• Korean Journal of Environmental Biology
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• v.29 no.3
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• pp.162-170
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• 2011

In order to assess the inorganic and organic pollutents characteristics in marine water, we investigated COD (Chemical Oxygen Demand), Chlorophyll a and Escherichia coli during four seasons at 20 stations of Gwangyang Bay and at 23 stations of Jinhae Bay, Korea. The bay is divided into three zones in Gwangyang and four zones in Jinhae respectively, based on the pollutent levels. In Gwangyang Bay, the high concentration (mean 4.7 mg $L^{-1)$) of COD was recorded during spring season at Zone I, which can be characterized as a semi-enclosed eutrophic area (St. 1~9). Also, Chl. a concentrations were high at Zone I (mean 14.0 ${\mu}g\;L^{-1}$). The colony of E. coli were detected during summer season at Zone II, which is influenced by Seomjin River water. The E. coli may have been entered from the river water in a large pulse during rainy season. On the other hand, E. coli was kept low levels during four seasons at the Zone III, which is influenced indirectly by surface water currents from offshore of the bay. In Jinhae Bay, the high COD and Chl. a were shown during all seasons at Zone I, which is characteristed by semi-enclosed eutrophic area of Masan and Haengam bays. The Zone I also had been shown relatively high E. coli concentration in all seasons. In constrast, other three zones did not show seasonal characteristics of the E. coli concentrations. The present study suggests that E. coli concentrations can be significantly elevated in eutrophic semi-enclosed area.

• Journal of Hospice and Palliative Care
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• v.13 no.3
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• pp.169-180
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• 2010

Purpose: This study was to identify the death recognition, meaning in life, and death attitude of participants in the death education program. Methods: A survey was conducted, and 205 data were collected. Descriptive statistics, ${\chi}^2$-test, ANOVA, and Duncan test were used. Results: 1) The followings were the characteristics of death recognition shown by the participants. Over half of the participants said that they had given some thoughts on their deaths, that they had agreeable view on death acceptance, and that diseases and volunteer works made them think about their deaths. Moreover, suffering, parting with family and concerns for them, etc. were the most common reasons for the difficulty of accepting death. As for 'the person whom I discuss my death with', spouse, friend, and son/daughter were the most chosen in this order. Lastly, the funeral type that most of the participants desired was cremation. 2) The means of meaning in life and death attitude were $2.92{\pm}0.29$ and $2.47{\pm}0.25$, respectively. There were significant differences between health status, meaning in life and death attitude. 3) A significant positive corelationship was found between meaning in life and death attitude (r=0.190, P=0.001). Conclusion: For an effective death education program that would fit each individual's situation, an educational content that can make a person understand the meaning of his or her life and death, includes knowledge to lessen the fear and anxiety of death, and helps a person heal from the loss of a family member is absolutely necessary.

• Journal of Korean Society of Environmental Engineers
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• v.29 no.1
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• pp.23-30
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• 2007

The ultimate objective of this study is to develop oxygen-enriched combustion techniques applicable to the system of practical industrial boiler. To this end the combustion characteristics of lab-scale LNG combustor were investigated as a first step using the method of numerical simulation by analyzing the flame characteristics and pollutant emission behaviour as a function of oxygen enrichment level. Several useful conclusions could be drawn based on this study. First of all, the increase of oxygen enrichment level instead of air caused long and thin flame called laminar flame feature. This was in good agreement with experimental results appeared in open literature and explained by the effect of the decrease of turbulent mixing due to the decrease of absolute amount of oxidizer flow rate by the absence of the nitrogen species. Further, as expected, oxygen enrichment increased the flame temperatures to a significant level together with concentrations of $CO_2$ and $H_2O$ species because of the elimination of the heat sink and dilution effects by the presence of $N_2$ inert gas. However, the increased flame temperature with $O_2$ enriched air showed the high possibility of the generation of thermal $NO_x$ if nitrogen species were present. In order to remedy the problem caused by the oxygen-enriched combustion, the appropriate amount of recirculation $CO_2$ gas was desirable to enhance the turbulent mixing and thereby flame stability and further optimum determination of operational conditions were necessary. For example, the adjustment of burner with swirl angle of $30\sim45^{\circ}$ increased the combustion efficiency of LNG fuel and simultaneously dropped the $NO_x$ formation.

