처리간 차이를 나타내지 않았으나, 지방산조성은 사료내 불포화지방산 함량이 풍부한 T2구에서 T1구보다 stearic acid(C18:0)와 linoleic acid(C18:2)가 유의하게 높았다. 또한 경제성 평가에서 1마리당 하루 150원의 소득증가를 나타냈으며 결과적으로 유기사료를 급여함으로써 농가소득에 기여할 것으로 판단된다.

• Nutrition Research and Practice
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• 제12권5호
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• pp.426-435
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• 2018

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES: Urbanization and lifestyle changes have resulted in nutrition transition. Over-nutrition causes obesity increase, although malnutrition still exists. This phenomenon is called a double burden of malnutrition (DBM). This study was conducted to confirm the existence of DBM and to investigate the dietary factors related to DBM in Indonesian adults. SUBJECTS/METHODS: Data for the subjects (51 men and 89 women) who are the adults resided in Malang, Indonesia were collected between July 17 and August 14, 2017, by using questionnaire. Height, weight, waist and hip circumference, blood pressure, blood glucose, total cholesterol, and hemoglobin were also measured for the subjects. RESULTS: The average age of the subjects was 47.2 years. The average height, weight, and body mass index for men were 160.08 cm, 62.6 kg and $25.45kg/m^2$, respectively, and those for women were 148.74 cm, 58.09 kg, and $26.21kg/m^2$, respectively. Of the subjects, 3.6% were underweight, 24.3% were normal or healthy weight, while 72.2% were overweight and obese. Analysis of the dietary intakes revealed high for cereal (7.73 points), but very low for milk (0.25 points) and fruits (0.51 points). Dietary diversity was very few overall (< 5). The occurrence of both anemia (23.6%) and chronic diseases such as hypertension (57.1%), diabetes (12.1%), and hypercholesterolemia (3.6%) was considerably high. The existence of DBM was confirmed by 16.4% of the subjects. DBM was observed significantly higher in women than in men. Dietary diversity and DBM occurrence were inversely correlated. On average, the number of chronic diseases was 1.08 in men and 1.79 in women. Dietary diversity inversely affected systolic blood pressure. CONCLUSIONS: DBM existed in adults in Malang, Indonesia due to inadequate dietary intakes, and a high rate of chronic diseases.