• 대한화학회지
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• 제21권6호
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• pp.422-426
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• 1977

Zeolite Y를 합성하여 Co, Ni 및 Pd 이온으로 이온교환하고 수소기류중에서 환원함으로서 전이금속-Zeolite Y 촉매를 얻었다. 이들 Co-, Ni-, Pd-Y와 La-이온교환한 Y(LaY) 촉매에서의 1-butene 및 n-butane의 분해반응을 micro-catalytic pulse 방법으로 연구하였다. 1-Butene 분해반응에 있어서는 Ni-, Co-, Pd-Y 및 LaY 모두 높은 활성을 보여주었고 1-butene 분해반응에 대한 활성은 촉매상의 금속성분과는 큰 관계없이 산성 성분만이 주로 관련되고 있는것 같다. LaY에서는 $400^{\circ}C$에서 n-butane 분해반응에 대한 활성을 나타내지 않았으나 소량의 1-butene을 가함으로써 분해반응이 촉진되었다. Ni- 및 Pd-zeolite Y에서는 n-butane의 분해반응이 현저하게 일어났다. 분해반응에 대해서는 수소에 의한 환원온도가 높고 또 금속성분 함량이 많은 것이 활성이 높았다. n-butane 분해반응에 있어서는 금속성분에서의 butene으로의 탈수소반응이 첫 단계인 것으로 본다. Ni-Y에서는 1-butene과 수소 혼합반응물 및 n-butane의 분해생성물이 모두다 C_1$뿐이었다. n-butane은 Ni-Y에서는 butene으로 탈수소되고 이어서 C_1$으로 hydrocracking 되는 반응과정을 밟고 있다고 본다.

• 콘크리트학회논문집
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• 제17권4호
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• pp.581-586
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• 2005

고성능 콘크리트는 단위 시멘트량이 많기 때문에 초기재령에 있어서 시멘트의 급속한 수화반응으로 인해 시멘트 경화체는 자기수축이 발생하게 된다. 이러한 자기수축 변형이 발생한 부재가 외부 또는 내부 구속 상태에 있을 경우에는 수축균열이 발생하게 되며, 이러한 초기재령에 발생한 수축균열은 콘크리트 구조물의 미관 및 내구성 저하를 초래하기 때문에 이를 억제하는 것은 매우 중요하다. 한편, 이러한 고성능 콘크리트의 자기수축을 저감시키는 방법으로서 팽창재의 혼입에 의한 수축보상이 있는데 자기수축 저감에 유효한 것으로 알려져 있다. 그러나 지금까지의 팽창재에 의한 고성능 콘크리트의 자기수축에 관한 연구는 실험에 근거한 연구로서 정량적인 연구가 아닌 정성적인 연구가 대부분 이었다. 이러한 팽창재에 의한 고성능 콘크리트의 자기수축 저감량을 정량적으로 평가하기 위해서는 팽창재의 수화반응 모델부터 시작하여 팽창재에 의한 시멘트 경화체의 팽창 모델을 구축할 필요가 있다. 따라서, 본 연구에서는 초기 재령의 자기수축 저감을 목적으로 초기재령에서 빠른 팽창력을 발휘하도록 재료 설계된 에트링가이트-석회 복합계를 대상으로하여, 팽창재의 입도분포 및 수화의 진행에 따른 인접겔과의 접촉을 고려한 팽창재의 수화반응모델을 제안하였다. 또한, 제안된 팽창재의 수화반응모델을 실험적으로 모델의 타당성에 대해서 검토한 결과, 본 연구에서 제안한 팽창재의 수화반응 모델은 실험치를 양호하게 평가할 수 있을 것으로 판단된다.

• 비파괴검사학회지
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• 제21권2호
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• pp.197-203
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• 2001

