• 한국식품영양과학회지
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• 제41권10호
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• pp.1356-1362
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• 2012

코코아가공품이나 초콜릿은 영양적으로 고에너지 식품이며 간식이나 후식으로 과다하게 섭취할 경우 비만이나 다른 부작용이 있음에도 불구하고, 건강에 유익하다는 인식이 점차 확산되고 있다. 그럼에도 불구하고 코코아가공품이나 초콜릿의 건강에 유익성은 코코아가공품, 초콜릿의 코코아로 부터 얻어지는 폴리페놀류와 그 항산화능에 있다. 이 연구에서는 코코아자체의 폴리페놀류와 그 항산화능보다는 실제로 사람들이 날마다 먹는 제품에서의 폴리페놀류와 그 항산화능과 연관성을 연구하고자 하였다. 그러나 수많은 폴리페놀류가 존재하고, plant-derived product의 폴리페놀류의 정량과 항산화능의 분석에 관한 표준화된 방법이 아직 확립되지 않아 연구에 어려움이 있으며, 더구나 이 연구에서는 코코아함량에 대한 정확한 정보를 제공하는 제품이 많지 않았다. 그러므로 이 연구 결과의 약간의 불확실한 결론은 당연한 것으로 보인다. 코코아 추출물에서 총 폴리페놀과 총 플라보노이드 함량이 가장 높은 군은 코코아함량이 가장 높은 것으로 추정하는 다크초콜릿이었다. 코코아 추출물의 epicatechin은 정량적으로 catechin보다 높았으며, 다크초콜릿에서 그 함량이 가장 높았고, 다크초콜릿에서만 epicatechin gallate, caffeic acid, quercetin 등이 소량 검출되었다. 항산화능은 밀크초콜릿과 다크초콜릿이 코코아믹스와 초코시럽과는 유의하게 높았고, 밀크초코릿과 다크초콜릿의 비슷한 항산화능을 보였으며, 이 결과는 더 정밀하고 확실한 항산화능 실험법의 확립의 필요성을 보여준다. 이 연구의 결과는 코코아로 만들어지는 초콜릿이 항산화능이 있음을 암시하며, 건강과의 관련 있음의 가능성을 나타내었다.

• 농업과학연구
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• 제11권2호
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• pp.244-251
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• 1984

유산균(乳酸菌)의 발육(發育)에 미치는 홍삼(紅蔘) extract의 영향을 구명하기 위하여 조성분(組成分)이 수분(水分) 68.14%, 조단백질(粗蛋白質) 10.11%, 조지방(粗脂肪) 2.66%, 조회분(粗灰分) 5.23%, 총당(總糖) 56.90%, 환원당(還元糖) 18.80%, 총(總) Saponin이 9.09 %인 홍삼(紅蔘) extract를 고지유배지(股脂乳培地)에 0~10.0%를 첨가(添加)하고 유산발효(乳酸醱酵)에 미치는 영향과 배양중(培養中)의 세균(細菌)의 증식상태(增殖狀態)를 조사한 결과는 다음과 같다. 1. 발효중(醱酵中) 유산균(乳酸菌)의 산생성도(酸生成度)는 Str. lactis와 L. acidophilus에 있어서는 홍삼(紅蔘) extract 첨가구(添加區)가 Control구 보다 높고 L. helveticus에 있어서는 효과(效果)가 적었으며 Str. lactis 및 L. acidophilus에 있어서는 홍삼(紅蔘) extract의 증량(增量)에 따라 발효시간(醱酵時間)이 단축되었다. 2. 홍삼(紅蔘) extract 첨가량(添加量)의 증가(增加)에 따라 최종산도(最終酸度)가 상승하였으며 이와 같은 현상은 Str. lactis와 L. acidophilus에서 현저하였다. 3. 유산균수(乳酸菌數)는 홍삼(紅蔘) extract의 함량(含量) 증가(增加)에 따라 1.0%까지는 증가되었으나 그 이상의 첨가구(添加區)에서는 별로 증가되지 않았다.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제23권12호
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• pp.1601-1607
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• 2010

