• Molecules and Cells
• /
• v.26 no.5
• /
• pp.415-426
• /
• 2008

The interactions between the host and microbial pathogen largely dictate the onset, progression, and outcome of infectious diseases. Pathogens subvert host components to promote their pathogenesis and, among these, cell surface heparan sulfate proteoglycans are exploited by many pathogens for their initial attachment and subsequent cellular entry. The ability to interact with heparan sulfate proteoglycans is widespread among viruses, bacteria, and parasites. Certain pathogens also use heparan sulfate proteoglycans to evade host defense mechanisms. These findings suggest that heparan sulfate proteoglycans are critical in microbial pathogenesis, and that heparan sulfate proteoglycan-pathogen interactions are potential targets for novel prophylactic and therapeutic approaches.

• IMMUNE NETWORK
• /
• v.23 no.1
• /
• pp.7.1-7.27
• /
• 2023

The mammalian intestines harbor trillions of commensal microorganisms composed of thousands of species that are collectively called gut microbiota. Among the microbiota, bacteria are the predominant microorganism, with viruses, protozoa, and fungi (mycobiota) making up a relatively smaller population. The microbial communities play fundamental roles in the maturation and orchestration of the immune landscape in health and disease. Primarily, the gut microbiota modulates the immune system to maintain homeostasis and plays a crucial role in regulating the pathogenesis and pathophysiology of inflammatory, neuronal, and metabolic disorders. The microbiota modulates the host immune system through direct interactions with immune cells or indirect mechanisms such as producing short-chain acids and diverse metabolites. Numerous researchers have put extensive efforts into investigating the role of microbes in immune regulation, discovering novel immunomodulatory microbial species, identifying key effector molecules, and demonstrating how microbes and their key effector molecules mechanistically impact the host immune system. Consequently, recent studies suggest that several microbial species and their immunomodulatory molecules have therapeutic applicability in preclinical settings of multiple disorders. Nonetheless, it is still unclear why and how a handful of microorganisms and their key molecules affect the host immunity in diverse diseases. This review mainly discusses the role of microbes and their metabolites in T helper cell differentiation, immunomodulatory function, and their modes of action.

• The Plant Pathology Journal
• /
• v.18 no.1
• /
• pp.30-35
• /
• 2002

The hyphal growth and biocontrol efficacy of Trichodemo harzianum in soil may depend on its interactions with biotic components of the soil environment. The effect of soil microbial biomass on growth and biocontrol efficacy of T. hanianum isolate ThzIDl-M3 (green fluorescent protein transformant) was investigated using artificially prepared different levels of soil microbial biomass (153,328, or 517ug biomass carbon per g of dry soil; BC). The hyphal growth of T. harzanum was significantly inhibited in the soil with 328 or 517 $\mu$g BC compared with 153 ug BC. When ThzIDl-M3 was added to the soils as an alginate pellet formulation, the recoverable population of ThzIDl-M3 varied, but the highest population occurred in 517ug BC. Addition of alginate pellets of ThzIDl-M3 to the soils (10 per 50 g) resulted in increased indigenous microbial populations (total fungi, bacterial fluorescent Pseudomonas app., and actinomycetes). Furthermore, colonizing ability of ThzIDl-M3 on sclerotia of Sclerotinia sclerotiorum was significantly reduced in the soil with high revel of BC. These results suggest that increased soil microbial biomass contributes to increased interactions between introduced T. harzianum and soil microorganisms, consequently reducing the biocontrol efficacy of 1T. harzianum.

• Microbiology and Biotechnology Letters
• /
• v.47 no.4
• /
• pp.473-486
• /
• 2019

In the aquatic environment, microorganisms are predominantly organized as biofilms. Biofilms are formed by the aggregation of microbial cells and are surrounded by a matrix of extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) secreted by the microbial cells. Biofilms are attached to various surfaces, such as the living tissues, indwelling medical devices, and piping of the industrial potable water system. Biofilms formed from a single species has been extensively studied. However, there is an increased research focus on multispecies biofilms in recent years. It is important to assess the microbial mechanisms underlying the regulation of multispecies biofilm formation to determine the drinking water microbial composition. These mechanisms contribute to the predominance of the best-adapted species in an aquatic environment. This review focuses on the interactions in the multispecies biofilms, such as coaggregation, co-metabolism, cross-species protection, jamming of quorum sensing, lateral gene transfer, synergism, and antagonism. Further, this review explores the dynamics and the factors favoring biofilm formation and pathogen transmission within the drinking water distribution systems. The understanding of the physiology and biodiversity of microbial species in the biofilm may aid in the development of novel biofilm control and drinking water disinfection processes.