• Korean Journal of Radiology
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• v.23 no.2
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• pp.226-236
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• 2022

Objective: This study aimed to explore the myelin volume change in patients with mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI) with post-concussion syndrome (PCS) using a multidynamic multiecho (MDME) sequence and automatic whole-brain segmentation. Materials and Methods: Forty-one consecutive mTBI patients with PCS and 29 controls, who had undergone MRI including the MDME sequence between October 2016 and April 2018, were included. Myelin volume fraction (MVF) maps were derived from the MDME sequence. After three dimensional T1-based brain segmentation, the average MVF was analyzed at the bilateral cerebral white matter (WM), bilateral cerebral gray matter (GM), corpus callosum, and brainstem. The Mann-Whitney U-test was performed to compare MVF and myelin volume between patients with mTBI and controls. Myelin volume was correlated with neuropsychological test scores using the Spearman rank correlation test. Results: The average MVF at the bilateral cerebral WM was lower in mTBI patients with PCS (median [interquartile range], 25.2% [22.6%-26.4%]) than that in controls (26.8% [25.6%-27.8%]) (p = 0.004). The region-of-interest myelin volume was lower in mTBI patients with PCS than that in controls at the corpus callosum (1.87 cm³ [1.70-2.05 cm³] vs. 2.21 cm³ [1.86-3.46 cm³]; p = 0.003) and brainstem (9.98 cm³ [9.45-11.00 cm³] vs. 11.05 cm³ [10.10-11.53 cm³]; p = 0.015). The total myelin volume was lower in mTBI patients with PCS than that in controls at the corpus callosum (0.45 cm³ [0.39-0.48 cm³] vs. 0.48 cm³ [0.45-0.54 cm³]; p = 0.004) and brainstem (1.45 cm³ [1.28-1.59 cm³] vs. 1.54 cm³ [1.42-1.67 cm³]; p = 0.042). No significant correlation was observed between myelin volume parameters and neuropsychological test scores, except for the total myelin volume at the bilateral cerebral WM and verbal learning test (delayed recall) (r = 0.425; p = 0.048). Conclusion: MVF quantified from the MDME sequence was decreased at the bilateral cerebral WM in mTBI patients with PCS. The total myelin volumes at the corpus callosum and brainstem were decreased in mTBI patients with PCS due to atrophic changes.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.42 no.4
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• pp.534-541
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• 2013

In the present study, the effects of heat treatments on the phenolic components and antioxidative activities of various rice cultivars (from Hwaseongbyeo, Keunnunbyeo, Hongjinjubyeo, and Heugkwangbyeo) were investigated. Each brown rice cultivar was heated at six temperatures (40, 60, 90, 120, 150, and $180^{\circ}C$) for 15 min. The total polyphenolic content (TPC) and total flavonoid content (TFC) of 70% ethanol extracts from heated brown rice were quantified using spectrophotometrical methods, and antioxidant activities determined using DPPH, ABTS radical scavenging activities and reducing power. Hongjinjubyeo had the highest TPC (6.50 mg GAE/g, DB) and ABTS radical scavenging activity (5.85 AAE/g, DB) at $60^{\circ}C$. Also, Heugkwangbyeo showed considerable values for TPC (6.57 and 6.89 mg GAE/g, DB) and ABTS radical scavenging activity (6.29 and 6.11 AAE/g, DB) at $40^{\circ}C$ and $180^{\circ}C$, respectively. Overall, the antioxidant activities of both Hongjinjubyeo and Heugkwangbyeo extracts had a strong positive correlation ($R^2{\geq}0.916$, ${\alpha}$=0.01) with TPC and TFC. These results indicate that heat treatment effectively enhances the antioxidant activity of Hongjinjubyeo and Heugkwangbyeo.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.41 no.10
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• pp.1346-1355
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• 2012

This study was carried out to investigate the characteristics of black jujube and Zizyphus jujube extracts during lactic acid fermentation. Both extracts were fermented using Lactobacillus fermentum YL-3. As a result, viable cell number rapidly increased until 24 hours, after which it gradually decreased. Before lactic acid fermentation, the $IC_{50}$ of black jujube, which was 0.014 mg/mL, was lower than that of Zizyphus jujube. Further, black jujube showed stronger antioxidant activity (374.21 mg AA eq/g) than Zizyphus jujube. Contents of total polyphenolics in both extracts were 15.46 mg/g and 13.61 mg/g, respectively, whereas contents of total flavonoids were 374.21 ${\mu}g/g$ and 64.25 ${\mu}g/g$. After lactic acid fermentation, there was no significant increase in DPPH or ABTS free radical scavenging activity. Total polyphenolic content of Zizyphus jujube decreased to 12.39 mg/g upon fermentation, whereas flavonoid content significantly increased to 291.58 ${\mu}g/g$. Further, polyphenolic and flavonoid contents of black jujube increased from 15.46 mg/g to 17.46 mg/g and from 374.21 ${\mu}g/g$ to 1,135.29 ${\mu}g/g$, respectively. These results demonstrate that 9-Times Steamed and Dried increased functional components. Especially, lactic acid fermented black jujube showed remarkably high antioxidant activity. These results confirm the potential use of lactic acid fermented black jujube as a valuable resource for the development of functional foods.