Two experiments were carried out to investigate i) the effects of four levels of lactic acid bacteria inoculants (LAB; 0, $2{\times}10^5$, $3{\times}10^5$ and $4{\times}10^5$ cfu/g fresh forage) and two physical forms of rice straw (whole and chopped rice straw) on silage fermentation quality and nutritive value of rice straw (RS) silage for lactating Holsteins and ii) the effects of the replacement of corn silage (CS) with different inclusion levels (0, 25 and 50%) of LAB treated RS on lactating performance of Holstein dairy cows. Rice straw packed with stretch film was ensiled for 45 d. The results showed that the higher level of LAB inoculants in the silage quadratically decreased pH, $NH_3$-N and acetic acid concentrations and increased the contents of lactic acid and total organic acids. The CP content and DM losses in the silage declined linearly as the level of LAB addition was increased. Compared with whole-plant rice straw silage (WRS), chopped rice straw silage (CRS) dramatically reduced pH by 0.83. The concentrations of $NH_3$-N were similar in WRS and CRS and both were less than 50 g/kg of total N. Chopping rice straw before ensiling significantly enhanced the lactic acid concentration and total organic acids content whereas the concentration of acetic acid declined. The CP, NDF and ADF content of CRS was 13.4, 5.9 and 10.2% lower than in WRS, respectively. Except for butyric acid concentration, significant interaction effects of inoculation level and physical form of RS were found on all fermentation end-products. Our findings indicated that milk yield and composition were not affected by different level of RS inclusion. However, because of the lower cost of WRS, cows consuming a ration in which WRS was partially substituted for CS had 3.48 Yuan (75% CS+25% WRS) and 4.56 Yuan (50% CS+50% WRS) more economic benefit over those fed a CS-based ration. It was concluded that the chopping process and LAB addition could improve the silage quality, and that substitution of corn silage with RS silage lowered the cost of the dairy cow ration without impairing lactation performance.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• 제40권sup권
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• pp.9-21
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• 2007

This study aimed to assess the total sugar intake for Korean and to identify major food sources contributing to those food components. Korean adults aged over 20 years old from the Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES) 2001 and 2002 were selected. The data were analyzed to obtain nationally and seasonally representative information on the health and nutritional status of the Korean. Forty food groups were used in identifying food sources of total sugar and energy intake. Total sugar contents of foods in the KNHANES data sets were estimated by food code matching technique with Release 18 of the USDA National Nutrient Database for Standard Reference. Sample weighted means, standard errors, and population percentages were calculated using SAS and SUDAAN. The mean total sugar intake of the Korean was 60.3g in 2001, 40.9g in spring 2002, 45.7g in summer 2002, and 52.1g in fall 2002, which were 30-44% of intake of US people. Fresh fruit was identified as the most significant food source for total sugar intake in Korean population in all age groups and all seasons. The next major food sources following fresh fruits were candy/jelly/syrup/honey, coffee/coffee caream, vegetables, Kimchi, soft drinks, milk, fruit juice, cookie/cracker/cake, and vegetable juice/grain juice, which showed similar results through the seasons. While carbonated soft drink was the most significant food sources for total sugar or added sugar intakes for US people. The total sugar intakes were significantly higher in women, higher educational level, and residing in metropolitan area. As intake of total sugar increased, intakes of protein, fiber, calcium, phosphorus, iron, Vit A, B1, B2, C, niacin showed significantly increased, while high intakes of added sugars showed low intakes of some micronutrients in the US people. Percentages of people who consumed nutrients below EAR were less in higher total sugar intake group than in lower intake group. From these results, we can conclude that the food consumption habits including the total sugar intake of Korean people seems relatively good so far. More reliable database of total sugar and added sugar composition tables in public domain should be established in the future, and also more researches about total sugar and added sugar for Koreans should be continued.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제29권7호
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• pp.971-978
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• 2016