항공기나 대형 플랜트 등의 경년구조물에 있어서 제조 및 설계 혹은 작업환경 등에 의해 발생하는 미소결함은 응력부식파괴로 이어지는 결정적인 원인으로 알려져 있다. 따라서 제조단계에서의 결함의 검출뿐만 아니라 운전개지 후에 있어서도 비파괴검사에 기초를 둔 정기적인 건전성평가가 요구된다. 특히 구조물내의 미소균열 평가는 구조건전성 평가에 있어서 중요한 과제라 할 수 있다. 자기광학소자를 이용한 비파괴탐상법은 균열부근의 누설자속에 의한 자구 및 자벽의 변화를 이용하여 균열정보를 화상형태로 얻는다. 그러므로 빠른 탐상속도와 결과데이터 해석의 용이 그리고 실시간적으로 탐상결과를 획득할 수 있다는 장점을 지니고 있다. 본 논문은 자기광학소자를 이용한 새로운 비파괴적 탐상법을 제안하고, 본 탐상법을 이용하여 구조물에 존재하는 표면결함의 검출가능성 및 균열깊이의 평가를 실증하였다. 표면결함을 갖는 시험편과 파이프의 내면에 존재하는 피로균열을 대상으로 실험을 실시한 결과, 표면결함의 위치 및 2차원적 형상을 화상형식으로 얻을 수 있음을 증명하였다. 또한 피로시험중의 시험편을 대상으로 균열발생 및 균열진전과정을 평가를 통하여 원격탐상의 가능성을 제시하였다.

• 한국재료학회지
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• 제23권9호
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• pp.531-536
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• 2013

This paper investigates the effect of prolonged high temperature exposure on concentric laminated $Al_2O_3-ZrO_2$ composites. An ultrafine scale microstructure with a cellular 7 layer concentric lamination with unidirectional alignment was fabricated by a multi-pass extrusion method. Each laminate in the microstructure was $2-3{\mu}m$ thick. An alternate lamina was composed of 75%$Al_2O_3$-(25%m-$ZrO_2$) and t-$ZrO_2$ ceramics. The composite was sintered at $1500^{\circ}C$ and subjected to $1450^{\circ}C$ temperature for 24 hours to 72 hours. We investigated the effect of long time high temperature exposure on the generation of residual stress and grain growth and their effect on the overall stability of the composites. The residual stress development and its subsequent effect on the microstructure with the edge cracking behavior mechanism were investigated. The residual stress in the concentric laminated microstructure causes extensive micro cracks in the t-$ZrO_2$ layer, despite the very thin laminate thickness. The material properties like Vickers hardness and fracture toughness were measured and evaluated along with the microstructure of the composites with prolonged high temperature exposure.

• International Journal of Concrete Structures and Materials
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• 제10권1호
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• pp.113-124
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• 2016

This paper presents the effect of silica fume and nano silica, used individually and in combination with the set accelerator and/or hydrated lime, on the properties of class F high volume ultra fine fly ash (HV-UFFA) cement composites, replacing 80 % of cement (OPC). Compressive strength test along with thermogravimetric analysis, X-ray diffraction and scanning electron microscopy were undertaken to study the effect of various elements on the physico-chemical behaviour of the blended composites. The results show that silica fume when used in combination with the set accelerator and hydrated lime in HV-UFFA cement mortar, improves its 7 and 28 day strength by 273 and 413 %, respectively, compared to the binary blended cement fly ash mortar. On the contrary, when nano silica is used in combination with set accelerator and hydrated lime in HV-UFFA cement mortar, the disjoining pressure in conjunction with the self-desiccation effect induces high early age micro cracking, resulting in hindering the development of compressive strength. However, when nano silica is used without the additives, it improves the 7 and 28 day strengths of HV-UFFA cement mortar by 918 and 567 %, respectively and the compressive strengths are comparable to that of OPC.

• 한국주조공학회지
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• 제17권1호
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• pp.28-35
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• 1997

SiC whisker and $Al_2O_3-SiO_2$ short fiber reinforced AC8A, AC8B and AC8B(J) marix composites were fabricated by squeeze casting method. Preform deformation, change of reinforcement volumefraction and formation of macro-segregation in two composites were investigated by using micro Vickers hardness test, analysis of macro and micro structures with OM, SEM and EDAX. $Al_2O_3-SiO_2$ short fiber preform manufactured with 5% $SiO_2$ binder in this study was considerably deformed and cracked, nevertheless, the short fibers were distributed homogeneously in the composites. In SiC whisker reinforced composites, on the other hand, preform deforming and cracking were not occurred, however, macro segregation zone formed along the infiltration routes by interface reaction during infiltration of molten metal into the preform was observed at center-low area in the composites. The decrease of hardness in the macro segregation zone resulted from the depletion of Si and Mg atoms.

