• Korean Journal of Health Education and Promotion
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• v.21 no.3
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• pp.53-66
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• 2004

Purpose: To compare differences in BMI, body weight perception and satisfaction, and eating behavior by gender among middle school students. Methods: From 19 middle schools in W city four classes in two middle schools were selected by cluster sampling with multi-stage sampling. A structured questionnaire was answered by 143 adolescents. Results: Differences in BMI between boys and girls were significant (x$^2$=13.15, p=.00l). Boys reported higher ideal body weight than girls (t=6.33, p<.000l), and discrepancy between ideal body weight and body weight perception in girls was significantly greater than in boys(t=-5.0l, p<.0001). There was no significant gender difference in body weight perception but more boys were satisfied with their body weight(t=-4.48, p<.0001). Comparison of eating behavior showed that girls reported high scores in disinhibition (t=-2.29, p<.05) and hunger (t=-2.81, p<.01), while boys reported higher scores in cognitive restraints (t=3.22, p<.01). Conclusion: Interventions to help girls improve body image and satisfaction with body image are crucial. In order to establish proper diet habits and balanced nutritional status for adolescents, educational interventions should address characteristics of eating behaviors.

• Nutrition Research and Practice
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• v.1 no.4
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• pp.349-355
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• 2007

Stress has been known to change dietary behaviors and food intakes in individuals. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of stress level on the frequency and the amount of snack consumption. The high stress group (HS) showed significantly higher frequency of consumption for bread, chips, cookies, ramyeon, and frozen snacks (p<0.05) compared to low stress group (LS) with higher frequency of snack consumption (p<0.01), and increased intakes of energy, carbohydrates, and sodium from snacks (p<0.01) than LS. As the stress level became higher, the proportions of students with irregular meals, overeating, and night snacking increased (p<0.01). Also, 33.0% of the subjects answered that they consumed an increased amount of snacks when they were feeling stressed. Our results indicated that stress has negative influence on snack consumption in middle school girls.

• Research in Community and Public Health Nursing
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• v.14 no.3
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• pp.479-487
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• 2003

Purpose: This study was conducted to investigate the progression of Cobb's angle of middle school students according to the Risser grade changes during a one-year follow up period, and to identify the prevalence rate and related factors regarding scoliosis. Method: A total of 2,124 middle school students were preliminarily screened by the Adam's forward bending test. Among them, 21 adolescents diagnosed with scoliosis (above 5Cobb's angle) by X-Raying were the subjects and followed up for checking Cobb's angle and the Risser grade for one year. Results: The overall prevalence of scoliosis in middle school students was 2.13% and the prevalence in girls was higher than in boys. The Cobb's angle was significantly high in seniors and girls. The cases in low angle and low Risser grade demonstrated significant changes in progressive Cobb's angle compared to the cases in high angle and high Risser grade after one-year. But gender and pattern of curvature were not significantly different from the changes scoliosis angle after one-year. Conclusion: Based on these study results, juniors in low Risser grade were inclined to aggravate scoliosis despite the low degree of curvature at the first measurement.

• Fashion & Textile Research Journal
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• v.6 no.4
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• pp.467-474
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• 2004

The purpose of this study was to identify egocentrism, self-consciousness, and body cathexis between Boys' and Girls' high school students. It helps us to understand them. Also we investigated the correlation between psychological characteristics and clothing behavior of high school students. The questionnaire were administered to 630 boys' and girls' high school students living in Jinju, Gyeongnam, and the data were analyzed by Frequency, Factor Analysis, Pearson's Product Moment Correlation, ANOVA, Multiple Regression Analysis and Duncan test. Egocentrism of high school boys and girls showed middle levels of mean and distribution, and sympathy was the highest at coeducation high School whereas a sense of justice was the highest at boys' high school. Self-consciousness was high level at both boys' and girls' high school, but public self-consciousness was higher than personal one. Both of them were higher in girls' than in boys'. Also body satisfaction was a little high and boys satisfied with their faces, busts, and whole body more than girls. There were significant differences among dressing for others, clothing interest, psychological dependence, exhibition except conformity. Girls have dressing for others, clothing interest, and exhibition more than boys. There were significant positive correlations among dressing for others, clothing interest, psychological dependence, and conformity whereas exhibition was negatively related to clothing behavior. Public self-consciousness, appearance, and popularity were the most influential variables to dressing for others. Also gender was proved to be one of the most influencing factors on students' clothing behavior.