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of replacing corn grain for sugar cane molasses (MO) or glucose syrup (GS) in the starter concentrate on performance and metabolism of dairy calves. Thirty-six individually housed Holstein male calves were blocked according to weight and date of birth and assigned to one of the starter feed treatments, during an 8 week study: i) starter containing 65% corn with no MO or GS (0MO); ii) starter containing 60% corn and 5% MO (5MO); iii) starter containing 55% corn and 10% MO (10MO); and iv) starter containing 60% corn and 5% GS (5GS). Animals received 4 L of milk replacer daily (20 crude protein, 16 ether extract, 12.5% solids), divided in two meals (0700 and 1700 h). Starter and water were provided ad libitum. Starter intake and fecal score were monitored daily until animals were eight weeks old. Body weight and measurements (withers height, hip width and heart girth) were measured weekly before the morning feeding. From the second week of age, blood samples were collected weekly, 2 h after the morning feeding, for glucose, ${\beta}$-hydroxybutyrate and lactate determination. Ruminal fluid was collected at 4, 6, and 8 weeks of age using an oro-ruminal probe and a suction pump for determination of pH and short-chain fatty acids (SCFA). At the end of the eighth week, animals were harvested to evaluate development of the proximal digestive tract. The composition of the starter did not affect (p>0.05) concentrate intake, weight gain, fecal score, blood parameters, and rumen development. However, treatment 5MO showed higher (p<0.05) total concentration of SCFAs, acetate and propionate than 0MO, and these treatments did not differ from 10MO and 5GS (p>0.05). Thus, it can be concluded that the replacement of corn by 5% or 10% sugar cane molasses or 5% GS on starter concentrate did not impact performance, however it has some positive effects on rumen fermentation which may be beneficial for calves with a developing rumen.

• 대한지역사회영양학회지
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• 제14권5호
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• pp.565-575
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• 2009

The purpose of this study was to propose the appropriate sizes and dish combination for nutritional-balanced lunch boxes delivered to children under the government-funded meal service program in Korea. The study was based on the 3 : 1 : 2 Meal Box Magic, a nutrition education method developed in Japan. A total of 290 lunch menus, comprising of 10 day menus from 29 organizations having delivered lunch boxes to children during summer vacation of 2008, were analyzed and used as the base data for lunch box combination. Dishes of the menus were classified into 6 groups: Rice group, Protein side dish group (including meat, fish, egg, and bean dishes), Vegetable side dish group, Kimchi group (including kimchi and jangajji), Soup stew group, and the other group. Nutrient analysis was conducted for 100 ml of these dishes by CAN Pro 3.0 utilizing volume and weight conversion data used for analysis of the Korea Health and Nutrition Examination Survey and those from the Nutrient Composition of Food for Consumers. All the possible combinations of 5 dishes, comprising of 3 dishes from Rice group, Protein side dish group, and Kimchi group, respectively, and 2 dishes from Vegetable side dish group, were made using the frequently served dishes from the respective dish group. Nutrient analysis of each combination was conducted based on the assumption that a lunch box was 600 ml and filled up to 80% by dishes using the volume ratio of 3 : 1 : 1.5 : 0.5 for Rice group : Protein side dish group : Vegetable side dish group : Kimchi group. The mean and standard deviation of energy and nutrients of all combinations calculated by weighting the serving frequency of each dish selected for the combinations were $621\pm81$ kcal for Energy, $22.1\pm5.0$ g for Protein, $120\pm45$ mg for Calcium, $4.1\pm1.1$ mg for Iron, $201\pm130\;{\mu}g$ RE for Vitamin A, $0.34\pm0.10$ mg for Thiamin, $0.27\pm0.10$ mg for Riboflavin, and $24.3\pm9.6$ mg for Vitamin C. The energy percentages from Carbohydrate, Protein and Fat were 66%, 14% and 20%. The analysis results met the nutrition standard of lunch boxes for male elementary students in grades 4 through 6 under the government-funded meal service program regarding calories, nutrients except calcium and riboflavin, and macronutrient distribution ranges. Accordingly appropriate box sizes were suggested for different age and sex groups to meet the respective nutrition standards. In addition, milk or dairy products were suggested to accompany lunch boxes to supplement calcium and riboflavin intake. The method of selecting box sizes and making dish combination suggested in this study could be useful for the organizations preparing lunch boxes under the government-funded children's meal service program where nutrition professionals are not available.