• Food Science of Animal Resources
• /
• v.30 no.5
• /
• pp.746-754
• /
• 2010

Response surface methodology was adopted to model and optimize the effects of microbial transglutaminase (TG) and calcium alginate (CA) systems of various ratios on the gelation characteristics of porcine myofibrillar protein (MP) at various salt levels. The CA system consisting of sodium alginate (SA), calcium carbonate (CC) and glucono-$\delta$-lactone (GdL) showed no remarkable changes in the salt-soluble fraction, and only minor effects on electrostatic interactions were observed. Increasing CA concentration caused acid-induced hydrophobic interactions in MPs, resulting in increased MP gel strength. The TG system, containing TG and sodium caseinate (SC), induced cold-set MP gelation by formation of covalent bonding. The main advantage of the combined system was a higher cooking yield when the MP gel was heated. These results indicated that 0.7% TG combined with 0.8% CA system can form a viscoelastic MP gel, regardless of salt levels.

• The Plant Pathology Journal
• /
• v.38 no.5
• /
• pp.425-431
• /
• 2022

Plant microbiota has influenced plant growth and physiology significantly. Plant and plant-associated microbes have flexible interactions that respond to changes in environmental conditions. These interactions can be adjusted to suit the requirements of the microbial community or the host physiology. In addition, it can be modified to suit microbiota structure or fixed by the host condition. However, no technology is realized yet to control mechanically manipulated plant microbiota structure. Here, we review step-by-step plant-associated microbial partnership from plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria to the microbiota structural modulation. Glutamic acid enriched the population of Streptomyces, a specific taxon in anthosphere microbiota community. Additionally, the population density of the microbes in the rhizosphere was also a positive response to glutamic acid treatment. Although many types of research are conducted on the structural revealing of plant microbiota, these concepts need to be further understood as to how the plant microbiota clusters are controlled or modulated at the community level. This review suggests that the intrinsic level of glutamic acid in planta is associated with the microbiota composition that the external supply of the biostimulant can modulate.

• Biotechnology and Bioprocess Engineering:BBE
• /
• v.10 no.5
• /
• pp.385-399
• /
• 2005

The phenotypic response of a cell results from a well orchestrated web of complex interactions which propagate from the genetic architecture through the metabolic flux network. To rationally design cell factories which carry out specific functional objectives by controlling this hierarchical system is a challenge. Transcriptome analysis, the most mature high-throughput measurement technology, has been readily applied In strain improvement programs in an attempt to Identify genes involved in expressing a given phenotype. Unfortunately, while differentially expressed genes may provide targets for metabolic engineering, phenotypic responses are often not directly linked to transcriptional patterns, This limits the application of genome-wide transcriptional analysis for the design of cell factories. However, improved tools for integrating transcriptional data with other high-throughput measurements and known biological interactions are emerging. These tools hold significant promise for providing the framework to comprehensively dissect the regulatory mechanisms that identify the cellular control mechanisms and lead to more effective strategies to rewire the cellular control elements for metabolic engineering.

• The Plant Pathology Journal
• /
• v.38 no.5
• /
• pp.432-448
• /
• 2022

Planthopper infestation in rice causes direct and indirect damage through feeding and viral transmission. Host microbes and small RNAs (sRNAs) play essential roles in regulating biological processes, such as metabolism, development, immunity, and stress responses in eukaryotic organisms, including plants and insects. Recently, advanced metagenomic approaches have facilitated investigations on microbial diversity and its function in insects and plants, highlighting the significance of microbiota in sustaining host life and regulating their interactions with the environment. Recent research has also suggested significant roles for sRNA-regulated genes during rice-planthopper interactions. The response and behavior of the rice plant to planthopper feeding are determined by changes in the host transcriptome, which might be regulated by sRNAs. In addition, the roles of microbial symbionts and sRNAs in the host response to viral infection are complex and involve defense-related changes in the host transcriptomic profile. This review reviews the structure and potential functions of microbes and sRNAs in rice and the associated planthopper species. In addition, the involvement of the microbiota and sRNAs in the rice-planthopper-virus interactions during planthopper infestation and viral infection are discussed.

• The Plant Pathology Journal
• /
• v.29 no.2
• /
• pp.136-143
• /
• 2013

Microbial communities that are associated with plant roots are highly diverse and harbor tens of thousands of species. This so-called microbiome controls plant health through several mechanisms including the suppression of infectious diseases, which is especially prominent in disease suppressive soils. The mechanisms implicated in disease suppression include competition for nutrients, antibiosis, and induced systemic resistance (ISR). For many biological control agents ISR has been recognized as the mechanism that at least partly explains disease suppression. Implications of ISR on recruitment and functioning of the rhizosphere microbiome are discussed.

• BMB Reports
• /
• v.56 no.3
• /
• pp.133-139
• /
• 2023

The human intestine is home to a dense community of microbiota that plays a key role in human health and disease. Nutrients are essential regulators of both host and microbial physiology and function as key coordinators of host-microbe interactions. Therefore, understanding the specific roles and underlying mechanisms of each nutrient in regulating the host-microbe interactions will be essential in developing new strategies for improving human health through microbiota and nutrient intervention. This review will give a basic overview of the role of vitamin A, an essential micronutrient, on human health, and highlight recent findings on the mechanisms by which it regulates the host-microbe interactions.