• Human Ecology Research
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• v.57 no.4
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• pp.513-522
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• 2019

This study analyzes the characteristics of somatotype changes of girls from the ages of 13 to 18 that provide basic data on clothing construction for middle and high school girls. We use data obtained from body measurements of 1,590 adolescent girls 13 to 18 years of age provided in the 6th national anthropometric survey report. The differences among the age groups for 56 direct measurements were analyzed by ANOVA, and the structures of the differences by SNK (Students-Newman-Keuls test) were analyzed. The two major growth ages were 'ages 13-14' and 'ages 15-16'. The first major growth ages focused on all measurement items of height, length, circumference, breadth, depth and other items. The second one focused on measurement items of height and length of torso, circumference, and breadth of lower body. The major growth pattern of the age groups was 'ages 13<14&15<16&17&18' which appeared focused on the height and length items of upper body and torso, the width items of lower body and the circumference items of upper body and lower body. The measurement items of front length like waist front length, N.P. to B.P to waistline, N.P. to B.P., and B.P. to B.P. showed the growth pattern for 'ages 13<14<15<16<17&18'.

• Nutrition Research and Practice
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• v.1 no.1
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• pp.52-56
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• 2007

This research analyzed the iron status, clinical symptoms and physical characteristics between normal and anemic group of middle school girls in the Ulsan metropolitan area. It was carried out with 237 subjects (normal 190, anemic subject 47). They were evaluated with a questionnaire and measurement of hematological indices. BMI $(kg/m^2)$ of the two groups were $19.54{\pm}2.44$ (normal girls) and $19.22{\pm}2.27$ (anemic girls). The hemoglobin concentration of the anemic girls were $10.84{\pm}1.17g/dl$ and the serum iron of the anemic girls represent $35.15{\pm}27.47{\mu}g/100ml$. The TIBC (Total Iron Binding Capacity) of the anemic girls showed significantly high to $449.30{\pm}64.87{\mu}g/100ml$. The serum ferritin of the anemic girls was $20.53{\pm}42.29{\mu}g\ell$, it represented significantly low. The symptom of 'pale face' of the anemic girls were higher than the normal girls. Hemoglobin and serum iron were negatively correlated with 'pale face'. The TIBC was negatively correlated with 'Get a cold easily'. The duration and amount of menstruation were correlated with iron status. This research is to be utilized as basic data for dietary support and nutritional education to improve their iron status.

• Journal of the Korean Society of School Health
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• v.17 no.1
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• pp.41-53
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• 2004

Purpose : In an attempt to analyse gender-egalitarianism related to the general characteristics, sexual consciousness and behavior in middle school students, this study was carried out. This study will provide data that can be used to develop sexuality education programs on the basis of gender-egalitarianism. Method : The subjects were 141 students (70 boys and 71 girls) in 4 classes that were randomly selected from among 8 classes of first graders in a coeducational middle school, in Seoul. For the evaluation of gender-egalitarianism, a Gender Egalitarianism Scale modified by the researcher was used. Results : Major findings were as follows: 1. Gender-egalitarianism was significantly higher in girls compared with boys. All of the boys and girls, had high gender-egalitarianism in the aspect of woman's ability in groups without sexual discrimination, but low gender-egalitarianism in woman's sexual conversation and style of dress. 2. Gender-egalitarianism in boys who had experienced intersexual physical contact, categorized as holding hands, embracing, kissing, and petting, was significantly higher when compared with inexperienced boys. 3. Gender-egalitarianism significantly increased as the father's education level increased as well as the father's open-mindedness. Factors influencing gender-egalitarianism was social acceptance, the mass media, the attitudes of the school teachers, and the attitudes of older and younger student in school. Conclusions : Based on these results, boys' gender-egalitarianism was lower than that of girls. Systematic education on gender-egalitarianism, combined with sexuality education, is necessary for middle school students, especially boys. In the long term, social acceptable the, mass media, school and home life should be changed for the achievement of the equality of the sexes.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Clothing and Textiles
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• v.32 no.4
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• pp.517-529
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• 2008