• Applied Biological Chemistry
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• 제29권1호
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• pp.83-89
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• 1986

유청 및 대두단백질의 상호작용을 구명하기 위한 기초실험으로서 유청, 대두 이들로 부터 추출한 유청 및 대두단백질을 가지고 두부의 겔 형성특성, 가열처리 및 염류조성이 콜로이드 안정성에 미치는 영향, 열처리가 저장안정성에 미치는 영향 등을 조사하였다. 유청과 대두의 혼합물로써 두부를 제조했을 때 유청중에 함유된 칼슘 등 염류는 대두단백질을 침전시킴으로써 두 단백질의 겔 형성을 방해하거나 커드의 조직을 나쁘게 하였다. $60{\sim}100^{\circ}C$의 열안정성시험에서 유청과 증류수에 투석한 유청의 단백질은 $70^{\circ}C$ 상에서 급격히 침전하기 시작하였다. 대두추출물과 그 혼합물의 경우에는 모두 거의 안정하였다. 인산나트륨용액에 투석한 유청, 대두추출물 및 혼합물의 경우에는 같은 열처리에서 모두 안정하여, 대두추출물중 인산염의 존재가 특히 유청단백질을 안정화하는 것으로 나타났다. $CaCl_2\;0.05{\sim}0.07M$ 농도 범위의 칼슘염 첨가에 의하여 증류수에 투석한 유청단백질은 $30{\sim}35%$만 침전되었으나 대두단백질은 쉬 불안정화되어 대두추출물 및 혼합물 중 $70{\sim}85%$의 단백질이 침전되었다. 유청 및 두유혼합물의 $4^{\circ}C$ 저장안정성은 $63^{\circ}C$의 저온에서 열처리했을 경우가 고온에서 처리한 경우보다 향상되었다.

• 동아시아식생활학회지
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• 제7권3호
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• pp.289-300
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• 1997

생후 2주일 되는 강아지의 위에서 카이모신을 추출하고 이온교환 크로마토그래피로 정제하였다. 카이모신 아미노산 서열의 반은 아미노산 서열 분석법으로, 또 프로카이모신의 전아미노산 서열은 프로카이모신 cDNA의 염기서열로부터 결정하였다. 강아지 프로카이모신의 아미노산 서열은 송아지와는 79%, 돼지 펩신노진 A와는 54%의 상동성을 보였다. 프로펩티드의 크기와 활성효소의 N-말단 아미노산 잔기의 위치는 다른 프로카이모신과 같았다. 강아지 카이모신의 pH 3.2에서 단백질 분해활성의 최대 값은 돼지 펩신의 pH 2에서 값의 3-4% 밖에 되지 않았으나, 웅유활성은 송아지보다 훨씬 높았다. 강아지의 위 추출물에 대한 pH 5.2에서의 한천 젤 전기이동으로 프로카이모신과 카이모신에는 두 가지의 현저한 유전적 변이형이 존재함을 확인하였다. 두 변이형은 아미노산 조성, N-말단 서열, 그리고 효소성질에서 차이가 없었다. 송아지와 강아지 카이모신의 기질결합에 관여하는 아미노산 잔기는 다음과 같이 서로 달랐다(돼지 펩신의 서열번호로 표시함) : Ser12 Thr (S$_4$), Leu30 Val (S$_1$/S$_3$), His 74 Gln (S'$_2$), Val111 Ile (S$_1$/S$_3$), Lys220 Met (S$_4$). 강아지 카이모신의 단백질 분해활성이 낮은 것은 송아지의 Asp 303이 강아지에서는 Val303으로 바뀐 때문이라고 생각된다.