• 반도체디스플레이기술학회지
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• 제5권3호
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• pp.5-10
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• 2006

This paper investigates cutting qualities after laser dicing and predicts the problems that can be generated by laser dicing. And through 3 point bending test, die strength is measured and the die strength after laser dicing is compared with the die strength after mechanical sawing. Laser dicing is chiefly considered as an alternative to overcome the defects of mechanical sawing such as chipping on the surface and crack on the back side. Laser micromachining is based on the thermal ablation and evaporation mechanism. As a result of laser dicing experiments, debris on the surface of wafer is observed. To eliminate the debris and protect the surface, an experiment is done using a water soluble coating material and ultrasonic. The consequence is that most of debris is removed. But there are some residues around the cutting line. Unlike mechanical sawing, chipping on the surface and crack on the back side is not observed. The cross section of cutting line by laser dicing is rough as compared with that by mechanical sawing. But micro crack can not be seen. Micro crack reduces die strength. To measure this, 3 point bending test is done. The die strength after laser dicing decreases to a half of the die strength after mechanical sawing. This means that die cracking during package assembly can occur.

• 한국복합재료학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국복합재료학회 2004년도 춘계학술발표대회 논문집
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• pp.67-70
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• 2004

An investigation was performed to study the impact damage of the laminated composite plates caused by a low- velocity foreign object with multi-scale modeling based on the concepts of Direct Numerical Simulation (DNS)[4]. In the micro-scale part, we discretize the composite plates through separate modeling of fiber and matrix for the local microscopic analysis. A micro-scalemodel was developed for predicting the initiation of the damage and the extent of the final damage as a function of material properties, laminate configuration and the impactor's mass, etc. Anda macro-scale model was developed for description of global dynamic behavior. The connection betweenmicroscopic and macroscopic is implemented by the tied interface constraints of LS-DYNA contact card. A transient dynamic finite element analysis was adopted for calculating the contact force history and the stresses and strains inside the composites during impact resulting from a point-nose impactor. The low-velocity impact events such as contact force, deformation, etc. are simulated in the macroscopic sense and the impact damages, fiber-breakage, matrix cracking and delamination etc. are examined in the microscopic sense.

• Computers and Concrete
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• 제4권5호
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• pp.377-402
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• 2007

The paper presents quasi-static plane strain FE-simulations of strain localization in reinforced concrete beams without stirrups. The material was modeled with two different isotropic continuum crack models: an elasto-plastic and a damage one. In case of elasto-plasticity, linear Drucker-Prager criterion with a non-associated flow rule was defined in the compressive regime and a Rankine criterion with an associated flow rule was adopted in the tensile regime. In the case of a damage model, the degradation of the material due to micro-cracking was described with a single scalar damage parameter. To ensure the mesh-independence and to capture size effects, both criteria were enhanced in a softening regime by nonlocal terms. Thus, a characteristic length of micro-structure was included. The effect of a characteristic length, reinforcement ratio, bond-slip stiffness, fracture energy and beam size on strain localization was investigated. The numerical results with reinforced concrete beams were quantitatively compared with corresponding laboratory tests by Walraven (1978).

• Computers and Concrete
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• 제22권6호
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• pp.539-550
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• 2018

Concrete is highly non-linear material which is originating from the transition zone in the form of micro-cracks, governs material response under various loadings. In this paper, the constitutive models published by many researchers have been used to generate novel stiffness parameters and constitutive curves for concrete. Following such linear material formulations, where the energy is conservative during the curvature, and a nonlinear contribution to the concrete has been made and investigated. In which, nonlinear concrete elastic modulus modeling has been developed that is capable-of representing concrete elasticity for grades ranging from 10 to 140 MPa. Thus, covering the grades range of concrete up to the ultra-high strength concrete, and replacing many concrete models that are valid for narrow ranges of concrete strength grades. This has been followed by the introduction of the nonlinear Hooke's law for the concrete material through the replacement of the Young constant modulus with the nonlinear modulus. In addition, the concept of concrete elasticity index (${\varphi}$) has been proposed and this factor has been introduced to account for the degradation of concrete stiffness in compression under increased loading as well as the multi-stages micro-cracking behavior of concrete under uniaxial compression. Finally, a sub-routine artificial neural network model has been developed to capture the concrete behavior that has been introduced to facilitate the prediction of concrete properties under increased loading.