The education status of the body make-up foundations for teenage girls was evaluated and their purchase & wearing behaviors and the level of satisfaction were studied to analyze the relationship between education level and wearing satisfaction. The research was conducted for 728 middle and high school girls in Seoul and Incheon area, by the questionnaire method. The collected data was analyzed by SPSS. Frequency, percentage, average, standard deviation, $X^2$-test, t-test, and ANOVA were performed. Among various foundation education contents learned in home economics class, most students were aware of the kind of underwear, the fiber content & management methods, laundry methods, and the kind and function of foundations. While more than 80% of all respondents didn't know about the size of foundations. As a results, most of students realized the influence of foundation wearing on the human body, selection methods for brassiere and girdle according to form and age, and matters to be attended to wear brassiere and girdle. The education standard, practical use, and awareness degree on the side effects, and the need for foundation education were positively related each other. Therefore, it is very important to educate teenage girls in the fast growth period the right selection of foundation and its effect on body health, in order to provide normal growth and healthy body.

• The Journal of the Korea Contents Association
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• v.16 no.3
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• pp.319-327
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• 2016

The objective of this study is to identify the secular trend in age at menarche and to investigate the factors influence the early menarche(<12 years old) among Korean middle and high school girls. We analyzed data from the Korean Youth Risk Behavior Web-based Survey(KYRBWS) 2006-2014. This study was a descriptive study of 216,917 Korean middle and high school girls born between 1988 and 2002. Linear trends test performed to assess the trend age at menarche and percentage of early menarche. Multiple logistic regression analysis was to assess the risk factors influence the early menarche. Mean age at menarche decreased from $12.61{\pm}1.32$ years for middle and high school girls born 1988 to $11.88{\pm}0.75$ years for those born 2002(p for trends<.001). Percentage of early menarche increased from 19.7% to 25.2% between 1988 and 2002(p for trends<.001). Living in city, higher stress level, short sleep duration, and higher body mass index were associated with an early menarche among middle and high school girls(all p<.001). We found that age at menarche is still falling in the Korean adolescents, and it need intervention strategies to control the early menarche.

• Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing
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• v.35 no.5
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• pp.858-867
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• 2005

Purpose: This study was done to determine the effects of walking exercise training(WET) on metabolic syndrome risk factors and body composition in obese middle school girls. Method: A non-equivalent pretest-posttest experimental design was used. Twenty seven subjects participated in this study from one women's middle school in Busan. The participants were purposely allocated to an experimental group (n=14) and a control group (n=13). The experimental group participated in 30-60 minutes of WET with 55 to $75\%$ of a maximal heart rate six days a week for 12 weeks. Results: The prevalence of individual risk factors on metabolic syndrome were improved in the experimental group after the intervention. The high waist circumference(WC), high triglyceride(TG), low high density lipoprotein cholesterol(HDL-C), high blood pressure(BP) and high fasting glucose(FG) were 21.4, 21.4, 14.3, 28.6 and $7.2\%$, respectively. There were significant differences in WC (F=22.24, p<.001), TG (F=5.34, p=0.30), body weight(F=21.99, p<.001), fat mass(F=19.17, p<.001), and $\%$ body fat(F=17.93, p<.001) between the experimental and control group after the intervention. However, there were no significant differences in HDL-C, FG and BP between the experimental and control group after the intervention. Conclusion: These results indicate that WET is effective in decreasing risk factors of the metabolic syndrome and body composition components in obese middle school girls. These findings suggest that WET can be useful as a nursing intervention in the prevention of obesity-related disorders in obese adolescents.