• 대한지역사회영양학회지
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• 제11권5호
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• pp.575-586
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• 2006

This study was performed to compare nutrient intakes, diet quality and serum indices (TG, Total cholesterol, LDL-cholesterol, HDL-cholesterol, RBC, Hb, Hct, Serum iron, ferritin, MCV) of obese and normal weight children. The subjects were 149 children living in the Seoul and Gyeonggi areas. Each subject was assigned to one of such as normal weight group ($15th{\le}BMI$ percentile < 85th, n = 82) or obese children ($85th{\le}BMI$ percentile, n = 67) according to their percentile of BMI by The Korean Pediatric Society. Data on dietary intakes, body composition and serum indices were obtained. Differences of all the above variables were assessed. Energy, carbohydrate, fat, cholesterol, total fatty acid, SFA, MUFA, PUFA, phosphate, potassium, zinc, vitamin $B_1$ and vitamin $B_6$ intakes of girls in the obese group were higher than those of the normal weight group (p<0.05). The intake of fiber was as insufficient as below 50% of KDRIs in both groups. Nutrient adequacy ratio of calcium, iron, phosphate, zinc and folate in obese boys were lower than those of normal weight boys (p<0.05). Energy intakes of grain and milk and dairy food in the obese girl group ($905.9{\pm}344.5kcal,\;210.9{\pm}166.4kcal$) were higher than those of normal weight girls ($671.2{\pm}360.7kcal,\;184.0{\pm}103.5kcal$) (p<0.05). HDL-cholesterol level of obese boys ($52.7{\pm}6.3mg/dL$) was significantly lower than that of normal weight boys ($65.3{\pm}15.6mg/dL$). Serum iron level of obese boys and girls (boys: $79.4{\pm}32.6mg/dL$, girls: $98.3{\pm}16.2mg/dL$) was significantly lower than those of normal weight children (boys: $104.8{\pm}38.6mg/dL$, girls: $106.7{\pm}28.9mg/dL$) (p<0.05). These results suggest that there should be sensible food selection and more intakes of fruit and vegetable are needed to improve the nutritional status in obese children.

• 대한지역사회영양학회지
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• 제22권4호
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• pp.279-288
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• 2017

Objectives: Recommended Menu (RM) prepared according to the Target Pattern expected to meet the dietary reference intake (DRI) of nutrients. Nutritional adequacy of RM in 'DRI for Koreans 2015' were analyzed to verify whether such expectation was fulfilled. Methods: Dishes in RM are categorized by 5 food groups, and number and types of dishes for main meal and between-meals were analyzed. The energy and 12 nutrients (protein, dietary fiber, Ca, P, Fe, Na, K, vitamin A, thiamin, riboflavin, niacin and vitamin C) contents in 10 RMs were calculated using the food composition table (CD) in 'DRI for Koreans'. Energy, energy contribution ratio, and nutrient contents in 10 RMs for 18 age groups were evaluated based on the 'DRI for Koreans 2015'. Results: Number of dishes per meal were 4.83, and representative table setting consisted of cooked rice + soup (or stew) +3 side dishes. Energy contents of RM were 75~109% of estimated energy requirement (EER). None of the RM met the DRI of all 12 nutrients examined. Calcium was the most insufficient nutrient. Only 1-2 years' RM met the DRI, all the other RMs did not meet the calcium DRI. Dietary fiber and potassium contents were also insufficient in most RM. In adult male's RM, only 1 nutrient, i.e. calcium did not meet the DRI, but in female adult's RM, 5~6 nutrients did not meet the DRI. Energy contribution ratio of carbohydrate, protein, and fat in RM were 59.0~70.4%, 15.7~17.5%, 12.1~23.5%, respectively. And 4 RMs out of 10 exceeded the upper limit of acceptable macro-nutrient distribution range (AMDR) of carbohydrate and 3 RMs out of 10 RM were below the lower limit of fat AMDR. Contribution ratio of nutrients were ${\geq}40%$ by food groups were as follows: grain group in energy and carbohydrate; meat fish egg legume group in fat, protein, and niacin; vegetables group in dietary fiber, vitamin A, and vitamin C; milk dairy products group in calcium. Conclusions: RM prepared according to the Target Pattern did not meet nutritional adequacy as expected. Especially calcium, potassium, and dietary fiber contents are needed to be increased in many RMs. Further, energy content in RM needs to be adjusted for fat sugar food group assigned in Target Pattern and condiment.